Role of Gut Microbe Composition in Psychosocial Symptom Response to Exercise Training in Breast Cancer Survivors (ROME) study: protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer survivors have an increased risk for chronic fatigue and altered gut microbiota composition, both with negative health and quality of life affects. Exercise modestly improves fatigue and is linked to gut microbial diversity and production of beneficial metabolites. Studies suggest that gut microbiota composition is a potential mechanism underlying fatigue response to exercise. Randomised controlled trials testing the effects of exercise on the gut microbiome are limited and there is a scarcity of findings specific to breast cancer survivors. The objective of this study is to determine if fitness-related modifications to gut microbiota occur and, if so, mediate the effects of aerobic exercise on fatigue response. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The research is a randomised controlled trial among breast cancer survivors aged 18-74 with fatigue. The primary aim is to determine the effects of aerobic exercise training compared with an attention control on gut microbiota composition. The secondary study aims are to test if exercise training (1) affects the gut microbiota composition directly and/or indirectly through inflammation (serum cytokines), autonomic nervous system (heart rate variability) or hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis mediators (hair cortisol assays), and (2) effects on fatigue are direct and/or indirect through changes in the gut microbiota composition. All participants receive a standardised controlled diet. Assessments occur at baseline, 5 weeks, 10 weeks and 15 weeks (5 weeks post intervention completion). Faecal samples collect the gut microbiome and 16S gene sequencing will identify the microbiome. Fatigue is measured by a 13-item multidimensional fatigue scale. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The University of Alabama at Birmingham Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this study on 15 May 2019, UAB IRB#30000320. A Data and Safety Monitoring Board convenes annually or more often if indicated. Findings will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and conference presentations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04088708.

Quality of breast surgery care at a comprehensive cancer center and its rural affiliate hospital.

BACKGROUND: Cancer centers are increasingly affiliating with rural hospitals to perform surgery. Perioperative and oncologic outcomes for cancer center surgeons operating at rural hospitals are understudied. METHODS: For patients with non-metastatic breast cancer from a rural catchment area who had oncologic surgery at an NCI-designated comprehensive cancer center (CC) or its rural affiliate (RA) from 2017 to 2022, we compared perioperative outcomes (composite of surgical site infection, seroma requiring drainage, and reoperation for margins) and receipt of guideline-concordant care (if patient received all applicable treatments) using descriptive statistics and chi-squared tests. RESULTS: Among 168 patients, 99 had surgery at RA, 60 CC. RA patients were older, higher stage, and more often had lumpectomy. There were no differences in perioperative outcomes (CC 10%, RA 14%, p â€‹= â€‹0.445) or guideline concordant care (RA 76%, CC 78%, p â€‹= â€‹0.846). CONCLUSIONS: Cancer center surgeons operating at a rural affiliate had comparable perioperative outcomes and guideline-concordant care.

Impact of Affordable Care Act provisions on the racial makeup of patients enrolled at a Deep South, high-risk breast cancer clinic.

Purpose: Black women are less likely to receive screening mammograms and are at a higher lifetime risk for developing breast cancer compared to their White counterparts. Affordable Care Act (ACA) provisions decreased cost sharing for women's preventive screening, potentially mitigating screening disparities. We examined enrollment of a high-risk screening program before and after ACA implementation stratified by race. Methods: This retrospective, quasi-experimental study examined the ACA's impact on patient demographics at a high-risk breast cancer screening clinic from 02/28/2003-02/28/2019. Patient demographic data were abstracted from electronic medical records and descriptively compared in the pre- and post-ACA time periods. Interrupted time series (ITS) analysis using Poisson regression assessed yearly clinic enrollment rates by race using incidence rate ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: 2,767 patients enrolled in the clinic. On average, patients were 46 years old (SD, ± 12), 82% were commercially insured, and 8% lived in a highly disadvantaged neighborhood. In ITS models accounting for trends over time, Prior to ACA implementation, White patient enrollment was stable (IRR 1.01, 95% CI 1.00-1.02) while Black patient enrollment increased at 13% per year (IRR 1.13, 95% CI 1.05-1.22). Compared to the pre-ACA enrollment period, the post-ACA enrollment rate remained unchanged for White patients (IRR 0.99, 95% CI 0.97-1.01) but decreased by 17% for Black patients (IRR 0.83, 95% CI 0.74-0.92). Conclusion: Black patient enrollment decreased at a high-risk breast cancer screening clinic post-ACA compared to the pre-ACA period, indicating a need to identify factors contributing to racial disparities in clinic enrollment.

Feasibility and Short-Term Toxicity of a Consecutively Delivered Five Fraction Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy Regimen in Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients Receiving Partial Breast Irradiation.

Background: For appropriately selected patients with early-stage breast cancer (ESBC), accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) yields equivalent rates of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence with mixed results in patient-rated cosmesis compared with whole-breast radiotherapy depending on the technique utilized. When utilizing external beam radiotherapy for APBI, techniques to reduce target margins and overall treatment volume are potentially important to decrease rates of long-term adverse cosmesis. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is a promising technique to deliver APBI because of its increased accuracy and sparing of uninvolved breast tissue. We report the initial results of a prospective clinical trial investigating feasibility, safety, and cosmetic outcomes of a daily five-fraction SBRT regimen for APBI. Methods: Twenty-three patients with ESBC after lumpectomy who met APBI suitability were enrolled. During lumpectomy, a bioabsorbable three-dimensional fixed array tissue marker (BioZorb™, Hologic, Marlborough, MA) was placed for enhanced visualization of the cavity boundaries. Clinical target volume (CTV) was defined as the delineable cavity plus a 1-cm isotropic expansion followed by a 3-mm isotropic planning target volume (PTV) expansion. Patients received 30 Gy delivered in five planned consecutive daily fractions in either prone or supine positioning depending on individual anatomy. Two patients completed the five-fraction treatments in 9-day interval and 11-day interval due to external circumstances. A maximum PTV of 124cc was allowed to minimize incidence of fat necrosis. Plans utilized 10-MV flattening filter-free beams delivered on a Varian Edge linear accelerator. Local control, toxicity, and nurse/patient-scored cosmesis at pre-treatment baseline, 1 month post-treatment, and at subsequent 6-month intervals were recorded. Results: Twenty-three patients were accrued at the time of submission with median follow-up of 6 months. No patients experienced grade ≥3 acute toxicity. Of the 10 events reported probably related to SBRT, nine were grade 1 (n = 9/10, 90%). There was no evidence of difference, deterioration, or change in patient or nurse-scored cosmesis from baseline to 1 and 6 months post-treatment. One patient developed nodal failure shortly after APBI. Conclusions: Although longer follow-up is needed to assess long-term toxicity and local control, this study demonstrated a five-fraction SBRT regimen delivered over consecutive days is a safe, efficient, well-tolerated, and cosmetically favorable means of delivering APBI in suitable women. Clinical Trial Registration: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03643861, NCT03643861.

Development of an arteriolar niche and self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells by lysophosphatidic acid/protein kinase D signaling.

Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are essential for cancer growth, metastasis and recurrence. The regulatory mechanisms of BCSC interactions with the vascular niche within the tumor microenvironment (TME) and their self-renewal are currently under extensive investigation. We have demonstrated the existence of an arteriolar niche in the TME of human BC tissues. Intriguingly, BCSCs tend to be enriched within the arteriolar niche in human estrogen receptor positive (ER+) BC and bi-directionally interact with arteriolar endothelial cells (ECs). Mechanistically, this interaction is driven by the lysophosphatidic acid (LPA)/protein kinase D (PKD-1) signaling pathway, which promotes both arteriolar differentiation of ECs and self-renewal of CSCs likely via differential regulation of CD36 transcription. This study indicates that CSCs may enjoy blood perfusion to maintain their stemness features. Targeting the LPA/PKD-1 -CD36 signaling pathway may have therapeutic potential to curb tumor progression by disrupting the arteriolar niche and effectively eliminating CSCs.

Less Toxic Chemotherapy in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Preoperative chemotherapy produces tumor shrinkage in most patients with locally advanced breast cancer, including some pathological complete responses (pCRs). We attempted this using a much less toxic sequential regimen, given with concurrent bevacizumab. METHODS: Patients with locally advanced breast cancer received 3 intravenous doses each of preoperative sequential liposome encapsulated doxorubicin 25 mg/m2, paclitaxel 175 mg/m2, and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, with concurrent bevacizumab every 2 weeks without growth factor support. RESULTS: Between March 2008 and December 2009, 32 patients received treatment. There was no cardiotoxicity, and other toxicity was mild (no grade 4 or 5 toxicity). No long-term toxicity, including cardiotoxicity, has been observed. Every patient had ≥30% reduction in tumor size; 9 of 31 patients who completed chemotherapy had pCR at operation. Seven years later, 22 of 32 patients remain free of recurrence and 27 of 32 are alive. CONCLUSIONS: The preoperative chemotherapy used appears to be comparably effective, but much less toxic than that used in most conventional regimens and should be studied further. Concurrent treatment with bevacizumab (reported separately) did not provide any additional benefit.

Expectations of Surveillance for Non-BRCA Gene Mutation Carriers at Increased Risk for Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: The University of Alabama at Birmingham Preventative Care Program for Women's Cancer provides genetic testing, risk evaluation, and screening for breast cancer. Women diagnosed with high-risk mutations may opt to undergo active surveillance or prophylactic surgery. This decision requires understanding of the surveillance process and its potential outcomes. In this study, we report specifically on women with non-BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. METHODS: A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted of women enrolled in our program identified as high risk because of non-BRCA mutations. Events regarding genetic mutations, method of detection of suspicious lesions, number of biopsies, results of those biopsies, prophylactic surgery, and cancer diagnosis were collected. RESULTS: We identified 78 patients with asymptomatic non-BRCA deleterious mutations. Sixteen mutations were identified, with the most common being ATM, CHEK2, and PALB2. In total, 11.5% underwent prophylactic surgery and 88.5% underwent active surveillance. In the surveillance group, 63.8% had no examination or imaging to warrant biopsy, 24.6% had biopsy with benign result, and 11.6% had biopsy with malignant result. For the nine women who developed breast cancer during surveillance, six were diagnosed with ductal carcinoma in situ, two with stage I, and one with stage IIA cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Women with non-BRCA mutations enroll in prevention clinics with hopes of early detection of breast cancer. Because of increased screening, this population undergoes biopsy more frequently; however, during surveillance most do not require a biopsy. For those that do, the result is typically benign. This information can further allow women to make informed decisions about surveillance and establish realistic expectations regarding the likelihood of tissue sampling.

Randomized trial of weight loss in primary breast cancer: Impact on body composition, circulating biomarkers and tumor characteristics.

Obesity adversely impacts overall and cancer-specific survival among breast cancer patients. Preclinical studies demonstrate negative energy balance inhibits cancer progression; however, feasibility and effects in patients are unknown. A two-arm, single-blinded, randomized controlled weight-loss trial was undertaken presurgery among 32 overweight/obese, Stage 0-II breast cancer patients. The attention control arm (AC) received basic nutritional counseling and upper-body progressive resistance training whereas the weight loss intervention (WLI) arm received identical guidance, plus counseling on caloric restriction and aerobic exercise to promote 0.68-0.92 kg/week weight loss. Anthropometrics, body composition, blood and survey data were collected at baseline and presurgery ∼30 days later. Tumor markers (e.g., Ki67) and gene expression were assessed on biopsy and surgical specimens; sera were analyzed for cytokines, growth and metabolic factors. Significant WLI vs. AC differences were seen in baseline-to-follow-up changes in weight (-3.62 vs. -0.52 kg), %body fat (-1.3 vs. 0%), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (+224 vs. +115 min/week), caloric density (-0.3 vs. 0 kcal/g), serum leptin (-12.3 vs. -4.0 ng/dl) and upregulation of tumor PI3Kinase signaling and cell cycle-apoptosis related genes (CC-ARG; all p-values <0.05). Cytolytic CD56dim NK cell expression was positively associated with weight loss; CC-ARG increased with physical activity. Increased tumor (nuclear) TNFα and IL-1ß, CX3CL1 and CXCL1 gene expression was observed in the WLI. Tumor Ki67 did not differ between arms. Feasibility benchmarks included 80% accrual, 100% retention, no adverse effects and excellent adherence. Short-term weight loss interventions are feasible; however, mixed effects on tumor biology suggest unclear benefit to presurgical caloric restriction, but possible benefits of physical activity.

A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Dose Escalation, Single Dose, and Steady-State Pharmacokinetic Study of 9cUAB30 in Healthy Volunteers.

9cUAB30 is a synthetic analogue of 9-cis retinoic acid with chemoprevention activity in cell lines and animal models. The purpose of this phase I placebo-controlled, double-blinded, dose escalation study of 9cUAB30 was to evaluate its safety, pharmacokinetics, and determine a dose for future phase II studies. Participants received a single dose of study drug (placebo or 9cUAB30) on day 1 followed by a 6-day drug-free period and then 28 days of continuous daily dosing starting on day 8. Fifty-three healthy volunteers were enrolled into five dose cohorts (20, 40, 80, 160, and 240 mg). Participants were randomized within each dose level to receive either 9cUAB30 (n = 8) or placebo (n = 2). 9cUAB30 was well tolerated, with no dose limiting toxicities reported and no evidence of persistent elevations in serum triglycerides or cholesterol. Treatment-emergent grade 3 hypertension occurred in 1 of 8 participants at the 20 mg dose level and in 2 of 8 at the 240 mg dose level, all considered unlikely related to study agent; no other grade 3 adverse events were observed. The AUC increased, as expected, between day 1 (single dose) and day 36 (steady state). Pharmacokinetics were linear in dose escalation through 160 mg. 9cUAB30 administered by daily oral dosing has a favorable safety and pharmacokinetic profile. On the basis of the observed safety profile and lack of linearity in pharmacokinetics at doses greater than 160 mg, the recommended phase II dose with the current formulation is 160 mg once daily.

The Impact of Breast Lumpectomy Tray Utilization on Cost Savings.

BACKGROUND: Right-sizing instrument trays reduce processing and replacement costs, physical strain, and turnover times. Historically, a 98-instrument head and neck tray has been used for breast lumpectomy cases at our institution. Observations revealed that many instruments on the tray were not used during the breast cases. With the significant number of surgical breast lumpectomies performed annually, tray downsizing could significantly reduce costs and physical strain. METHODS: Surgical technicians identified instruments needed for a standard breast lumpectomy. Breast surgeons reviewed the list and made final recommendations. Three of 13 existing head and neck trays were converted to breast lumpectomy trays. The number of breast lumpectomies in 2017 was pulled from the institution's health information system. Instrument quantities were verified using instrument management software. Weights were taken on a digital scale, and processing cost was estimated by a consultant. RESULTS: The new breast trays included 51 instruments rather than the standard 98-instrument trays. Reprocessing cost decreased from $49.98 to $26.01. With 449 breast lumpectomies performed at the institution in 2017, the annual reprocessing savings totaled $10,763. The tray weight was reduced from 27 to 16 pounds. Setup time decreased from 7 to 4 min per use (22.5 h saved annually). CONCLUSIONS: Downsizing from a head and neck tray to a specific breast lumpectomy tray demonstrated a reduction in reprocessing cost, tray weight, and setup time. Lighter trays allow for safer handling and transport by surgical personnel. In the current health-care environment, it is important to maximize operating room efficiency and minimize cost.

Treatment patterns for ductal carcinoma in situ with close or positive mastectomy margins.

BACKGROUND: Mastectomy remains an effective treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) but whether further therapy is warranted for close or positive margins is controversial. We aim to characterize the treatment practices of DCIS throughout the United States in patients who undergo mastectomy with close or positive margins to better understand the use of postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using the 2004-2013 National Cancer Database, we identified all female patients with a diagnosis of DCIS who underwent mastectomy. Distributional characteristics were summarized for overall and margin-stratified samples. Characteristic differences were assessed by region and receipt of radiation. Chi-square and independent sample t-tests were used to assess differences for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. RESULTS: In 21,591 patients who met inclusion criteria, 470 patients with close/positive margins were identified. Sixteen percent of patients with close/positive margins received PMRT compared to 1.5% with negative margins (P < 0.01). There was no difference in PMRT and patient race, insurance status, treatment facility, or endocrine therapy. Patients with close/positive margins who received PMRT were more likely to be in an urban setting from the Midwest (24.6%) and Northeast (21.8%) compared to the West (11.0%) and South (10.7%) (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Use of PMRT for DCIS following mastectomy with close/positive margins differs across the country. Regional variations in treatment patterns reinforce a need to determine whether PMRT improves survival to establish treatment guidelines.

A Structured Compensation Plan Improves But Does Not Erase the Sex Pay Gap in Surgery.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the sex pay gap in a large academic department of surgery and a recently instituted structured compensation plan. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: A recent large study found that after controlling for measures of academic and clinical productivity, male physicians earned nearly $20,000 more annually than female physicians. Increased salary transparency has been proposed as a method to reduce this disparity. METHODS: A new structured compensation plan was developed to improve transparency of compensation and financial viability of each division. The total compensations of each faculty member before and after the new compensation plan were calculated. Salaries were compared with the Association of Academic Medical Colleges (AAMC) median value based on specialty, region, academic rank, stratified by sex and compared. Work relative value units (wRVUs) were calculated for each faculty member during the entire study period, stratified by sex and compared. RESULTS: Among 44 eligible surgeons (33 men and 11 women), a sex pay gap existed with male surgeon salaries significantly higher than female surgeon salaries [56% (8 to 213) vs 26% (1 to 64); P < 0.00001] despite similar RVU production (men 8725 ±â€Š831 vs women 7818 ±â€Š911, P = 0.454). The new compensation plan did not significantly change male surgeon salaries [56% (8 to 213) vs 58% (26 to 159); P = 0.552] but did significantly increase the salaries of female surgeons [26% (1 to 64) vs 42% (10 to 80); P = 0.026]. CONCLUSION: A structured compensation plan can improve the sex pay gap in a short period of time. More transparency in surgical compensation plans is essential to understand the most equitable way to compensate all surgeons.

Breast Cancer Genetics and Indications for Prophylactic Mastectomy.

As more genetic information becomes available to inform breast cancer treatment, screening, and risk-reduction approaches, clinicians must become more knowledgeable about possible genetic testing and prevention strategies, including outcomes, benefits, risks, and limitations. The aim of this article is to define and distinguish high- and moderate-risk breast cancer predisposition genes, summarize the clinical recommendations that may be considered based on the identification of pathogenic variants (mutations) in these genes, and indications for risk-reducing and contralateral prophylactic mastectomy.

Select Choices in Benign Breast Disease: An Initiative of the American Society of Breast Surgeons for the American Board of Internal Medicine Choosing Wisely® Campaign.

BACKGROUND: Up to 50% of all women encounter benign breast problems. In contrast to breast cancer, high-level evidence is not available to guide treatment. Management is therefore largely based on individual physician experience/training. The American board of internal medicine (ABIM) initiated its Choosing Wisely® campaign to promote conversations between patients and physicians about challenging the use of tests or procedures which may not be necessary. The American society of breast surgeons (ASBrS) Patient safety and quality committee (PSQC) chose to participate in this campaign in regard to the management of benign breast disease. METHODS: The PSQC solicited initial candidate measures. PSQC surgeons represent a wide variety of practices. The resulting measures were ranked by modified Delphi appropriateness methodology in two rounds. The final list was approved by ASBrS and endorsed by the ABIM. RESULTS: The final five measures are as follows. (1) Don't routinely excise areas of pseuodoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH) of the breast in patients who are not having symptoms from it. (2) Don't routinely surgically excise biopsy-proven fibroadenomas that are < 2 cm. (3) Don't routinely operate for a breast abscess without an initial attempt to percutaneously aspirate. (4) Don't perform screening mammography in asymptomatic patients with normal exams who have less than a 5-years life expectancy. (5) Don't routinely drain nonpainful, fluid-filled cysts. CONCLUSIONS: The ASBrS Choosing Wisely® measures that address benign breast disease management are easily accessible to patients via the internet. Consensus was reached by PSQC regarding these recommendations. These measures provide guidance for shared decision-making.

Benchmarking the American Society of Breast Surgeon Member Performance for More Than a Million Quality Measure-Patient Encounters.

BACKGROUND: Nine breast cancer quality measures (QM) were selected by the American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS) for the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) Quality Payment Programs (QPP) and other performance improvement programs. We report member performance. STUDY DESIGN: Surgeons entered QM data into an electronic registry. For each QM, aggregate "performance met" (PM) was reported (median, range and percentiles) and benchmarks (target goals) were calculated by CMS methodology, specifically, the Achievable Benchmark of Care™ (ABC) method. RESULTS: A total of 1,286,011 QM encounters were captured from 2011-2015. For 7 QM, first and last PM rates were as follows: (1) needle biopsy (95.8, 98.5%), (2) specimen imaging (97.9, 98.8%), (3) specimen orientation (98.5, 98.3%), (4) sentinel node use (95.1, 93.4%), (5) antibiotic selection (98.0, 99.4%), (6) antibiotic duration (99.0, 99.8%), and (7) no surgical site infection (98.8, 98.9%); all p values < 0.001 for trends. Variability and reasons for noncompliance by surgeon for each QM were identified. The CMS-calculated target goals (ABC™ benchmarks) for PM for 6 QM were 100%, suggesting that not meeting performance is a "never should occur" event. CONCLUSIONS: Surgeons self-reported a large number of specialty-specific patient-measure encounters into a registry for self-assessment and participation in QPP. Despite high levels of performance demonstrated initially in 2011 with minimal subsequent change, the ASBrS concluded "perfect" performance was not a realistic goal for QPP. Thus, after review of our normative performance data, the ASBrS recommended different benchmarks than CMS for each QM.

NeoPalAna: Neoadjuvant Palbociclib, a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6 Inhibitor, and Anastrozole for Clinical Stage 2 or 3 Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer.

Purpose: Cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 drives cell proliferation in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer. This single-arm phase II neoadjuvant trial (NeoPalAna) assessed the antiproliferative activity of the CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib in primary breast cancer as a prelude to adjuvant studies.Experimental Design: Eligible patients with clinical stage II/III ER+/HER2- breast cancer received anastrozole 1 mg daily for 4 weeks (cycle 0; with goserelin if premenopausal), followed by adding palbociclib (125 mg daily on days 1-21) on cycle 1 day 1 (C1D1) for four 28-day cycles unless C1D15 Ki67 > 10%, in which case patients went off study due to inadequate response. Anastrozole was continued until surgery, which occurred 3 to 5 weeks after palbociclib exposure. Later patients received additional 10 to 12 days of palbociclib (Cycle 5) immediately before surgery. Serial biopsies at baseline, C1D1, C1D15, and surgery were analyzed for Ki67, gene expression, and mutation profiles. The primary endpoint was complete cell cycle arrest (CCCA: central Ki67 ≤ 2.7%).Results: Fifty patients enrolled. The CCCA rate was significantly higher after adding palbociclib to anastrozole (C1D15 87% vs. C1D1 26%, P < 0.001). Palbociclib enhanced cell-cycle control over anastrozole monotherapy regardless of luminal subtype (A vs. B) and PIK3CA status with activity observed across a broad range of clinicopathologic and mutation profiles. Ki67 recovery at surgery following palbociclib washout was suppressed by cycle 5 palbociclib. Resistance was associated with nonluminal subtypes and persistent E2F-target gene expression.Conclusions: Palbociclib is an active antiproliferative agent for early-stage breast cancer resistant to anastrozole; however, prolonged administration may be necessary to maintain its effect. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4055-65. ©2017 AACR.

Translation of a Tissue-Selective Rexinoid, UAB30, to the Clinic for Breast Cancer Prevention.

This review focuses on our efforts to translate a low-toxicity retinoid X receptor-selective agonist, UAB30, to the clinic for the prevention of breast cancers. The review is divided into several sections. First, the current status of breast cancer prevention is discussed. Next, preclinical studies are presented that support translation of rexinoids to the clinic for cancer prevention. While current FDAapproved retinoids and rexinoids demonstrate profound effects in treating cancers, they lack sufficient safety for long term use in the high risk population that is otherwise disease free. The review stresses the need to identify cancer preventive drugs that are effective and safe in order to gain wide use in the clinic. Due to the heterogeneity of the disease, UAB30 is evaluated for the prevention of ER-positive and ER-negative mammary cancers. Since selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors are used clinically to prevent and treat ER-positive breast cancers, preclinical studies also must demonstrate efficacy of UAB30 in combination with existing drugs under use in the clinic. To support an Investigational New Drug Application to the FDA, data on pharmacology and toxicity as well as mutagenicity is gathered prior to human trials. The review concludes with a discussion of the outcomes of human Phase 0/1 clinical trials that determine the safety and pharmacology of UAB30. These studies are essential before this agent is evaluated for efficacy in phase 2 trials. Success in phase 2 evaluation is critical before long-term and costly phase 3 trials are undertaken. The lack of surrogate biomarkers as endpoints for phase 2 evaluation of rexinoid preventive agents is discussed.

Exploring effects of presurgical weight loss among women with stage 0-II breast cancer: protocol for a randomised controlled feasibility trial.

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is a known risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer and is associated with poorer prognosis for premenopausal and postmenopausal patients; however, the aetiological mechanisms are unknown. Preclinical studies support weight loss via caloric restriction and increased physical activity as a possible cancer control strategy, though few clinical studies have been conducted. We undertook a feasibility trial among women recently diagnosed with stage 0-II breast cancer hypothesising that presurgical weight loss would be feasible, safe and result in favourable changes in tumour markers and circulating biomarkers. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A two-arm randomised controlled trial among 40 overweight or obese women, newly diagnosed with stage 0-II breast cancer and scheduled for surgery was planned. The attention control arm received upper body progressive resistance training and diet counselling to correct deficiencies in nutrient intake; the experimental arm received the same plus counselling on caloric restriction and aerobic exercise to achieve a weight loss of 0.68-0.919 kg/week. In addition to achieving feasibility benchmarks (accruing and retaining at least 80% of participants, and observing no serious adverse effects attributable to the intervention), we will explore the potential impact of an acute state of negative energy balance on tumour proliferation rates (Ki-67), as well as other tumour markers, serum biomarkers, gene expression, microbiome profiles and other clinical outcomes (eg, quality of life). Outcomes for the 2 study arms are compared using mixed models repeated-measures analyses. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethics approval was received from the University of Alabama at Birmingham Institutional Review Board (Protocol number F130325009). Study findings will be disseminated through peer-reviewed publications. Given that this is one of the first studies to investigate the impact of negative energy balance directly on tumour biology in humans, larger trials will be pursued if results are favourable. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02224807; Pre-results.

Measures of Appropriateness and Value for Breast Surgeons and Their Patients: The American Society of Breast Surgeons Choosing Wisely (®) Initiative.

BACKGROUND: Current breast cancer care is based on high-level evidence from randomized, controlled trials. Despite these data, there continues to be variability of breast cancer care, including overutilization of some tests and operations. To reduce overutilization, the American Board of Internal Medicine Choosing Wisely (®) Campaign recommends that professional organizations provide patients and providers with a list of care practices that may not be necessary. Shared decision making regarding these services is encouraged. METHODS: The Patient Safety and Quality Committee of the American Society of Breast Surgeons (ASBrS) solicited candidate measures for the Choosing Wisely (®) Campaign. The resulting list of "appropriateness" measures of care was ranked by a modified Delphi appropriateness methodology. The highest-ranked measures were submitted to and later approved by the ASBrS Board of Directors. They are listed below. RESULTS: (1) Don't routinely order breast magnetic resonance imaging in new breast cancer patients. (2) Don't routinely excise all the lymph nodes beneath the arm in patients having lumpectomy for breast cancer. (3) Don't routinely order specialized tumor gene testing in all new breast cancer patients. (4) Don't routinely reoperate on patients with invasive cancer if the cancer is close to the edge of the excised lumpectomy tissue. (5) Don't routinely perform a double mastectomy in patients who have a single breast with cancer. CONCLUSIONS: The ASBrS list for the Choosing Wisely (®) campaign is easily accessible to breast cancer patients online. These measures provide surgeons and their patients with a starting point for shared decision making regarding potentially unnecessary testing and operations.

Impact of a behavioral weight loss intervention on comorbidities in overweight and obese breast cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: Comorbid medical conditions are common among breast cancer survivors, contribute to poorer long-term survival and increased overall mortality, and may be ameliorated by weight loss. This secondary analysis evaluated the impact of a weight loss intervention on comorbid medical conditions immediately following an intervention (12 months) and 1-year postintervention (24 months) using data from the Exercise and Nutrition to Enhance Recovery and Good health for You (ENERGY) trial-a phase III trial which was aimed at and successfully promoted weight loss. METHODS: ENERGY randomized 692 overweight/obese women who had completed treatment for early stage breast cancer to either a 1-year group-based behavioral intervention designed to achieve and maintain weight loss or to a less intensive control intervention. Minimal support was provided postintervention. New medical conditions, medical conditions in which non-cancer medications were prescribed, hospitalizations, and emergency room visits, were compared at baseline, year 1, and year 2. Changes over time were analyzed using chi-squared tests, Kaplan-Meier, and logistic regression analyses. RESULTS: At 12 months, women randomized to the intervention had fewer new medical conditions compared to the control group (19.6 vs. 32.2 %, p < 0.001); however, by 24 months, there was no longer a significant difference. No difference was observed in each of the four conditions for which non-cancer medications were prescribed, hospital visits, or emergency visits at either 12 or 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: These results support a short-term benefit of modest weight loss on the likelihood of comorbid conditions; however, recidivism and weight regain likely explain no benefit at 1-year postintervention follow-up.