[Prospective comparison of cognitive and mpMR/US fusion biopsy for prostate cancer detection].

INTRODUCTION: According to the recommendations of the European Association of Urology the presence of a suspicious lesion on MRI is an indication for both primary and secondary MR-targeted biopsies. At the same time, the Russian Society of Urologists recommends to perform mpMR/US fusion biopsy only in patients with a prior negative biopsy. In clinical practice, mpMR/US fusion and cognitive biopsies are the most frequently performed. However, when comparing them, contradictory data on detection of clinically significant prostate cancer is obtained. OBJECTIVE: to compare the detection rate of clinically significant prostate cancer performing cognitive and mpMR/US fusion biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Inclusion criteria: PSA >2 ng/mL and/or a positive DRE, and/or a suspicious lesion on TRUS, and PI-RADSv2.1 lesion more or equal 3. At first, "unblinded" urologist performed a transperineal mpMR/ultrasound fusion and saturation biopsy. Then "blinded" urologist obtained transrectal cognitive biopsy Clinically significant cancer was defined as ISUP more or equal 2. RESULTS: We enrolled 96 patients. Median age was 63 years, prostate volume - 47 cm3 and PSA - 6.82 ng/mL. MpMR/US fusion and cognitive biopsies were comparable in regard to the detection rate of clinically significant (32.3% vs 25.0%; p=0.264), clinically insignificant cancer (25.0% and 26.0%; p=0.869) and overall detection rate (57.3% and 51%;p=0.385). Both biopsies missed clinically significant cancer with equal frequency (5.2%; p=0.839). Histological efficacy also was comparable. The number of positive cores between mpMR/US fusion and cognitive biopsy was equal (34.1% and 31.1% respectively; p= 0.415). At the same time, no statistically significant difference was found with respect to maximum cancer core length (53.1% vs 47.7%, respectively; p=0.293). CONCLUSION: The results suggest that both cognitive and mpMR/US fusion biopsies are equally accurate diagnostic methods for clinically significant prostate cancer detection, thus their wider introduction into clinical practice is necessary.

[Diagnosis of infected kidney cysts in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease].

AIM: to improve the differential diagnosis of infected cysts in patients with ADPKD and to reduce false-positive rate of MR-urography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: a total of 33 patients with ADPKD who underwent bilateral nephrectomy from 2015 to 2020 were included in the retrospective single-center study. In the group 1 (n=17) patients with histologically confirmed infected cyst (s) were included, while in the group 2 (n=16) there were patients without infected cysts. The frequency of symptoms (pain in the loin area, fever), the level of leukocytes in blood and urine, C-reactive protein (CRP) and the results of kidney MRI were compared. RESULTS: Pain, fever, leukocytosis, leukocyturia, and increased CRP levels were significantly associated with infected cysts. The sensitivity and specificity of MRI was 88.2% and 43.8%, respectively. The infected cysts were characterized by a significantly (p=0.004) lower value of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC): 0.67+/-0.2110-3 mm2/s (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56-0.79), versus 1.2+/-0.5910-3 mm2/s (95% CI 0.89-1.5) in group 2. According to ROC analysis, the ADC value at the cut-off point was 0.8310-3 mm2/s. The frequency of infected cysts during histological examination increased when the volume of the cyst was more than 13 ml. In multivariate analysis, only the CRP level was a reliable predictor of the presence of infected cysts. ROC analysis showed that the CRP level at the cut-off point was 83 mg/L (sensitivity 70.6%, specificity 75%). CONCLUSION: In case of fever, pain in the loin area and high CRP level in patients with ADPKD, it is necessary to exclude infected cysts. MRI of the kidneys with the determination of the ADC level in cysts with limited diffusion on diffusion-weighted images is a highly informative method that allows to clarify the content of cysts.

[Predictors for locoregional recurrence after radical prostatectomy].

An analysis of domestic and foreign literature on the predictors of prostate cancer recurrence are presented in the article. A deep analysis of both pathological and histological risk factors for progression was provided, as well as of laboratory and clinical predictors.

[Ultrastructural characteristics of the mechanisms of varicose transformation of veins of different localization]. / Ul'trastrukturnaya kharakteristika mekhanizmov varikoznoi transformatsii ven razlichnoi lokalizatsii.

The contemporary interpretation of the pathogenesis of varicose vein transformation in young patients indicates the genetically determined pattern of this process. According to the diagnostic criteria proposed by T.I. Kadurina, varicose veins of different localization belong to the so-called minor phenomena of undifferentiated connective tissue dysplasia (UCTD) syndrome. However, its impact on the development of varicose vein transformation is taken into account by not all researchers probably due to the fact that its clinical manifestations remain somewhat unclear. OBJECTIVE: To prove the role of UCTD syndrome in the development of varicose transformation of veins, by examining their wall biopsy specimens at the ultrastructural level. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Vein wall fragments removed from 25 male patients were examined; their mean age was 19 years. All the patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) cases of left-sided varicocele (VC), 2) those of varicose veins in the lower extremities (VVLE), 3) control cases. Electron microscopy examination (EME) and morphometric and statistical analyses were performed. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: EME showed similar changes in the vein wall biopsy specimens obtained from both pediatric and adult patients with VC and VVLE. Analysis of the qualitative parameters of collagen fiber bundles revealed considerable differences in their thickness compared to those in the control group; the phenomenon of structural chaos; variability of their number in the bundles; uneven bundle thickness; abruptness of individual fibers due to their tortuous course; bundle disorganization areas and an expanded part of interfiber spaces. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a pronounced variability of numerical series when measuring their bundle thickness. The above changes indicate primary incompetence of the connective tissue framework of the varicose vein walls. The measurements of smooth muscle cells showed a decrease in their volume compared to that in the control group; there was an excessive proliferation of connective tissue between them. No substantial difference was found in the arithmetic mean of the measurements in different degrees of VC and VVLE and in the age groups for these diseases. CONCLUSION: The ultrastructural analysis and morphometric results confirm the key role of UCTD syndrome in the pathogenesis of VC and VVLE and make it possible to combine these diseases into one - systemic varicose veins.

[The correlation of PSA-nadir PS recurrence after total HIFU-ablation in patients with localized prostate cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To study the survival rate of patients without biochemical recurrence according to the Stuttgart and Phoenix criteria in terms of their correlation with four different PSA nadir values as predictors of clinical recurrence in patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent total HIFU prostate ablation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The object of the study was patients with morphologically proven localized RP by biopsy results, who were treated with prostate cancer by HIFU ablation on the Ablatherm Integrated Imaging apparatus (EDAP TMS, France). The study included 658 patients in whom HIFU ablation was used as primary treatment of localized prostate cancer (stages T1 - T2) without previous use of other methods (hormonal, radiation therapy) For the analysis, a continuous sample of patients was selected, which were divided into four groups depending on the PSA nadir level: less or equal 0.2 ng / ml (1 group), 0.21-0.5 ng / ml (group 2), 0.51-1 ng / ml (group 3) and> 1 ng / ml (group 4). sensitivity, specificity, predictive value, and 5-year biochemical relapse-free survival according to the Stuttgart definition and the Phoenix definition in the PSA nadir groups. RESULTS: The median (range) of the observation period for the patients was 5.3 (3-7) years, the mean time to reaching PSA nadir was 14.5+/-2.6 weeks. PSA nadirs less or equal 0.2, 0.21-0.5, 0.51-1.0 and > 1 ng/ml were achieved in 231 (35.1%), 132 (20.0%), 105 (15, 9%) and 190 (28.8%) patients, respectively. Survival without biochemical relapse in accordance with the Stuttgart definition in the four groups allocated for the PSA nadir was 82, 65, 43 and 32%, respectively (p<0.001), according to the Phoenix definition - 94, 74, 66 and 47% (p<0.001) respectively. According to the results of the control biopsy, 601 (91.3%) patients in the 1st and 2nd groups had a negative oncological status (approximately 85%). CONCLUSION: This study confirms that PSA nadir after HIFU ablation predicts biochemical recurrence-free survival and is a reliable marker that is easy to integrate into routine clinical practice.

[Simple renal cysts and peripelvic cysts].

The topic of renal cystic lesions is described in the article. The localization and structure of solitary, parapelvic and multiple sinus cysts are discussed. The Bosniak classification (1986) is presented, as well as the updated Bosniak classification, in which a number of modifications in 2019 were made. The contemporary diagnostic methods are mentioned, as well as factors that allow to select patient for active surveillance. Current surgical procedures are presented.

Tailoring the collagen film structural properties via direct laser crosslinking of star-shaped polylactide for robust scaffold formation.

Application of restructured collagen-based biomaterials is generally restricted by their poor mechanical properties, which ideally must be close to those of a tissue being repaired. Here, we present an approach to the formation of a robust biomaterial using laser-induced curing of a photosensitive star-shaped polylactide. The created collagen-based structures demonstrated an increase in the Young's modulus by more than an order of magnitude with introduction of reinforcing patterns (from 0.15 ±â€¯0.02 MPa for the untreated collagen to 51.2 ±â€¯5.6 MPa for the reinforced collagen). It was shown that the geometrical configuration of the created reinforcing pattern affected the scaffold's mechanical properties only in the case of a relatively high laser radiation power density, when the effect of accumulated thermomechanical stresses in the photocured regions was significant. Photo-crosslinking of polylactide did not compromise the scaffold's cytotoxicity and provided fluorescent regions in the collagen matrix, that create a potential for noninvasive monitoring of such materials' biodegradation kinetics in vivo.

[Diagnostic utility of positronic emission tomography in recurrences of prostate cancer].

An analysis of national and foreign literature dedicated to recurrence of prostate cancer, is presented in the article. The diagnostic utility of positronic emission tomography, fused with computer tomography and magnetic resonance tomography in case of biochemical recurrences of prostate cancer is discussed.

[Multidisciplinary approach in urology. Educational aspect].

Currently, thorough understanding of multidisciplinary approach is required in all areas of healthcare, including education, science and practice. This article is dedicated to the actual problem of interdisciplinary communications in current educational process in the Medical University.

[Methods for training of robot-assisted radical prostatectomy]. / Metody obucheniia robot-assistirovannoi radikal'noi prostatéktomii.

Robotic surgery is a future method of minimal invasive surgery. Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) is a common method of surgical treatment of prostate cancer. Due to significant differences of the surgical technique of RARP compared to open or laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) new methods of training are needed. At the moment there are many opinions how to train physicians best. Which model is the most effective one remains nowadays controversial. OBJECTIVE: Analyze currently available data of training methods of RARP. Determine the most effective training model and evaluate its advantages and disadvantages. Establish a standardized plan and criteria for proper training and certification of the entire surgical team. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Literature review based on PubMed database, Web of Science and Scopus by keywords: robot-assisted radical prostatectomy, training of robot-assisted prostatectomy, training in robot-assisted operations, a learning curve of robot-assisted prostatectomy, virtual reality simulators (VR-simulators) in surgery. RESULTS: According to the literature in average 18 to 45 procedures are required for a surgeon to achieve the plateau of the learning curve of the RARP. Parallel training, pre-operative warm-up and the use of virtual reality simulators (VR-simulators) can significantly increase the learning curve. There are many described models of RARP training. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of accepted criteria of evaluation of the learning curve does not allow to use this parameter as a guide for the surgeon's experience. Proper training of robotic surgeons is necessary and requires new methods of training. There are different types of training programs. In our opinion the most effective training program is when a surgeon observes the performance of tasks or any steps of operation on the VR-simulator, then he performs them and analyzes mistakes by video recording. Then the surgeon observes real operations and performs some steps of the operation which are already leant on the simulator under supervision of the mentor and analyzes mistakes by video recording. Thus, mastering first the simple stages under supervision of a mentor, the surgeon effectively adopts the surgical experience from him. It is necessary to train not only the surgeons but also the entire surgical team.

[Minimally invasive techniques of localized prostate cancer].

Currently, prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most important problem of modern medicine, including economical issue. The detection of PCa compared to any other cancers progressively increases with age. Currently, PCa is the most commonly diagnosed solid tumor. Radical prostatectomy and radiation therapy are considered standard of treatment for PCa. However, while excellent long-term oncologic results can be achieved, these methods are often associated with significant complication rate, which negatively affects the quality of life of patients. Technological advancement and their implementation in medicine have increased treatment opportunities in oncourology. The purpose of this literature review is to study alternative treatment methods of localized PCa and compare their efficiency with conventional therapy.

[Multi-parametric MRI/US fusion guided biopsy for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. ur experience].

INTRODUCTION: Prostate cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in men. The gold standard for the detection of prostate cancer is ultrasound guided transrectal prostate biopsy. The detectability of cancer using this method is from 30 to 50%. As a result, many men undergo multiple repeat biopsies for suspected prostate cancer. The European Association of Urology does not give any recommendations on this matter. A revolutionary new method in the diagnosis of prostate cancer is a targeted prostate biopsy using a fusion of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At the R.M. Fronstein Clinic of Urology, 55 patients with suspected prostate cancer from September 2017 to January 2018 underwent fusion prostate biopsy. Of them, 21 patients had negative primary biopsies. Two patients had verified prostate cancer. 32 patients did not undergo primary biopsies. RESULTS: The findings of the study suggest that using MRI-ultrasound fusion for guidance of targeted prostate biopsy improves the quality of the histological material, allows patients to avoid unnecessary biopsy, reduces the number of punctures, thereby offering higher diagnostic performance in detecting prostate cancer. MRI-ultrasound fusion targeted biopsy has a high sensitivity in detecting clinically significant cancer and low for clinically insignificant cancers. CONCLUSION: The technique affords accurate detection of the location and extent of pathological lesions in the prostate thus allowing focal therapy for prostate cancer.

[Local recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy].

The article presents an analysis of domestic and international literature on local recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy. The authors describe the most advanced methods of diagnosis and treatment of local recurrence commonly used in clinical practice.

[Prostate cancer detection by assessing stiffness of different tissues using shear wave ultrasound elastog- raphy].

INTRODUCTION: Early detection of prostate cancer (PCa) remains a challenging issue. There are studies underway aimed to develop and implement new methods for prostate cancer screening by tumor imaging and obtaining tissue samples from suspicious areas for morphological examination. One of these new methods is shear wave ultrasound elastography (SWUE). The current literature is lacking sufficient coverage of informativeness and specificity of SWUE in the prostate cancer detection, there is no clear criteria for assessing tissue stiffness at different values of PSA and tumor grade, and in prostate hyperplasia and prostatitis. AIM: To evaluate the informativeness and specificity of SWUE compared with other diagnostic methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: SWUE has been used in the Clinic of Urology of Sechenov First MSMU since October 2015. During this period, 302 patients were examined using SWUE. SWUE was performed with Aixplorer ultrasound system (Super Sonic Imagine), which provides a single-stage SWUE imaging with both B-mode and real-time mode. The first group (prospective study) included 134 men aged 47 to 81 years with suspected prostate cancer scheduled to either initial or repeat prostate biopsy. PSA levels ranged from 4 to 24 ng/ml. The second group (retrospective study) comprised 120 men with confirmed prostate cancer and PSA levels between 4 and 90 ng/ml. The third group (the control group), comprised 48 healthy men whose PSA level did not exceed 3 ng/ml. All patients of the groups 1 and 2 underwent a standard comprehensive examination. Patients in group 1 were subsequently subjected to transrectal prostate biopsy guided by localization of areas with abnormal tissue stiffness. PCa was detected in 100 of 134 patients. 217 patients of groups 1 and 2 underwent radical prostatectomy. In 28 of them, the match between the cancer location and differentiation in the removed prostate and SWUE findings before surgery was examined. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of pelvic organs was performed in 63 patients of groups 1 and 2. RESULTS: Threshold values of stiffness (Emean) were determined, which normally range from 0 to 23 kPa, from 23.4 to 50 kPa in prostatic hyperplasia and 50.5 kPa and greater in prostate cancer. A total of 220 patients in groups 1 and 2 were found to have prostate cancer. The findings showed increased stiffness of prostate tissue depending on tumor differentiation, Gleason score, and hence, cancer risk. The sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for SWUE, biopsy based on 6 peripheral points used during SWUE, and for histologic findings from prostate cross sections. When compared to needle biopsy, Se, Sp, PPV, NPV for SWUE were 90.8, 94.6, 56.6 and 97.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The study findings suggest a high diagnostic performance of SWUE in detecting prostate cancer.

[Clinical implications of shear wave ultrasound elastography for evaluation of urinary stones].

INTRODUCTION: Currently, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) is a minimally invasive treatment for patients with urolithiasis. With advancing medical technology, elastography has evolved as a method for measuring the elasticity of tissues. AIM: To investigate the elasticity of urinary stones for assessing their physical and chemical composition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The elasticity of urinary stones was determined before ESWL in 30 urolithiasis patients (18 men and 12 women, aged 25-65 years) using shear wave ultrasound elastography (SWUE). In 40%, 23.3% and 20% of patients, urinary stones were located in the renal pelvis, the middle calyceal group and the lower calyceal group, respectively. RESULTS: Elastography is a method of determining the elasticity of urinary stones, measured in kPa. Mean elasticity (Emean) of calcium oxalate monohydrate stones, uric acid stones and mixed urinary stones was 39.8, 14.6 and 26.3-29.8 kPa, respectively. Urinary stones smaller than 5 mm did not differ in the color spectrum. Excess body mass index (BMI) also reduced the informative value of the method. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of SWUE are comparable with the results of computer densitometry and physical and chemical composition of the investigated urinary stones.

[Irreversible electroporation to treat prostate cancer (Nanoknife)].

Modern medicine tends to use minimally invasive treatments. Selected patients with prostate cancer may be treated using irreversible electroporation that involves the application of a NanoKnife device. The procedure directs short electrical pulses that open microscopic pores in the cells in the treatment area and effectively destroy cancer cells. This literature review outlines the history of irreversible electroporation, its use in surgery for treating cancers of the pancreas, liver, lung, kidney and brain. This technique is relatively new and is not yet applied in routine urologic practice, but has been increasingly used in Europe and North America and, no doubt, will find an appropriate utilization in Russia.

[Prostadoz opportunity for prostate cancer prevention?]

Prevention of prostate cancer (PCa) is a vital problem dictated by the obvious benefit of prevention compared to the complexity of treatment. To date, a tremendous amount of research both in vitro, and in vivo assessment of different prophylactic measures has been published. They included consumption of protein, carbohydrate, fat, fiber, vegetable extracts and other solid products, and combinations thereof in the diet, vitamins, minerals, and biologically active substances, medicaments. The optimal preventive agent has not been found, and that prompted us to conduct our own research of dietary supplement ProstaDoz. The study was performed on a group of 58 patients with elevated prostate-specific antigen and the results of the histological study confirming the absence of prostate cancer and the presence of a high degree PIN. After 6 month course of ProstaDoz histological analysis of repeated biopsy samples revealed a significantly lower incidence of prostate cancer and atypical small acinar proliferation in the group receiving ProstaDoz (10.4%) compared to control group (20,7%; p <0,024), and in some cases even regression of PIN (32%) in the study group (p = 0.5). Also, there was a significant reduction in prostate-specific antigen after receiving ProstaDoz. These data show the potential effectiveness of ProstaDoz use as a means of PCa chemoprevention.

[Diagnosis and treatment of local recurrence of prostate cancer using hystoscanning and high-intensity focused ultrasound in patients after radical prostatectomy].

The study was aimed to the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment of patients with prostate cancer (PC). The study included 46 patients with recurrent prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy (RPE). The examination included contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (endorectal coil 1.5T) and hystoscanning. All patients had local recurrence confirmed by the morphologically results of transrectal biopsy of the area of vesicourethral anastomosis. All patients underwent high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU). Before RPE, protate volume ranged from 21 to 102 cm3. The median age was 62 (46-68) years. PSA levels before a HIFU session ranged from 0.4 to 18 ng/ml. Nadir PSA level after 3 months of follow up was 0.1 ng/ml. Five-year disease-free survival in patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer after HIFU in the group of low cancer risk was 10 (81%), moderate risk--18 (57%), high risk--12 (42%). Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and hystoscanning are highly informative methods for diagnosis of local recurrence after radical prostatectomy, and HIFU can be categorized as highly effective treatment.

[Early diagnosis of prostate cancer using histoscanning device].

For the purpose of improving diagnosis of prostate cancer (PC), the authors used an innovative HistoScanning device. According to the standard procedure accepted at the clinic, 326 patients admitted with suspected prostate cancer were evaluated. Patients with elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were divided into three groups depending on the degree of its increase, which ranged from 1.09 to 209 ng/ml; Group 4 (conventional control) consisted of patients with BPH, and Group 5 (control) consisted of healthy men aged 21 to 28 years. At the next step, histoscanning was performed with construction of maps of the prostate, which was used when performing a biopsy. The results of histoscanning were compared with data of morphological examination of biopsy material, and with the data of visual and morphological studies of surgical specimens in patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. High diagnostic value of histoscanning was demonstrated, as even in patients of Group 1 sensitivity was 89%, specificity--96%, in patients of Group 2 and 3--96 and 94%, 99 and 97%, respectively. False positive results occurred in 11% of cases, false negative--only in 0.6%.