How can entrepreneurs experience inform responsible health innovation policies? A longitudinal case study in Canada and Brazil.

AIM: To foster equity and make health systems economically and environmentally more sustainable, Responsible Innovation in Health (RIH) calls for policy changes advocated by mission-oriented innovation policies. These policies focus, however, on instruments to foster the supply of innovations and neglect health policies that affect their uptake. Our study's aim is to inform policies that can support RIH by gaining insights into RIH-oriented entrepreneurs' experience with the policies that influence both the supply of, and the demand for their innovations. METHODS: We recruited 16 for-profit and not-for-profit organisations engaged in the production of RIH in Brazil and Canada in a longitudinal multiple case study. Our dataset includes three rounds of interviews (n = 48), self-reported data, and fieldnotes. We performed qualitative thematic analyses to identify across-cases patterns. FINDINGS: RIH-oriented entrepreneurs interact with supply side policies that support technology-led solutions because of their economic potential but that are misaligned with societal challenge-led solutions. They navigate demand side policies where market approval and physician incentives largely condition the uptake of technology-led solutions and where emerging policies bring some support to societal challenge-led solutions. Academic intermediaries that bridge supply and demand side policies may facilitate RIH, but our findings point to an overall lack of policy directionality that limits RIH. CONCLUSION: As mission-oriented innovation policies aim to steer innovation towards the tackling of societal challenges, they call for a major shift in the public sector's role. A comprehensive mission-oriented policy approach to RIH requires policy instruments that can align, orchestrate, and reconcile health priorities with a renewed understanding of innovation-led economic development.

Exploring routine use of telemedicine through a case study in rehabilitation / Exploración del uso habitual de la telemedicina mediante un estudio de casos en el ámbito de la rehabilitación

OBJECTIVE: This study examines how telerehabilitation becomes part of existing and new clinical routines and identifies factors that enable or constrain its routine use. METHODS: An in-depth case study of a telemedicine program in rehabilitation implemented between an urban specialized rehabilitation center and a rural regional rehabilitation center was conducted. Using a conceptual framework based on Giddens' theory of structuration, a qualitative analysis was carried out using four data sources: focus groups and phone interviews (with health professionals, managers, and patients and their family members); telerehabilitation video recordings; and project documents (e.g., proposals, requests for funding, summaries, agendas of meetings, operating procedures, patient handouts, and tools for clinicians). RESULTS: In two rehabilitation programs for 1) patients who sustained a traumatic brain injury and 2) those who sustained a spinal cord injury, telerehabilitation was successfully incorporated into routine clinical practices for activities such as interdisciplinary care plans. However, for specialized clinical consultations or long-term patient follow-up, telerehabilitation was not successfully incorporated. Factors that facilitated or prevented the integration of telerehabilitation in routine practices stemmed from both the structure (norms, rules, resources, and values) and the agent (e.g., users of telerehabilitation, including clinicians, managers, and patients and their families) and include 1) shared beliefs and assumptions held by patient care team members regarding the nature of the clinical activities, and the perceptions of patients and their family members; 2) clinical and organizational leadership; 3) extent and type of telerehabilitation use; 4) available resources; and 5) collaborations already in place or needing to be developed. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides empirical evidence of how telerehabilitation activities may become integrated into routine day-to-day clinical activities.

OBJETIVO: En este estudio se analiza cómo la telerrehabilitación se convierte en parte de las rutinas clínicas nuevas y las ya existentes, y se determinan los factores que facilitan o limitan su uso habitual. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio exhaustivo de casos de un programa de telemedicina en el ámbito de la rehabilitación puesto en marcha entre un centro urbano especializado en rehabilitación y un centro regional de rehabilitación en una zona rural. Mediante el empleo de un marco conceptual basado en la teoría de la estructuración de Giddens, se realizó un análisis cualitativo a partir de cuatro fuentes de datos: grupos de discusión y entrevistas por teléfono (dirigidas a profesionales de la salud, gerentes, y pacientes y sus familiares); grabaciones de video de sesiones de telerrehabilitación; y documentos del proyecto (por ejemplo, propuestas, solicitudes de financiamiento, resúmenes, programas de reuniones, procedimientos operativos, folletos dirigidos a los pacientes y herramientas destinadas a los médicos). RESULTADOS: En dos programas de rehabilitación dirigidos a pacientes que habían sufrido un traumatismo cerebral y a pacientes con una lesión de la médula espinal, la telerrehabilitación fue incorporada exitosamente a las prácticas clínicas corrientes de actividades como los planes de atención interdisciplinaria. Sin embargo, cuando se trataba de consultas clínicas especializadas o seguimiento de pacientes a largo plazo, la incorporación de la telerrehabilitación no resultó exitosa. Los factores que facilitaron o impidieron la integración de la telerrehabilitación en las prácticas corrientes provinieron tanto de la estructura (normas, reglas, recursos y valores) como de los agentes (es decir, los usuarios de la telerrehabilitación, incluidos los médicos, los gerentes, y los pacientes y sus familias) e incluyeron: 1) las creencias y suposiciones compartidas por los miembros del equipo asistencial del paciente con respecto a la naturaleza de las actividades clínicas, y las percepciones de los pacientes y sus familiares; 2) el liderazgo clínico y organizativo; 3) el grado y tipo de uso de la telerrehabilitación; 4) los recursos disponibles; y 5) las colaboraciones ya implantadas o que aún debían lograrse. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio aporta evidencia empírica de cómo las actividades de telerrehabilitación pueden integrarse en las actividades clínicas habituales.