Novel Strategies for Angiogenesis in Tissue Injury: Therapeutic Effects of iPSCs-Derived Exosomes.

Regeneration after tissue injury is a dynamic and complex process, and angiogenesis is necessary for normal physiological activities and tissue repair. Induced pluripotent stem cells are a new approach in regenerative medicine, which provides good model for the study of difficult-to-obtain human tissues, patient-specific therapy, and tissue repair. As an innovative cell-free therapeutic strategy, the main advantages of the treatment of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived exosomes are low in tumorigenicity and immunogenicity, which become an important pathway for tissue injury. This review focuses on the mechanism of the angiogenic effect of iPSCs-derived exosomes on wound repair in tissue injury and their potential therapeutic targets, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the use of iPSCs-derived exosomes in clinical therapy.

Transcriptome analysis provides new insights into the tolerance and reduction of Lysinibacillus fusiformis 15-4 to hexavalent chromium.

Microbial bioremediation of Cr(VI)-contaminated environments has drawn extensive concern. However, the molecular processes underlying the microbial Cr(VI) tolerance and reduction remain unclear. We isolated a Cr(VI)-reducing Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain 15-4 from soil on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. When grown in 1 mM and 2 mM Cr(VI)-containing medium, strain 15-4 could reduce 100% and 93.7% of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) after 36 h and 60 h of incubation, respectively. To know the molecular processes in response to Cr(VI), transcriptome sequencing was carried out using RNA-Seq technology. The results annotated a total of 3913 expressed genes in the strain. One thousand ninety-eight genes (28.1%) were significantly (fold change ≥ 2, false discovery rate ≤ 0.05) expressed in response to Cr(VI), of which 605 (55.1%) were upregulated and 493 (44.9%) were downregulated. The enrichment analysis showed that a total of 630 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were enriched to 122 KEGG pathways, of which 8 pathways were significantly (p < 0.05) enriched in Cr(VI)-treated sample, including ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters (97 DEGs), ribosome (40), sulfur metabolism (16), aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis (19), porphyrin metabolism (20), quorum sensing (44), oxidative phosphorylation (17), and histidine metabolism (10), suggesting that these pathways play key roles to cope with Cr(VI) in the strain. The highly upregulated DEGs consisted of 29 oxidoreductase, 18 dehydrogenase, 14 cell redox homeostasis and stress response protein, and 10 DNA damage and repair protein genes. However, seven Na+:H+ antiporter complex-coding DEGs and most of transcriptional regulator-coding DEGs were significantly downregulated in the Cr-treated sample. Many of FMN/NAD(P)H-dependent reductase-encoding genes were greatly induced by Cr, suggesting the involvement of these genes in Cr(VI) reduction in strain 15-4. Sulfur and iron ions as well as the thiol-disulfide exchange reactions might play synergistic roles in Cr reduction.Key points• Lysinibacillus fusiformis 15-4 was able to tolerate and reduce Cr(VI) to Cr(III).• Transcriptome analysis revealed that 1098 DEGs and 8 key KEGG pathways significantly responded to Cr(VI).• Sulfur metabolism, protein biosynthesis, and porphyrin metabolism were the key pathways associated with the survival of strain 15-4 in response to Cr(VI).

24-epibrassinolide improves differential cadmium tolerance of mung bean roots, stems, and leaves via amending antioxidative systems similar to that of abscisic acid.

Cadmium (Cd) pollution has attracted global concern. In the present study, the biochemical mechanisms underlying the amelioration of 24-epibrassinolide (eBL) and abscisic acid (ABA) on Cd tolerance of roots, stems, and leaves in mung bean seedlings were comparatively analyzed. Foliar application of eBL markedly ameliorated the growth of mung bean seedling exposed to 100 µM Cd. eBL alone had no significant effects on the activities of antioxidative enzymes and the contents of glutathione (GSH) and polyphenols in the three organs whereas significantly increased the root, stem, and leaf proline contents on average by 54.9%, 39.9%, and 94.4%, respectively, and leaf malondialdehyde (MDA) content on average by 69.0% compared with the controls. When the plants were exposed to Cd, eBL significantly reversed the Cd-increased root ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, root polyphenol, proline, and GSH levels, leaf chlorophyll contents, and MDA levels in the three organs. eBL significantly restored the Cd-decreased leaf catalase (CAT) activity and leaf polyphenol levels. These results indicated that eBL played roles in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis and evidently alleviated Cd-caused membrane lipid peroxidation via controlling the activity of antioxidative systems. eBL mediated the differential responses of cellular biochemical processes in the three organs to Cd exposure. Furthermore, a comparative analysis revealed that, under Cd stress, the effects of eBL on the biochemical processes were very similar to those of ABA, suggesting that ABA and eBL improve plant Cd tolerance via some common downstream pathways.

Petroleum contamination significantly changes soil microbial communities in three oilfield locations in Delta State, Nigeria.

Soil microbial community structure is altered by petroleum contamination in response to compound toxicity and degradation. Understanding the relation between petroleum contamination and soil microbial community structure is crucial to determine the amenability of contaminated soils to bacterial- and fungal-aided remediation. To understand how petroleum contamination and soil physicochemical properties jointly shaped the microbial structure of soils from different oilfields, high-throughput sequencing of 16S and ITS amplicons were used to evaluate the shifts of microbial communities in the petroleum-contaminated soils in Ughelli East (UE), Utorogu (UT), and Ughelli West (UW) oilfields located in Delta State, Nigeria. The results showed 1515 bacteria and 919 fungal average OTU number, and community richness and diversity, trending as AL > UT > UW > UE and AL > UW > UT > UE for bacteria, and AL > UW > UT > UE and UW > UT > AL > UE for fungi, respectively. The bacterial taxa KCM-B-112, unclassified Saccharibacteria, unclassified Rhizobiales, Desulfurellaceae, and Acidobacteriaceae and fungal Trichocomaceae, unclassified Ascomycota, unclassified Sporidiobolales, and unclassified Fungi were found to be the dominant families in petroleum-contaminated soils. Redundancy analysis (RDA) and Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that total carbon (TC), electric conductivity (EC), pH, and moisture content (MO) were the major drivers of bacterial and fungal communities, respectively. Gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) analysis exhibited that the differences in C7-C10, C11-C16, and C12-C29 compounds in the crude oil composition and soil MO content jointly constituted the microbial community variance among the contaminated soils. This study revealed the bacterial and fungal communities responsible for the biodegradation of petroleum contamination from these oilfields, which could serve as biomarkers to monitor oil spill site restoration within these areas. Further studies on these contaminated sites could offer useful insights into other contributing factors such as heavy metals.

Molecular Bases for the Regulation of Adventitious Root Generation in Plants.

The formation of adventitious roots (ARs) is an ecologically and economically important developmental process in plants. The evolution of AR systems is an important way for plants to cope with various environmental stresses. This review focuses on identified genes that have known to regulate the induction and initiation of ARs and offers an analysis of this process at the molecular level. The critical genes involved in adventitious rooting are the auxin signaling-responsive genes, including the AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR (ARF) and the LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES-DOMAIN (LOB) gene families, and genes associated with auxin transport and homeostasis, the quiescent center (QC) maintenance, and the root apical meristem (RAM) initiation. Several genes involved in cell wall modulation are also known to be involved in the regulation of adventitious rooting. Furthermore, the molecular processes that play roles in the ethylene, cytokinin, and jasmonic acid signaling pathways and their crosstalk modulate the generation of ARs. The crosstalk and interaction among many molecular processes generates complex networks that regulate AR generation.

Abscisic acid modulates differential physiological and biochemical responses of roots, stems, and leaves in mung bean seedlings to cadmium stress.

Experiments were conducted to determine how exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) mediates the tolerance of plants to cadmium (Cd) exposure. Cd stress strongly reduced all the growth parameters of mung bean seedlings. Cd significantly increased ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT) activities in roots and stems, and peroxidase (POD) activities in roots, stems, and leaves of mung bean seedlings. Cd caused remarkable increases in the levels of leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid, root polyphenols, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and proline in the three organs. However, Cd greatly decreased leaf CAT activity, root and leaf ascorbic acid (AsA) levels, and stem and leaf polyphenol levels. Foliar application of ABA partially alleviated Cd toxicity on the seedlings. ABA could restore most of the changed biochemical parameters caused by Cd, suggesting that ABA played roles in the protection of membrane lipid peroxidation and the modulation of antioxidative defense systems in response to Cd stress. Our results also implied the differential physiological and biochemical responsive patterns of roots, stems, and leaves to Cd and ABA in mung bean seedlings. The great changes in many biochemical parameters in roots suggested that roots were the first to be affected by Cd and play pivotal roles in response to Cd, especially in chelating Cd and reducing Cd absorption.

An insight into the current oil spills and on-site bioremediation approaches to contaminated sites in Nigeria.

Land oil spills in Nigeria have a long history of contaminating the soil, groundwater, vegetation, and streams with spill extension being the primary of numerous ordeals. These have left the host communities of oil fields and pipelines in crucial need of soil rehabilitation. Thus, this review provides insights into the current state of land oil spills and the effectiveness of on-site remediation approaches across communities. A total of 44 incidents of land oil spills of ≥ 500 bbl, amounting to 53,631 bbl between 2011 and 2019, was recorded by the Shell Petroleum Development Company, which primarily attributed to 83% of the total sabotage. Over 73% of the 53,631 bbl spills were unrecovered from the spill areas, which had deleterious impacts on farmlands, fishponds, rivers, and residential areas. Remediation by enhanced natural attenuation (RENA) is a feasible technique for restoring petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated sites, but it might be ineffective when limited to tiling, windrows, and fertilizer applications due to the presence of non-biodegradable residues and contaminants beyond the aeration depth. However, bioremediation techniques ranging from non-supplemented in-situ and fertilizer supplemented in-situ to mixed in-situ and ex-situ bio-cells supplemented RENA are feasible approaches for spill sites. However, challenging limitations with regard to RENA application failures in the region include delayed responses to spill emergency, large amounts of un-recovered spilled oil, and un-implemented legislative guidelines for spill cleanup. Nevertheless, the temperature, moisture, nutrient, oxygen, and pH of the soil are essential parameters to be considered when implementing a landfarming remediation approach.

Radiobacillus deserti gen. nov., sp. nov., a UV-resistant bacterium isolated from desert soil.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile, endospore-forming and UV-resistant bacterial strain, designated strain TKL69T, was isolated from sandy soil sampled in the Taklimakan Desert. The strain grew at 20-50 °C, pH 6-9 and with 0-12 % (w/v) NaCl. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 0. The only respiratory quinone was MK-7. The cell-wall peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. Diphosphatidyl glycerol, two unidentified aminophospholipids and one unidentified phospholipid were identified as the major polar lipids. Genomic DNA analysis revealed a G+C content of 38.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain TKL69T has the highest similarity to Salinibacillus xinjiangensis CGMCC 1.12331T (96.9 %) but belongs to an independent taxon separated from other genera of the family Bacillaceae. Phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses suggested that strain TKL69T represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Radiobacillus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain being Radiobacillus deserti TKL69T (=JCM 33497T=CICC 24779T).

Transcriptome analysis provides molecular evidences for growth and adaptation of plant roots in cadimium-contaminated environments.

Cadmium (Cd) is a detrimental element that can be toxic to plants. The physiological and biochemical responses of plants to Cd stress have been extensively studied, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The present study showed that Cd severely inhibited the growth of roots and shoots and reduced plant biomass of mung bean seedlings. To further investigate the gene profiles and molecular processes in response Cd stress, transcriptome analyses of mung bean roots exposed to 100 µM Cd for 1, 5, and 9 days were performed. Cd treatment significantly decreased global gene expression levels at 5 and 9 d compared with the control. A total of 6737, 10279, and 9672 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the 1-, 5-, and 9-day Cd-treated root tissues compared with the controls, respectively. Based on the analysis of DEG function annotation and enrichment, a pattern of mung bean roots response to Cd stress was proposed. The processes detoxification and antioxidative defense were involved in the early response of mung bean roots to Cd. Cd stress downregulated the expressions of a series of genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis, cell division, DNA replication and repair, and photosynthesis, while genes involved in signal transduction and regulation, transporters, secondary metabolisms, defense systems, and mitochondrial processes were upregulated in response to Cd, which might be contributed to the improvement of plant tolerance. Our results provide some novel insights into the molecular processes for growth and adaption of mung bean roots in response to Cd and many candidate genes for further biotechnological manipulations to improve plant tolerance to heavy metals.

The seasonal changes of core bacterial community decide sewage purification in sub-plateau municipal sewage treatment plants.

The decline of sewage purification efficiency in winter is a frequent problem in sub-plateau municipal sewage treatment plants (MSTPs). Understanding the links between activated sludge (AS) bacterial community and sewage purification is crucial for exploring the cause of this problem. In this study, Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology was applied to investigate the seasonal changes of AS bacterial community in sub-plateau MSTPs. The sequencing result indicates that the bacterial community OTU number, diversity, and relative abundance in winter are significantly lower than that in summer samples. The discriminant linear effect size analysis (LEfSe) reveals that Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi members were enriched in summer AS, while Actinobacteria and Firmicutes were enriched in winter AS. The results indicate that different core bacterial community assembly was developed in summer and winter, respectively. The changes in bacterial community may be the reasons for the lower sewage purification efficiency in winter. Furthermore, redundancy analysis (RDA) shows that temperature and dissolved oxygen (DO) are the principal factors that drive the seasonal changes in the core bacterial community diversity, richness and structure in sub-plateau MSTPs. Thus, the sub-plateau AS selects for a unique community assembly pattern and shapes the particular AS ecosystem. These results expand previous understanding and provide insight into the relationship between bacterial community and performance of sub-plateau MSTPs.

Structural and functional responses of bacterial and fungal communities to multiple heavy metal exposure in arid loess.

Concentration gradients of multiple heavy metals (HMs) in the arid loess region near a smelter were determined. In order to understand the response of soil microbes to multiple HM gradients, bacterial and fungal community structures and functions were analyzed using high-throughput RNA gene sequencing and the PICRUSt method. RDA/PCA analyses revealed that soil pH, HMs, and electrical conductivity (EC) jointly affected the bacterial communities in the soils. The soil microbial community structures responded differently to HMs, EC, and pH. High HMs increased the abundances of the bacterial phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Chloroflexi, and the genera Blastococcus, Rubrobacter, Quadrisphaera, and Tunicatimonas, whereas they decreased the abundances of the phyla Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria and the genera Streptomyces and Nocardioides. High EC and low pH decreased the abundance of most of the dominant bacterial phyla but increased the abundances of Firmicutes, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Nitrospirae. Furthermore, high HMs and EC reduced the numbers of soil-specific bacterial and fungal groups and drove the succession of certain groups that were highly resistant to increased HMs and EC. In addition, many bacterial and fungal groups exhibited different response patterns to each HM, implying that, in multiple HM-contaminated soils, HMs jointly shaped the microbial communities. PICRUSt analysis suggested that high HMs significantly decreased the total gene abundance and most KEGG modules in the soils. High EC and low pH significantly enhanced the abundances of several two-component system-, electron transfer-, and methanogenesis-related modules. We conclude that excessive multiple HMs and EC principally repressed the microbial activity and severely drove the gradient succession of bacterial and fungal communities in the arid loess region.

Transcriptome profiling reveals the molecular processes for survival of Lysinibacillus fusiformis strain 15-4 in petroleum environments.

A bacterial strain designated Lysinibacillus fusiformis 15-4 was isolated from oil-free soil on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which can grow well utilizing petroleum hydrocarbons as a carbon source at a lower temperature. To deeply characterize the molecular adaptations and metabolic processes of this strain when grown in a petroleum-containing environment, transcriptome analysis was performed. A total of 4664 genes and the expression of 3969 genes were observed in strain 15-4. When the strain was grown in petroleum-containing medium, 2192 genes were significantly regulated, of which 1312 (60%) were upregulated and 880 (40%) were downregulated. This strain degraded and adapted to petroleum via modulation of diverse molecular processes, including improvements in transporter activity, oxidoreductase/dehydrogenase activity, two-component system/signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, fatty acid catabolism, amino acid metabolism, and environmental stress responses. Many strain-specific genes were involved in the oxidation of hydrocarbon compounds, such as several luciferase family alkane monooxygenase genes, flavin-utilizing monooxygenase family genes, and flavoprotein-like family alkanesulfonate monooxygenase genes. Several cold shock protein genes were also induced suggesting adaptation to cold environments and the potential for petroleum degradation at low temperatures. The results obtained in this study may broaden our understanding of molecular adaptation of bacteria to hydrocarbon-containing environments and may provide valuable data for further study of L. fusiformis.

Microbial taxonomical composition in spruce phyllosphere, but not community functional structure, varies by geographical location.

Previous studies indicate that the plant phenotypic traits eventually shape its microbiota due to the community assembly based on the functional types. If so, the distance-related variations of microbial communities are mostly only in taxonomical composition due to the different seeds pool, and there is no difference in microbial community functional structure if the location associated factors would not cause phenotypical variations in plants. We test this hypothesis by investigating the phyllospheric microbial community from five species of spruce (Picea spp.) trees that planted similarly but at three different locations. Results indicated that the geographical location affected microbial taxonomical compositions and had no effect on the community functional structure. In fact, this actually leads to a spurious difference in the microbial community. Our findings suggest that, within similar host plants, the phyllosphere microbial communities with differing taxonomical compositions might be functionally similar.

Comparative Genome Characterization of a Petroleum-Degrading Bacillus subtilis Strain DM2.

The complete genome sequence of Bacillus subtilis strain DM2 isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil on the Tibetan Plateau was determined. The genome of strain DM2 consists of a circular chromosome of 4,238,631 bp for 4458 protein-coding genes and a plasmid of 84,240 bp coding for 103 genes. Thirty-four genomic islands coding for 330 proteins and 5 prophages are found in the genome. The DDH value shows that strain DM2 belongs to B. subtilis subsp. subtilis subspecies, but significant variations of the genome are also present. Comparative analysis showed that the genome of strain DM2 encodes some strain-specific proteins in comparison with B. subtilis subsp. subtilis str. 168, such as carboxymuconolactone decarboxylase family protein, gfo/Idh/MocA family oxidoreductases, GlsB/YeaQ/YmgE family stress response membrane protein, HlyC/CorC family transporters, LLM class flavin-dependent oxidoreductase, and LPXTG cell wall anchor domain-containing protein. Most of the common strain-specific proteins in DM2 and MJ01 strains, or proteins unique to DM2 strain, are involved in the pathways related to stress response, signaling, and hydrocarbon degradation. Furthermore, the strain DM2 genome contains 122 genes coding for developed two-component systems and 138 genes coding for ABC transporter systems. The prominent features of the strain DM2 genome reflect the evolutionary fitness of this strain to harsh conditions and hydrocarbon utilization.

Streptomyces dangxiongensis sp. nov., isolated from soil of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated Z022T, isolated from a soil sample collected from Dangxiong in Tibet Autonomous Region (PR China), was determined by polyphasic taxonomic approach. The organism had chemotaxonomic and morphological properties consistent with its classification in the genus Streptomyces. Strain Z022T showed high similarity value to Streptomyces lucensis NBRC 13056T (98.87 %) and S. achromogenes subsp. achromogenes NBRC 12735T (98.68 %) based on the 16S rRNA gene phylogenetic tree. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain Z022T based on the genome sequence was 72.16 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain Z022T and strain Streptomyces lucensis NBRC 13056T was 23.7±1.3 % and significantly lower than 70 %. Chemotaxonomic data revealed that strain Z022T possessed MK-9(H8) and MK-9(H6) as the predominant menaquinone, ll-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, and galactose, glucose, xylose and ribose as whole cell sugars. Diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were the predominant polar lipids; anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0, and anteiso-C17 : 0 were the major fatty acids. On the basis of these genotypic and phenotypic data, it is proposed that isolate Z022T (=JCM 31053T=CGMCC 4.7273T) should be classified in the genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces dangxiongensis sp. nov.

Characterization of the genome of a Nocardia strain isolated from soils in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau that specifically degrades crude oil and of this biodegradation.

A strain of Nocardia isolated from crude oil-contaminated soils in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau degrades nearly all components of crude oil. This strain was identified as Nocardia soli Y48, and its growth conditions were determined. Complete genome sequencing showed that N. soli Y48 has a 7.3 Mb genome and many genes responsible for hydrocarbon degradation, biosurfactant synthesis, emulsification and other hydrocarbon degradation-related metabolisms. Analysis of the clusters of orthologous groups (COGs) and genomic islands (GIs) revealed that Y48 has undergone significant gene transfer events to adapt to changing environmental conditions (crude oil contamination). The structural features of the genome might provide a competitive edge for the survival of N. soli Y48 in oil-polluted environments and reflect the adaptation of coexisting bacteria to distinct nutritional niches.

Degradation of crude oil by mixed cultures of bacteria isolated from the Qinghai-Tibet plateau and comparative analysis of metabolic mechanisms.

This study investigates the biodegradation of crude oil by a mixed culture of bacteria isolated from the Qinghai-Tibet plateau using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) and the gravimetric method. The results showed that a mixed culture has a stronger ability to degrade hydrocarbon than pure cultures. Once both Nocardia soli Y48 and Rhodococcus erythropolis YF28-1 (8) were present in a culture, the culture demonstrated the highest crude oil removal efficiency of almost 100% after 10 days of incubation at 20 °C. Moreover, further analysis of the degradation mechanisms used by the above strains, which revealed utilization of different n-alkane substrates, indicated the diversity of evolution and variations in different strains, as well as the importance of multiple metabolic mechanisms for alkane degradation. Therefore, it is concluded that a mixed culture of Y48 and YF28-1 (8) strains can provide a more effective method for bioremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil in permafrost regions.

Nocardia mangyaensis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from crude-oil-contaminated soil.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile and mycolic-acid-containing strain, designated Y48T, was isolated from soil contaminated by crude oil located in the northern margin of the Qaidam Basin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Y48T belongs to the genus Nocardia and is closely related to N. cummidelens DSM 44490T (99.0 % similarity), N. soli DSM 44488T (99.0 %), N. lasii 3C-HV12T (98.9 %), N. salmonicida NBRC 13393T (98.6 %), N. ignorata NBRC 108230T (98.6 %) and N. coubleae NBRC 108252T (98.6 %). The average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain Y48T and the reference strains were 75.9-84.5 and 27.5-29.0 %, respectively, values that were below the thresholds for species delineation. Chemotaxonomic analysis indicated that the major fatty acids of strain Y48T were C16 : 0, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c), C18 : 1ω9c and C18 : 0 10-methyl (TBSA). The respiratory quinone was MK-8(H4, ω-cycl). The polar lipid profile was composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, two glycolipids and three unidentified lipids. The cell-wall hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, with ribose, arabinose, glucose and galactose as whole-cell sugars. A combination of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characterizations demonstrated that strain Y48T represents a novel species of the genus Nocardia, for which the name Nocardia mangyaensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is Y48T (=JCM 32795T=CGMCC 4.7494T).

Plant Phenotypic Traits Eventually Shape Its Microbiota: A Common Garden Test.

Plant genotype drives the development of plant phenotypes and the assembly of plant microbiota. The potential influence of the plant phenotypic characters on its microbiota is not well characterized and the co-occurrence interrelations for specific microbial taxa and plant phenotypic characters are poorly understood. We established a common garden experiment, which quantifies prokaryotic and fungal communities in the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of six spruce (Picea spp.) tree species, through Illumina amplicon sequencing. We tested for relationships between bacterial/archaeal and fungal communities and for the phenotypic characters of their plant hosts. Host phenotypic characters including leaf length, leaf water content, leaf water storage capacity, leaf dry mass per area, leaf nitrogen content, leaf phosphorous content, leaf potassium content, leaf δ13C values, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, and transpiration rate were significantly correlated with the diversity and composition of the bacterial/archaeal and fungal communities. These correlations between plant microbiota and suites of host plant phenotypic characters suggest that plant genotype shape its microbiota by driving the development of plant phenotypes. This will advance our understanding of plant-microbe associations and the drivers of variation in plant and ecosystem function.

Streptomyces qaidamensis sp. nov., isolated from sand in the Qaidam Basin, China.

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated S10T, was isolated from a sand sample collected from the Qaidam Basin in Qinghai province, China. The strain S10T exhibited antibacterial activity against MRSA. The taxonomic position of the strain S10T was determined by a polyphasic approach. There were six copies of 16S rDNA in S10T which were not same exactly (MH257693-MH257698). Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated the strain belonging to the genus Streptomyces and it showed high sequence similarities with Streptomyces chartreusis NBRC 12753T (99.31%), Streptomyces phaeoluteigriseus DSM 41896T (99.24%), Streptomyces variegatus NRRL B-16380T (99.17%) and Streptomyces flavovariabilis NRRL B-16367T (99.17%) comparing with MH257693, MH257695, MH257696, MH257697, and MH257698. Similarities with Streptomyces kunmingensis NBRC14463T (98.82%), Streptomyces bungoensis DSM 41781T(98.76%), S. chartreusis NBRC 12753T (98.69%) and S. phaeoluteigriseus DSM 41896T (98.62%) with MH257694. Whole-genome average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain S10T and S. chartreusis NBRC 12753T, S. phaeoluteigriseus DSM 41896T, S. variegatus NRRL B-16380T, S. flavovariabilis NRRL B-16367T, S. kunmingensis NBRC 14463T, S. bungoensis DSM 41781T were 83.63%, 82.89%, 92.55%, 92.51%, 79.29, and 82.87%, respectively, suggesting that the strain S10T represented a new species. A phylogenetic analysis comparing the S10T genome with those of 336 other sequenced Streptomyces genomes confirmed its relatedness with Streptomyces variegatus NRRL B-16380T and Streptomyces flavovariabilis NRRL B-16367T. Strain S10T contained LL-diaminopimelic acid in the cell wall. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H6) and MK-9(H8) and the major fatty acids were iso-C15:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:0, and anteiso-C17:0. Phospholipids detected were diphosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, three unknown phospholipids, an unknown aminophospholipid and an unknown phosphatidyl glycolipid. On the basis of these genotypic and phenotypic data, it is proposed that isolate S10T (=JCM 31184T =CGMCC 4.7315T) should be classified in the genus Streptomyces as Streptomyces qaidamensis sp. nov.