Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders and Health-Related Quality of Life Among Corrugated Box Factory Workers in India.

Context: Corrugated box factory workers routinely perform various tasks at their workplace which may impact their musculoskeletal system and quality of life (QoL). Aim: The aim of this study was to assess work-related musculoskeletal disorders and health related QoL in corrugated box factory workers of an urban city in India. Study Setting: Corrugated box factory. Study Design: Cross-sectional. Methods and Materials: The study encompassed 60 participants fulfilling laid down inclusion criteria. Assessment of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSDs) was done by using the Hindi version of the Nordic Musculoskeletal Questionnaire. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed using World Health Organization Quality of Life brief questionnaire. Statistical Analysis: This was done using descriptive statistics. Mean, standard deviations, and percentages were calculated using Microsoft Excel, and the data were presented in tabular and graphical format. Results: In total, 98.33% workers reported of having work-related musculoskeletal disorders. The area-wise affection showed the highest incidence of musculoskeletal disorders in shoulder and lower back, i.e. 52.54% each followed by knee (41.23%) thereafter the other joints. Conclusions: This study concludes that WRMSDs are significantly prevalent among corrugated box factory workers in urban India along with manifestations of lower HRQoL.

Unlocking the potential of nanocarrier-mediated mRNA delivery across diverse biomedical frontiers: A comprehensive review.

Messenger RNA (mRNA) has gained marvelous attention for managing and preventing various conditions like cancer, Alzheimer's, infectious diseases, etc. Due to the quick development and success of the COVID-19 mRNA-based vaccines, mRNA has recently grown in prominence. A lot of products are in clinical trials and some are already FDA-approved. However, still improvements in line of optimizing stability and delivery, reducing immunogenicity, increasing efficiency, expanding therapeutic applications, scalability and manufacturing, and long-term safety monitoring are needed. The delivery of mRNA via a nanocarrier system gives a synergistic outcome for managing chronic and complicated conditions. The modified nanocarrier-loaded mRNA has excellent potential as a therapeutic strategy. This emerging platform covers a wide range of diseases, recently, several clinical studies are ongoing and numerous publications are coming out every year. Still, many unexplained physical, biological, and technical problems of mRNA for safer human consumption. These complications were addressed with various nanocarrier formulations. This review systematically summarizes the solved problems and applications of nanocarrier-based mRNA delivery. The modified nanocarrier mRNA meaningfully improved mRNA stability and abridged its immunogenicity issues. Furthermore, several strategies were discussed that can be an effective solution in the future for managing complicated diseases.

Quality-by-Design-Based Development of Rivaroxaban-Loaded Liquisolid Compact Tablets with Improved Biopharmaceutical Attributes.

Rivaroxaban (RXN) finds use in the management of pulmonary embolism and deep vein thrombosis. Its poor solubility (5-7 µg/mL) and P-gp-mediated efflux from intestinal lining limits the oral application of RXN. This work assessed the impact of liquisolid compact technique in augmenting the solubility and bioavailability of RXN. PEG 400, Avicel PH 200, and Aerosil 200 were used as non-volatile liquid, carrier, and coating material, respectively, to formulate RXN liquid-solid compacts (RXN LSCs). A 32-factor factorial design was used in the optimisation to assess the impacts of factors (load factor and carrier:coating ratio) on the responses (angle of repose and Q30 min). Pre-compression parameters of RXN LSCs suggested adequate flow and compressibility. Optimisation data suggested significant influence of factors on both the responses. Optimised RXN LSC-based tablets showed a significantly higher in vitro dissolution rate than RXN API and Xarelto® tablets due to improved solubility, reduced crystallinity, greater surface area, and enhanced wetting of RXN particles. XRD, DSC, and SEM data supported RXN's amorphization. The cytotoxicity (MTT assay) and permeation studies indicated the nontoxicity of prepared RXN LSC tablets and the role of PEG 400 in inhibiting P-gp. Pharmacokinetic study of RXN LSC-based tablets in Albino Wistar rats exhibited 2.51- and 1.66-times higher AUC in comparison to RXN API and Xarelto® tablets respectively, demonstrating that developed formulation had a greater oral bioavailability. The RXN LSC tablets showed longer bleeding times and higher rates of platelet aggregation than RXN API. Thus, RXN LSC tablets can be considered a facile, scalable technology.

Capsanthin, a Plant-Derived Xanthophyll: a Review of Pharmacology and Delivery Strategies.

Capsanthin, a brightly orange-red-coloured pigment responsible for the peculiar red colour of paprika fruits (Capsicum annuum), belongs to xanthophylls, a class of oxygen-containing carotenoids. The characteristic chemical structure of capsanthin containing a keto group in conjunction with a long chain of 11 conjugated dienes is responsible for its strong radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching ability. Chemopreventive, antitumour, skin photo-protective, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic activities demonstrated by capsanthin are a consequence of its potent antioxidant action. Anti-obesity, anti-adipogenic, and antihyperlipidaemic activities are some of the more important features of capsanthin. With natural origin, bright red colour, and array of health benefits, capsanthin has a potential to be translated into a commercial cosmeceutical, nutraceutical, and/or pharmaceutical. However, the very low aqueous solubility of capsanthin is responsible for its highly variable and poor oral bioavailability. Moreover, its susceptibility to degradation due to heat, light, oxygen, and moisture poses challenges in the development of stable formulations for this otherwise meritorious compound. The current review presents various pharmacological activities of capsanthin and their underlying mechanisms. The review further discusses hitherto explored formulation strategies to improve solubility and stability of capsanthin. Graphical abstract.

Borneol: a Promising Monoterpenoid in Enhancing Drug Delivery Across Various Physiological Barriers.

Incorporation of permeation enhancers is one of the most widely employed approaches for delivering drugs across biological membranes. Permeation enhancers aid in delivering drugs across various physiological barriers such as brain capillary endothelium, stratum corneum, corneal epithelium, and mucosal membranes that pose resistance to the entry of a majority of drugs. Borneol is a natural, plant-derived, lipophilic, volatile, bicyclic monoterpenoid belonging to the class of camphene. It has been used under the names "Bing Pian" or "Long Nao" in Traditional Chinese Medicine for more than 1000 years. Borneol has been incorporated predominantly as an adjuvant in the traditional Chinese formulations of centrally acting drugs to improve drug delivery to the brain. This background knowledge and anecdotal evidence have led to extensive research in establishing borneol as a permeation enhancer across the blood-brain barrier. Alteration in cell membrane lipid structures and modulation of multiple ATP binding cassette transporters as well as tight junction proteins are the major contributing factors to blood-brain barrier opening functions of borneol. Owing to these mechanisms of altering membrane properties, borneol has also shown promising potential to improve drug delivery across other physiological barriers as well. The current review focuses on the role of borneol as a permeation enhancer across the blood-brain barrier, mucosal barriers including nasal and gastrointestinal linings, transdermal, transcorneal, and blood optic nerve barrier.

A key role by polymers in microneedle technology: a new era.

The skin serves as the major organ in the targeted transdermal drug delivery system for many compounds. The microneedle acts as a novel technique to deliver drugs across the different layers of the skin, including the major barrier stratum corneum, in an effective manner. A microneedle array patch comprises dozens to hundreds of micron-sized needles with numerous structures and advantages resulting from their special and smart designs. The microneedle approach is much more advanced than conventional transdermal delivery pathways due to several benefits like minimally invasive, painless, self-administrable, and enhanced patient compliance. The microneedles are classified into hollow, solid, coated, dissolving, and hydrogel. Several polymers are used to fabricate microneedle, such as natural, semi-synthetic, synthetic, biodegradable, and swellable polymers. Researchers in the preparation of microneedles also explored the combinations of polymers. The safety of the polymer used in microneedle is a crucial aspect to prevent toxicity in vivo. Thus, this review aims to provide a detailed review of microneedles and mainly focus on the various polymers used in the fabrication of microneedles.

In Vitro Release Testing of Acyclovir Topical Formulations Using Immersion Cells.

The objective of the study was to reinforce the applicability of the immersion cells for the in vitro release testing (IVRT) of topical formulations by using marketed acyclovir 5% cream formulation (Cream 1) as a model. The method employing the immersion cells was optimized by studying the effect of variables, such as membrane type, media temperature and volume, agitation speed, and cell size, on acyclovir release from the formulation. The in-house formulation similar to the qualitative and quantitative composition of Cream 1 and the other trial formulations with variable compositions were prepared and studied by using the immersion cells. Various other brands of acyclovir topical formulations available in the Indian market were also subjected to IVRT by using the optimized method. An increase in the media temperature from 32°C to 37°C and the stirring speed from 50 to 100 to 150 rpm led to an increase in the drug release. As the immersion cell size increased (0.5, 2 and 4 cm2 surface area), the release rate also increased. Nitrocellulose membrane showed the highest drug release and Fluoropore™the least. The optimized IVRT method could establish the differences in the drug release rates among the formulations with the altered compositions. The method could also prove its discriminatory potential for various marketed formulations. The immersion cell method could serve as a simpler, facile, and reliable aid during product development and also as a quality control tool in assessing stability, aging, and batch-to-batch uniformity of semisolid formulations.

Fenugreek Leaf Extract and Its Gel Formulation Show Activity Against Malassezia furfur.

Malassezia spp. are commensal yeasts that can cause cutaneous ailments such as dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis. We sought to develop a cost-effective, herbal formulation for the treatment of cutaneous ailments related to Malassezia spp. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of fenugreek (Trigonellafoenum-graecum L.) leaves exhibited activity against a clinical isolate and commercial strain of Malassezia furfur. The extracts were also found to be active against other pathogenic fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical evaluation of aqueous extract showed a predominant presence of flavonoids apart from alkaloids, saponins, carbohydrates, phenols, and proteins. Gel formulation of 30% aqueous fenugreek leaf extract was developed and optimized using sodium alginate as a gelling agent. The formulation showed good physicochemical characteristics and retained activity against M. furfur during 3-month accelerated stability studies. Furthermore, the developed herbal gel formulation did not show any irritation or sensitization in New Zealand rabbits after topical application, proving its cutaneous safety. Thus, topical gel formulation containing fenugreek leaf aqueous extract could be a safe and effective herbal treatment for various cutaneous fungal infections, including dandruff.

Development of Nanoemulsion Preconcentrate of Capsanthin with Improved Chemical Stability.

Capsanthin, like other carotenoids, exhibits poor aqueous solubility, poor stability, and low/variable oral bioavailability that limit its utility as a nutraceutical. In this study, we describe the development of anhydrous nanoemulsion preconcentrate of capsanthin, which upon dilution with water, spontaneously forms nanoemulsion resulting in improved solubility of capsanthin without compromising its chemical stability and antioxidant activity. We chose Food and Drug Administration-approved ingredients to develop capsanthin nanoemulsion preconcentrates. The optimized capsanthin nanoemulsion preconcentrate, upon dilution with water or buffers, yielded the nanoemulsion with size <50 nm and showed ∼8-fold higher capsanthin release in 1 h in 0.1 N HCl in vitro compared with pristine capsanthin. The 3-month stability studies at 25°C on the capsanthin nanoemulsion preconcentrate showed that capsanthin retained the physical and chemical stability with no alteration in antioxidant activity indicating that nanoemulsion preconcentrate can be used to effectively deliver capsanthin for health benefits.

Development and evaluation of taste masked dry syrup formulation of potassium chloride.

Potassium chloride (KCl) syrup is widely used for the oral treatment of the hypokalemia. However, it is associated with unacceptable taste. In the present study, we sought to develop a palatable and easy to reconstitute KCl dry syrup as a commercially viable alternative to currently available KCl syrup. We explored the potential of Eudragit E100 as a taste-masking polymer to coat and improve the palatability of the KCl. With the help of fluid bed processor, KCl was coated with the solution containing varying amounts of Eudragit E100 (4, 6, 10 and 15%). Coating with 10% polymer solution enabled optimal fluid bed processing, higher entrapment of the KCl (81%) and better in vitro release profile in 0.1 N HCl and pH 6.8 phosphate buffer. A dry syrup formulation containing Eudragit E100 coated KCl with good physical and chemical stability in dry and reconstituted state was developed. The palatability of the optimized formulation and commercially available KCl syrup was evaluated using the Electronic Taste Sensing Machine. The developed formulation showed~ 2-fold better taste-masking compared to the commercial KCl syrup. Thus, present investigation describes the development of an effective alternative to the current KCl syrup that can offer better palatability, stability and patient compliance.

Effects of Occupational Exposures on the Lung Functions and Quality of Life of Garbage Collectors in the Urban Area.

BACKGROUND: The present study was aimed to investigate the lung functions and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of garbage collection workers of the urban cities in India. STUDY SETTING: Urban city in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cross-sectional study encompassed 110 participants, 55 garbage collection workers in a garbage depot in the urban city of India and 55 age-matched control group volunteering to participate in the study. Assessment of the lung function was done by using computerized spirometry and HRQoL with the World Health Organization Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) questionnaire. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Various statistical measures such as mean, standard deviations (SD), test of significance were utilized to analyze the data. Parametric data were analyzed by unpaired t-test and nonparametric data by Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was seen in the lung functions and quality of life in garbage collection workers except for the psychological component of WHOQoL-BREF questionnaire. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that there is a greater impairment in the lung functions of garbage collection workers as compared to that of normal individuals. Moreover, the quality of life is lower in garbage workers than that of normal individuals considering the physical, social, and environmental aspects.

Coping among military veterans with PTSD in substance use disorder treatment.

We longitudinally investigated coping among male military veterans (n = 98) with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology and a co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD) who participated in a randomized controlled trial of seeking safety (SS). Participants were randomized to SS or intensive treatment-as-usual (TAU) for SUD. Coping (active, avoidant, emotional discharge), and PTSD and SUD symptomatology were measured prior to and at the end of treatment, and at 6- and 12-month follow-ups. Among the total sample, we found that: (a) avoidant and emotional discharge, but not active, coping tended to be positively associated with PTSD and SUD symptomatology at baseline; (b) active coping increased and avoidant and emotional discharge coping decreased during the 12-month time-period; and (c) avoidant and emotional discharge, but not active, coping longitudinally covaried with PTSD and SUD symptomatology. Results suggest the utility of targeting maladaptive coping in treatments for individuals with co-occurring PTSD and SUD.

A pilot study of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

BACKGROUND: "Mindfulness-based" interventions show promise for stress reduction in general medical conditions, and initial evidence suggests that they are accepted in trauma-exposed individuals. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) shows substantial efficacy for prevention of depression relapse, but it has been less studied in anxiety disorders. This study investigated the feasibility, acceptability, and clinical outcomes of an MBCT group intervention adapted for combat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). METHODS: Consecutive patients seeking treatment for chronic PTSD at a VA outpatient clinic were enrolled in 8-week MBCT groups, modified for PTSD (four groups, n = 20) or brief treatment-as-usual (TAU) comparison group interventions (three groups, n = 17). Pre and posttherapy psychological assessments with clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) were performed with all patients, and self-report measures (PTSD diagnostic scale, PDS, and posttraumatic cognitions inventory, PTCI) were administered in the MBCT group. RESULTS: Intent to treat analyses showed significant improvement in PTSD (CAPS (t(19) = 4.8, P < .001)) in the MBCT condition but not the TAU conditions, and a significant Condition × Time interaction (F[1,35] = 16.4, P < .005). MBCT completers (n = 15, 75%) showed good compliance with assigned homework exercises, and significant and clinically meaningful improvement in PTSD symptom severity on posttreatment assessment in CAPS and PDS (particularly in avoidance/numbing symptoms), and reduced PTSD-relevant cognitions in PTCI (self blame). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest group MBCT as an acceptable brief intervention/adjunctive therapy for combat PTSD, with potential for reducing avoidance symptom cluster and PTSD cognitions. Further studies are needed to examine efficacy in a randomized controlled design and to identify factors influencing acceptability and efficacy.

Feasibility and acceptability of interventions to delay gun access in VA mental health settings.

OBJECTIVES: The majority of VA patient suicides are completed with firearms. Interventions that delay patients' gun access during high-risk periods may reduce suicide, but may not be acceptable to VA stakeholders or may be challenging to implement. Using qualitative methods, stakeholders' perceptions about gun safety and interventions to delay gun access during high-risk periods were explored. METHODS: Ten focus groups and four individual interviews were conducted with key stakeholders, including VA mental health patients, mental health clinicians, family members and VA facility leaders (N=60). Transcripts were consensus-coded by two independent coders, and structured summaries were developed and reviewed using a consensus process. RESULTS: All stakeholder groups indicated that VA health system providers had a role in increasing patient safety and emphasized the need for providers to address gun access with their at-risk patients. However, VA mental health patients and clinicians reported limited discussion regarding gun access in VA mental health settings during routine care. Most, although not all, patients and clinicians indicated that routine screening for gun access was acceptable, with several noting that it was more acceptable for mental health patients. Most participants suggested that family and friends be involved in reducing gun access, but expressed concerns about potential family member safety. Participants generally found distribution of trigger locks acceptable, but were skeptical about its effectiveness. Involving Veteran Service Organizations or other individuals in temporarily holding guns during high-risk periods was acceptable to many participants but only with numerous caveats. CONCLUSIONS: Patients, clinicians and family members consider the VA health system to have a legitimate role in addressing gun safety. Several measures to delay gun access during high-risk periods for suicide were seen as acceptable and feasible if implemented thoughtfully.

Anger, dissociation, and PTSD among male veterans entering into PTSD treatment.

Prior research suggests that dissociation and anger are risk factors for the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Research found that trauma survivors with higher levels of anger also report more severe PTSD overall. Studies also support a relationship between PTSD severity and dissociation. Only one prior study of sexual assault survivors by Feeny, Zoellner, and Foa (2000) examined the relationships among dissociation, anger, and PTSD. While Veterans have been found to report high levels of anger and dissociation, the relationship between these factors and PTSD has not been examined among Veterans. This paper examines the relationship among anger, dissociation, and PTSD in treatment-seeking Veterans who presented for evaluation at the PTSD Clinic in the VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System during a four year period. Anger and dissociation predicted PTSD, hyperarousal, and avoidance/numbing severity while dissociation predicted intrusive severity. The implications of these results for clinical practice are discussed.

Is disclosure therapeutic for children following exposure to traumatic violence?

Trauma theory suggests that to recover from exposure to traumatic events, such as exposure to violence, therapeutic interventions should include opportunities to disclose and to process the fearful and stressful events. Yet little is known about the circumstances that foster disclosure of such information in therapeutic environments by children and related mental health outcomes for those children. In this study, the process of disclosure was examined among children ages 6 to 12 years (N = 121) in a community-based intervention program for children exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV). Therapists documented children's spontaneous disclosure in their group. Mothers and children completed demographic and standardized attitudinal and mental health questionnaires. Fifty-two percent of children spontaneously disclosed during therapy. Child ethnicity, harm to the child, internalizing behavioral adjustment problems, and engagement in therapy predicted disclosure. Disclosure within the group was associated with gains for individual children in internalizing behavioral adjustment problems and improvement in attitudes and beliefs concerning the acceptability of violence.

Witnessing versus experiencing direct violence in childhood as correlates of adulthood PTSD.

Research has established that childhood violence exposure plays a considerable role in the development of deleterious outcomes in childhood and adulthood. However, important gaps remain in understanding the complex relationships between early violence exposure, adulthood trauma exposure, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigates whether two specific types of childhood violence exposure (witnessing domestic violence and experiencing child abuse) are uniquely associated with PTSD while controlling for additional trauma experience. In a community sample of pregnant women, this study finds that childhood abuse only and combined exposure to abuse and witnessing abuse correlated to current and lifetime PTSD diagnoses, but witnessing alone did not. In addition, adult nonviolence trauma histories account for more variance in PTSD than did any early violence exposure type.

The validity and clinical utility of post-traumatic stress disorder in Afghanistan.

This study examined the validity and utility of PTSD among 320 adults in Afghanistan. Findings support the validity of PTSD in this cultural context: PTSD symptoms were highly prevalent, shared common variance, and correlated as expected with exposure to traumatic stress. However, only limited support was found for the clinical utility of PTSD. Other types of psychiatric symptomatology, including depression and a culturally specific measure of general distress, correlated more highly with traumatic stress than did PTSD; and PTSD accounted for limited variance in functioning beyond that explained by depression and general distress. Implications for research and intervention are considered.

Psychiatric distress among Asian and European American survivors of the 1994 Northridge earthquake.

Relatively few studies focus on the psychological effects of trauma exposure on Asian Americans. This article presents secondary analyses of a random survey of 118 Asian American and 762 European American survivors of the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake. Asian American participants reported more psychiatric distress and were more than twice as likely to meet caseness criteria on the Brief Symptom Inventory. Ethnic differences remained after accounting for group differences in age, immigrant status, and exposure to the earthquake. Moreover, moderator analyses showed that Asian Americans were not more sensitive to these risk factors but that ethnic differences were explained by the interaction of ethnicity and having a foreign born parent. Though more work needs to be done to understand the basis of these differences, these findings challenge model minority myths about Asian American people and draw attention to their potential need for greater mental health resources following a natural disaster.

A Study on Improvement of Solubility of Rofecoxib and its effect on Permeation of Drug from Topical Formulations.

Rofecoxib, a practically insoluble cox-2 selective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agent was subjected to improvement in solubility by preparing its binary mixtures with beta cyclodextrin using various methods such as physical mixing, co-grinding, kneading with aqueous methanol and co-evaporation from methanol-water mixture. Characterization of the resulting binary mixtures by differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction studies indicated partial amorphization of the drug in its binary mixtures. In vitro dissolution studies exhibited remarkable increase in rate and extent of dissolution of the drug from its complexes with beta -cyclodextrin. Pure rofecoxib as well as its co-ground binary mixture were formulated as aqueous gels for topical application. In vitro skin permeation of rofecoxib from formulation containing rofecoxib-cyclodextrin complex was significantly higher (p<0.05) at 1, 2, 12, 18 and 24 hr as compared to formulation containing pure rofecoxib. This could be attributed to better solubility of binary mixture in the aqueous gel vehicle leading to greater concentration gradient between the vehicle and skin and hence higher flux of the drug.