SERS surgical navigation with postsurgical immunotherapy of local microtumors and distant metastases for improved anticancer outcomes.

The standard of clinical care of most malignant solid cancers is surgery, followed by postsurgical adjuvant therapy, but microtumor lesions left behind after surgery and invisible distant metastases are the major reasons for treatment failure. Here, we report an integrated strategy combining surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) surgical navigation with postsurgical immunotherapy elicited by near-infrared II photothermal treatment and programmed death-1 antibody. The SERS surgical navigation is principally based on the multifunctional optical probes (namely, MATRA probes) integrating with T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, photothermal effect and Raman spectroscopic detection. We demonstrate in a 4T1 breast tumor mouse model that the pre-surgical MR/SERS dual-modal imaging is capable of providing comprehensive tumor information, and intraoperative SERS detection allows accurately delineating the tumor margins and guiding the surgical resection in real time with the least residual microscopic foci. We verify that the postsurgical immunotherapy effectively eradicates those local microtumor lesions and invisible distant metastases, greatly inhibiting the postsurgical cancer recurrence and distant metastasis.

Global research and scientific publications on PND between 1969 and 2022: A bibliometric analysis.

Objectives: We hope to offer a comprehensive understanding of the advancements and patterns in research on PND. Methods: We performed a thorough search on the Web of Science Core Collection to locate relevant studies published from 1969 to 2022 and utilized four distinct tools, namely VOSviewer (J Data Inf Sci, 2017, 2, 1; J Am Soc Inf Sci, 1973, 24, 265; Amer Doc, 1963, 14, 10 and Scientometrics, 2010, 82, 581), CiteSpace (Scientometrics, 2010, 84, 523), Scimago Graphica, and R-bibliometrix which allowed us to examine various aspects. Results: We included a total of 6787 articles and reviews for analysis which described PND research, the sources, and the subfields; highlighted the significant developments in this field; identified three main directions in PND.Conclusion: This study highlights the rapid growth of research on PND in recent years and provided an overview of previous studies in the field of PND, thereby establishing the overall landscape of PND research and identifying potential avenues for future investigations. Methods: We performed a thorough search on the Web of Science Core Collection to locate relevant studies published from 1969 to 2022. To perform bibliometric analysis and network visualization, we utilized four distinct tools, namely VOSviewer (J Data Inf Sci, 2017, 2, 1; J Am Soc Inf Sci, 1973, 24, 265; Amer Doc, 1963, 14, 10 and Scientometrics, 2010, 82, 581), CiteSpace (Scientometrics, 2010, 84, 523), Scimago Graphica, and R-bibliometrix. These tools allowed us to examine various aspects, including the yearly publication output, the contribution of different countries or regions, the involvement of active journals, co-citation analysis, publication status, keywords, and terms, as well as scientific categories. We hope to offer a comprehensive understanding of the advancements and patterns in research on PND. The insights gained from this study can assist researchers and clinicians in enhancing the management and implementation of their work in this field. Results: In this study, we included a total of 6787 articles and reviews for analysis. First, publication trends and contribution by country analysis described PND research. Second, a historical analysis described PND research, the sources, and the subfields. Third, an analysis of keywords highlighted the significant developments in this field. Fourth, an analysis of research themes identified three main directions in PND. Conclusion: In summary, the research volume exhibits exponential growth over time. Furthermore, the majority of contributions originate from Western countries and China. The interdisciplinary nature of the field is evident, with its roots in biology and medicine and further branching into psychology and social sciences. POCD, delirium-predominant associated clinical management were major research themes about PND.

The role of gut microbiota in prostate cancer progression: A Mendelian randomization study of immune mediation.

The potential relationship between the gut microbiota and prostate cancer, possibly influenced by immune cells, remains unclear. This study employed the mediation Mendelian randomization (MR) technique to investigate the causal link between the gut microbiota, immune cells, and prostate cancer. Data on immune cell activity were sourced from Valeria Orrù's research, whereas the genome-wide association study outcome dataset was obtained from the Integrative Epidemiology Unit database. The bidirectional MR analysis utilized 5 different methods: inverse variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, MR-Egger regression, weighted mode, and simple mode. In addition, the mediating effect of immune cells on the gut microbiota and prostate cancer was explored using mediation analysis. Eighty-three single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with prostate cancer were screened as instrumental variables. In a positive MR analysis with gut microbiota as the exposure factor, IVW showed an association between 8 gut microbiota and prostate cancer. Additionally, 9 types of immune cells have been found to be associated with prostate cancer using methods such as IVW. MR analysis of the gut microbiota on immune cells (beta1) revealed a negative correlation between Bifidobacterium and CD39+ T regulatory cells (Tregs; odds ratio [OR] = 0.785, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.627-0.983, P = .03). Furthermore, MR analysis of immune cells in prostate cancer disease (beta2) showed that CD39+Tregs are a risk factor for prostate cancer (OR = 1.215, 95% CI = 1.027-1.354, P = .04). Moreover, MR analysis of gut microbiota in prostate cancer (total effect) indicated that Bifidobacterium is a protective factor for prostate cancer (OR = 0.905, 95% CI = 0.822-0.977, P = .04). The sensitivity analysis verified the robustness of the above results. Mediation analysis demonstrated that CD39+Tregs partially mediate the causal relationship between Bifidobacterium and prostate cancer. This study demonstrates that Bifidobacterium inhibits prostate cancer progression through CD39+Tregs as mediators, providing new ideas and approaches for the treatment and prevention of prostate cancer.

Organic Reactions Enabled by Mechanical Force-Induced Single Electron Transfer.

Mechanochemical reactions, achieved through milling, grinding, or other mechanical actions, have emerged as a solvent-free alternative to traditional solution-based chemistry. Mechanochemistry not only provides the opportunity to eliminate bulk solvent use, reducing waste generation, but also unveils a new reaction strategy which enables the realization of reactions previously inaccessible in solution. While the majority of organic reactions facilitated by mechanical force traditionally follow two-electron transfer pathways similar to their solution-based counterparts, the field of mechanochemically induced single-electron transfer (SET) reactions has witnessed rapid development. This review outlines examples of mechanochemical reactions facilitated by the SET process, focusing on the reagents that initiate SET, thereby positioning mechanochemistry as a burgeoning field within the realm of single-electron chemistry.

Targeted SERS Imaging and Intraoperative Real-Time Elimination of Microscopic Tumors for Improved Breast-Conserving Surgery.

Breast-conserving surgery is the favorable option for breast cancer patients owing to its advantages of less aggressiveness and better cosmetic outcomes over mastectomy. However, it often suffers from postsurgical lethal recurrence due to the incomplete removal of microscopic tumors. Here, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) surgical strategy is reported for precise delineation of tumor margins and intraoperative real-time elimination of microscopic tumor foci, which is capable of complete surgical removal of breast tumors and significantly improve the outcomes of breast-conserving surgery without local tumor recurrence. The technique is chiefly based on the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-targeting SERS probes with integrated multifunctionalities of ultrahigh sensitive detection, significant HER2 expression suppression, cell proliferation inhibition, and superior photothermal ablation. In a HER2+ breast tumor mouse model, the remarkable capability of the SERS surgical strategy for complete removal of HER2+ breast tumors through SERS-guided surgical resection and intraoperative real-time photothermal elimination is demonstrated. The results show complete eradiation of HER2+ breast tumors without local recurrence, consequently delivering a 100% tumor-free survival. Expectedly, this SERS surgical strategy holds great promise for clinical treatment of HER2+ breast cancer with improved patients' survival.

Reproductive height determines the loss of clonal grasses with nitrogen enrichment in a temperate grassland.

Tall clonal grasses commonly display competitive advantages with nitrogen (N) enrichment. However, it is currently unknown whether the height is derived from the vegetative or reproductive module. Moreover, it is unclear whether the height of the vegetative or reproductive system regulates the probability of extinction and colonization, and determines species diversity. In this study, the impacts on clonal grasses were studied in a field experiment employing two frequencies (twice a year vs. monthly) crossing with nine N addition rates in a temperate grassland, China. We found that the N addition decreased species frequency and increased extinction probability, but did not change the species colonization probability. A low frequency of N addition decreased species frequency and colonization probability, but increased extinction probability. Moreover, we found that species reproductive height was the best index to predict the extinction probability of clonal grasses in N-enriched conditions. The low frequency of N addition may overestimate the negative effect from N deposition on clonal grass diversity, suggesting that a higher frequency of N addition is more suitable in assessing the ecological effects of N deposition. Overall, this study illustrates that reproductive height was associated with the clonal species extinction probability under N-enriched environment.

Bladder xanthoma: clinical analysis of 22 cases from multiple centers.

This study aims to outline the clinical and pathological characteristics of bladder xanthoma, alongside its diagnostic and treatment approaches. METHODS: We reviewed bladder xanthoma literature spanning the last 60 years from databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Medline. Additionally, we analyzed clinical data from a singular case of bladder xanthoma treated at our hospital. Patient particulars, including age, gender, symptoms, tumor size, associated neoplasms, imaging results, and pathological findings, were documented. Tumors underwent surgical removal, followed by pathological examination of the excised tissues. Subsequent to surgery, patients underwent cystoscopy follow-up after 3 months. RESULTS: Among the 22 identified cases of bladder xanthoma, 15 were solitary (comprising both single and multiple lesions), while 7 were associated with urinary tract epithelial tumors. There were 6 male patients and 1 female patient concurrently diagnosed with urinary tract epithelial carcinoma. Males exhibited an average onset age of 56.0 years, with an average tumor diameter of 21.57 mm. Females presented an average onset age of 63.00 years, with an average tumor diameter of 20.86 mm. The onset age for females was notably lower than that for males, and their tumor diameter was significantly smaller than that of males (P<0.05). Among the 9 patients with lipid metabolism disorders, 7 were males and 2 were females, indicating a marked male predominance. No instances of recurrence or malignant transformation were observed during follow-up. In this study, we treated a 65-year-old female patient who, during cystoscopy, exhibited a round, hanging lesion measuring about 2.5 × 1 × 1 cm on the left side of the ureteral opening in the bladder trigone. Post-surgery, pathological examination disclosed bladder xanthoma with multiple groups of foam cells. Immunohistochemistry findings were as follows: CD68 (+), CD163 (+), Vimentin (+), CK (-), Desmin (-). A follow-up cystoscopy after 3 months did not reveal any tumor recurrence. CONCLUSION: Bladder xanthoma is an uncommon benign condition predominantly affecting older males. It frequently manifests on the side walls and trigone region of the bladder and may be linked to lipid metabolism disorders. Approximately 50% of patients exhibit concurrent urinary tract epithelial tumors, with diagnosis primarily reliant on microscopic tissue examination. Prolonged post-surgical follow-up is imperative.

Autumn nitrogen enrichment destabilizes ecosystem biomass production in a semiarid grassland.

Nitrogen (N) deposition decreases the temporal stability of ecosystem aboveground biomass production (ecosystem stability). However, little is known about how the responses of ecosystem stability differ based on seasonal N enrichment. By adding N in autumn, winter, or growing season, from October 2014 to May 2020, in a temperate grassland in northern China, we found that only N addition in autumn resulted in a significantly positive correlation between ecosystem mean aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) and its standard deviation and significantly reduced ecosystem stability. Autumn N-induced reduction in ecosystem stability was associated with the vanished negative effect of community-wide species asynchrony (asynchronous dynamics among populations to environmental perturbations) on the standard deviation of ecosystem ANPP in combination with the emerged positive effect of dominance (Simpson's dominance index that indicates the relative weight of dominant species in a community). Our findings indicate that autumn N addition might overestimate the negative effect of annual atmospheric N deposition on ecosystem stability, suggesting that to better evaluate the influence of N deposition in temperate grasslands, both field experiments and global modeling should consider not only the annual N load but also its seasonal dynamics. Moreover, further studies should pay more attention to the alteration in the ecosystem temporal deviations, which might be more sensitive to human-induced environmental changes.

Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of Mechanical Behaviors of a Metamaterial-Based Shape Memory Polymer Stent.

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) have gained much attention in biomedical fields due to their good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Researches have validated the feasibility of shape memory polymer stent in treatment of vascular blockage. Nevertheless, the actual application of SMP stents is still in infancy. To improve the mechanical performance of SMP stent, a new geometric model based on metamaterial is proposed in this study. To verify the feasibility and mechanical behavior of this type of stent, buckling analysis, and in vivo expansion performance of SMP stent are simulated. Numerical results exhibit that stent of a smaller radius behaves a higher critical buckling load and smaller buckling displacement. Besides, a smaller contact area with vessel and smaller implanted stress are observed compared with traditional stents. This suggests that this SMP stent attributes to a reduced vascular restenosis. To characterize the radial strength of SMP stent, an analytical solution is derived by the assumption that the deformation of stent is mainly composed of bending and stretch. The radial strength of SMP stent is assessed in form of radial force. Analytical results reveal that radial strength is depended on the radius of stent and periodic numbers of unit cell in circumferential direction.

Embeddedness in cross-agency collaboration and emergency management capability: Evidence from Shanghai's urban contingency plans.

Governments are increasingly emphasizing emergency management in response to public emergencies that cause extensive consequences and involve multiple government agencies. One of the influential measures adopted by governments is the establishment of cross-agency networks. Scholars have validated the importance of cross-agency collaboration and networks, but only a few studies have examined cross-agency information sharing and utilization mechanism of joint emergency actions. Inspired by the theory of network embeddedness, we study the joint effects of informational and task attributes of embeddedness and absorptive capacity of the leading agency on collaborative emergency capacity. Our data consist of 110 local government contingency plans collected from F District in Shanghai, China. We found that a well-structured cross-agency network and a leading department with great information accessibility will significantly affect the efficiency of emergency collaborations. The capacity to absorb information significantly enhances the improvement of emergency collaboration.

How Do Structurally Distinct Compounds Exert Functionally Identical Effects in Combating Obesity?

Although the concept of inflammatory obesity remains to be widely accepted, a plethora of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory agents, mitochondrial uncouplers, and other structurally distinct compounds with unknown mechanisms have been demonstrated to exert functionally identical effects on weight reduction. Here we summarize a universal mechanism in which weight loss is modulated by mitochondrial biogenesis, which is correlated with conversion from the mitochondria-insufficient white adipose tissue to the mitochondria-abundant brown adipose tissue. This mechanistic description of inflammatory obesity may prove useful in the future for guiding pathology-based drug discovery for weight reduction.

[Pharmacokinetic Effect of Acteoside in Blood Deficiency Rats].

Objective: To study the different pharmacokinetics effect of acteoside extracted from Rehmanniae Radix Preparata in normal and blood deficiency rats. Methods: Injected acetyl phenylhydrazine and cyclophosphamide to make blood deficiency rats models subcutaneously,and gave mice the ethand extracts of Rehmanniae Radix preparata by oral administration,the concentration of acteoside in rats at different time points were detected by HPLC method, pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by 3p87 software. Results: The determination of acteoside in the linear range were 0. 2 ~ 80 µg / m L, the limit of detection and quantification was 0. 03 and 0. 12µg/m L,respectively. Compared with the normal group,the content of AUC0-tand AUC0-∞of corresponding dose in model group rats increased significantly, and the average dwell time and the elimination half-life prolong significantly. Conclusion: This method has high specificity,high sensitivity and simple operation, which can be used for the determination to pharmacokinetic process of acteoside in blood deficiency model.

[Study on Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Different Processing Products of Strychnos nux-vomica Seeds].

Objective: To study the differences of anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects between oil,sand and vinegar processing Strychnos nux-vomica seeds. Methods: Mouse auricular swelling and writhing test and mice hot water tail flick latency effect method were used to study and compare the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of different processing products of Strychnos nux-vomica seeds. Results: The anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of vinegar processing Strychnos nux-vomica seeds was better than that of oil and sand processing products. Conclusion: This study can provide theoretical basis for the optimization of processing technology of reducing toxicity and enhancing effects of processed Strychnos nux-vomica seeds.

[In vivo Pharmacokinetics of Notoginsenoside R1 in Ischemia Rats After Acute Myocardial Infarction].

OBJECTIVE: To establish an HPLC-UV method for determining pharmacokinetic difference of notoginsenoside R1 between normal rats and ischemic rats. METHODS: 48 male SD rats were randomly divided into normal group and acute myocardial ischemia( AMI) model group induced by pituitrin and each group was classified into high,middle and low-dose of groups with notoginsenoside R1 (200, 100 and 50 mg/kg) respectively. Blood samples were collected at different points in time after they were administered once by gavage and separated by Waters symmetry C18 column (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5 µm) under the detective wavelength 203 nm, the mobile phase was acetonitrile-water with icariin as the internal standard and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by DAS 2. 0. RESULTS: Notoginsenoside R1 had good linearity in the ranges of 0.2~125 µg/mL (R2 = 0.9997) with SNR 1:3 and the lowest detection limit was 0.053 µg/mL, the extraction rate, RSDs of within-day and between-day, specificity, accuracy and precision accorded with the require-ment of bio-sample pretreatment. Compared to the normal group, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ was significantly increased (P < 0.01) and the terminal half-life was prolonged markedly (P < 0.01) in AMI group. CONCLUSIONS: The method is simple, accurate and had high specificity and sensitivity, that could be applied in quantitative determination of notoginsenoside R1 and research of pharmacokinetics; the relative bioavailability of notoginsenoside R1 is increased significantly in AMI group,which indicates that notoginsenoside R1 has better effect in model rat.

[Pharmacokinetic Study on Brucine in Different Administration Methods of Liposome in Rats].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the pharmacokinetic differences of brucine in rats after different administration methods of brucine liposome. METHODS: To determine brucine in rat plasma at different points in time by HPLC after oral administration, intramuscular injection, subcutaneous injection and intravenous injection of brucine liposome, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated and analyzed by DAS 3.0. RESULTS: Compared with other groups, AUC(0 --> t) of subcutaneous injection were higher, C(max) were lower and MRT(0 --> 1), were significantly improved. The pharmacokinetics parameters and absolute bioavailability of brucine show that bioavailability in rats after different administration methods of brucine liposome is subcutaneous injection > intramuscular injection > oral administration.

[Response of nitrification/denitrification and their associated microbes to soil moisture change in paddy soil].

To investigate the effect of moisture change on nitrification and denitrification and their corresponding functional microbes, an acidic paddy soil from Taoyuan, Hunan Province was selected as the study object, and soil microcosm experiment containing 4 different water holding capacity (WHC) levels (30% WHC, 60% WHC, 90% WHC, and waterlog) was set up in this study. Results showed that no active nitrification and denitrification occurred in 30% WHC treatment as there were no obvious ammonia consumption and nitrate accumulation, while nitrification was active in 60% WHC and 90% WHC treatments as indicated by the obvious accumulation of nitrate in those two treatments. Meanwhile, significant ammonia consumption and N2O emission were only observed in 90% WHC treatment, implying that a much stronger nitrification in 90% WHC treatment than in 60% WHC treatment and the co-occurrence of nitrification and denitrification in 90% WHC treatment. In waterlog treatment, relatively lower N2O emission was detected and no obvious nitrification was detected, corresponding to a significant lower soil Eh in this treatment than in the other three non-waterlog treatments. Except the early stage of incubation (7 d), the abundance of nirS, nirK and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) amoA genes showed similar responses to soil moisture change over time. Except the slight decrease in waterlog treatment, the abundances of the three genes increased significantly as the soil moisture increased, and the highest abundances of nirS, nirK, and amoA gene were observed in 90% WHC treatment in which the highest nitrification and denitrification activity was detected. T-RFLP analysis showed that the community composition of nirS gene-containing denitrifiers changed significantly in response to soil moisture change after two weeks, and soil Eh and C(w) were the main factors affecting the community composition of denitrifiers.

[Analysis of volatile composition of different specification of Panax notoginseng].

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the volatile compositions of different specification of Panax notoginseng. METHODS: Volatile compositions from different specification of Panax notoginseng were detected by Headspace Solid-Phase Micro-Extraction with GC/MS. RESULTS: Terpenoids were the main compositions in different specification of Panax Notoginseng, and a-guaiene was the fundamental ingredient. The type, content and quantity of the compounds were different in different type of Panax notoginseng. CONCLUSION: Terpenoids were the main pharmacodynamics of the volatile compositions of Panax notoginseng and worthy of further study.

[Effects of Panax notoginseng saponins on ACE2 and TNF-alpha in rats with post-myocardial infarction-ventricular remodeling].

OBJECTIVE: To research the effects of Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) on angiotensin-converting enzymes 2 ( ACE2) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in rats with post-myocardial infarction ventricular remodeling. METHODS: Models of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were produced by ligation of left anterior descending coronary artery, 24 hours after operation the rats were randomly divided into control and experiment groups, then respectively administrated with NS, fosinopril and low, middle and high dosage of PNS for four consecutive weeks. To observe effects of PNS on malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), ACE2 and TNF-alpha in rats with post-myocardial infarction ventricular remodeling. RESULTS: Compared with NS group, MDA significantly decreased, the activity of GSH-Px significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01), NO of the high-dose PNS group decreased (P < 0.05), Compared with the NS group, ACE2 increased and TNF-a significantly decreased in low-dose PNS group, middle and high-dose groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PNS can stimulate ACE2 to inhibit the expression of TNF-alpha and enhance the antioxidance. PNS can reduce pathological injury of cardiac myocytes in myocardial ischemia and cardiac muscle, which can improve ventricular remodeling.

[Effects of Panax notoginsenoside on TNF-alpha and MMP-2 expressions in rats with post-myocardial infarction ventricular remodeling and the mechanism].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects of Panax notoginsenoside (PNS) on tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and matrix metalloproteinases-2 (MMP-2) expressions in rats with post-myocardial infarction ventricular remodeling and explore the mechanism. METHODS: Rat models of acute infarction ventricular (AMI) were established by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Twenty-four hours after the operation, the rats were randomized into control and experimental groups for intragastric administration of normal saline (control), fosinopril and PNS at the low, medium and high doses for 4 consecutive weeks. The effects of PNS on the cardiac function index including the left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVIDd), left ventricular end-systolic diameter (LVIDs), ejection fraction (EF), percentage of left ventricular systole (FS), mitral early diastolic flow velocity mouth (MV), and heart rate (HR) were observed, and the changes in TNF-alpha and MMP-2 expression were detected after post-myocardial infarction ventricular remodeling. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, PNS at the medium and high doses produced significant improvements in the EF, FS and MV of the rats (P<0.01 or 0.05). TNF-alpha and MMP-2 expressions were significantly decreased by PNS treatment at low, medium and high doses (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: PNS can inhibit or reduce the expression of TNF-alpha and MMP-2, thereby enhancing left ventricular systolic and diastolic functions, decreasing peripheral resistance, and improving the cardiac function of rats with post-myocardial infarction left ventricular remodeling.