The branched mitochondrial respiratory chain from the jellyfish Stomolophus sp2 as a probable adaptive response to environmental changes.

During their long evolutionary history, jellyfish have faced changes in multiple environmental factors, to which they may selectively fix adaptations, allowing some species to survive and inhabit diverse environments. Previous findings have confirmed the jellyfish's ability to synthesize large ATP amounts, mainly produced by mitochondria, in response to environmental challenges. This study characterized the respiratory chain from the mitochondria of the jellyfish Stomolophus sp2 (previously misidentified as Stomolophus meleagris). The in-gel activity from isolated jellyfish mitochondria confirmed that the mitochondrial respiratory chain contains the four canonical complexes I to IV and F0F1-ATP synthase. Specific additional activity bands, immunodetection, and mass spectrometry identification confirmed the occurrence of four alternative enzymes integrated into a branched mitochondrial respiratory chain of Stomolophus sp2: an alternative oxidase and three dehydrogenases (two NADH type II enzymes and a mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase). The analysis of each transcript sequence, their phylogenetic relationships, and each protein's predicted models confirmed the mitochondrial alternative enzymes' identity and specific characteristics. Although no statistical differences were found among the mean values of transcript abundance of each enzyme in the transcriptomes of jellyfish exposed to three different temperatures, it was confirmed that each gene was expressed at all tested conditions. These first-time reported enzymes in cnidarians suggest the adaptative ability of jellyfish's mitochondria to display rapid metabolic responses, as previously described, to maintain energetic homeostasis and face temperature variations due to climate change.

The accessory heads of the muscles flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus (Gantzer muscle) - An anatomical study in Brazilian cadavers.

An important accessory anatomical variation, exclusively human, and related to the muscular ventres of the flexor pollicis longus and flexor digitorum profundus is frequently denominated Gantzer. These variations have close relations with the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN), which provides, for many authors, by direct compression, one of the rare neuropathic syndromes. In this work, thirty-four forearms were dissected from the collections of the Medical School of the Federal University of Minas Gerais and the Department of Basic Sciences of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, with a prevalence of 50% of the 34 forearms studied for the Gantzer muscle. The muscle relationship was mainly with the flexor pollicis longus muscle and only one occurrence related to the flexor digitorum profundus muscle, described as a rare occurrence of unilateral double formation of Gantzer muscle. Bilaterality was observed in 88.23% of the findings and the dominant innervation for this muscle variation occurred in 82.35% by the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN). The type morphological in all forms found was the fusiform, with 10.5cm of total length and an average of 0.3cm in diameter and all related, as origin, in the medial aspect of the coronoid process of the ulna, next to the origin of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle. Our work largely reflected the findings of most publications and, considering the controversy of the occurrence of a compressive neuropathy, the data were not sufficient, from a strictly anatomical point of view, to confirm or refute the hypothesis.

Activin-inhibitory action on lactotrophs is decreased in lactotroph hyperplasia.

Among all the hormone-secreting pituitary tumours, prolactinomas are the most frequently found in the clinic. Since dopamine is the primary inhibitor of lactotroph function, dopamine agonists represent the first-line therapy. However, a subset of patients exhibits resistance to these drugs, and therefore, alternative treatments are desired. As activins inhibit prolactin gene expression through the inhibition of Pit-1 involving the p38MAPK pathway, in the present work, we studied the local activin system as an alternative inhibitory system for lactotroph hyperplasia treatment. We used two different mouse models of prolactinoma: transgenic mice with overexpression of the human chorionic gonadotropin ß-subunit (hCGß) and mice lacking dopamine receptor type 2. In both models, females, but not males, develop lactotroph hyperplasia from the fourth month of life. We found reduced expression of pituitary activin subunits and activin receptors in hyperplastic pituitaries from both models compared with wild-type counterparts. Consequently, hyperplastic pituitaries presented a reduced activin-inhibitory action on prolactin secretion. Additionally, while female wild-type lactotrophs presented high levels of phospho-p38MAPK, it was lost in prolactinomas, concomitant with decreased activin expression, increased Pit-1 expression and tumour development. In contrast, male pituitaries express higher mRNA levels of activin subunits ßA and ßB, which would suggest a stronger activin inhibitory function on lactotrophs, protecting this sex from tumour development, despite genotype. The present results highlight the importance of the activin inhibitory action on lactotroph function and place the local activin system as a new target for the treatment of dopamine agonist-resistant prolactinomas.

Gastric cancer epidemiology in tertiary healthcare in Chiapas. / Epidemiología de cáncer gástrico en el tercer nivel de atención en salud en Chiapas.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: Gastic cancer is the most frequent neoplasia of the digestive tract worldwide. Incidence rates vary according to the region or country analyzed. Variation in the different regions of Mexico is attributed to very specific dietary, environmental, and genetic patterns. The aim of the present work was to carry out an epidemiologic analysis of the cases of gastric cancer treated at the Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad 'Ciudad Salud', located in Chiapas, Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A descriptive, ambispective, longitudinal study was conducted. Cases of gastric cancer were searched for in the database from the oncology service of our hospital, that were treated within the time frame of 2007 to 2014. The data obtained were analyzed using the SPSS v. 20 statistics program. RESULTS: A total of 100 cases of gastric cancer were detected, 84 of which were included in the study. Forty-one of the cases were men, 43 were women, and their mean age was 57.3 years. Incidence was 2.14 for every 100 oncology patients released from the hospital. Of the study patients, 35.71% stated they had been alcoholics, 22.61% were smokers, and 90.16% were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma. At the end of follow-up, 18 of the study patients had died. CONCLUSION: The results of the present epidemiologic analysis showed that the consumption of alcohol and tobacco played an important role in the development of gastric cancer in the patients studied, as well as having a family history of any type of cancer. Because gastric cancer is usually diagnosed in advanced stages, it would be reasonable to formulate a strategy for the prevention, early detection, and control of the disease in the State of Chiapas, Mexico.

Gallstone ileus: An overview of the literature. / El íleo biliar: una revisión de la literatura médica.

INTRODUCTION: Gallstone ileus represents 4% of the causes of bowel obstruction in the general population, but increases to 25% in patients above the age of 65 years. Gallstone ileus does not present with unique symptoms, making diagnosis difficult. Its management is surgical, but there is no consensus as to which of the different surgical techniques is the procedure of choice. At present, there is no recent review of this pathology. AIM: To conduct an up-to-date review of this disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Articles published within the time frame of 2000 to 2014 were found utilizing the PUBMED, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library search engines with the terms "gallstone ileus" plus "review" and the following filters: "review", "full text", and "humans". RESULTS: The results of this review showed that gallstone ileus etiology was due to intestinal obstruction from a gallstone that migrated into the intestinal lumen through a bilioenteric fistula. The presence of 2 of the 3 Rigler's triad signs was considered diagnostic. Abdominal tomography was the imaging study of choice for gallstone ileus diagnosis and the surgical procedures for management were enterolithotomy, one-stage surgery, and two-stage surgery. Enterolithotomy had lower morbidity and mortality than the other 2 procedures. CONCLUSIONS: The aim of gallstone ileus treatment is to release the obstruction, which is done through enterolithotomy. It is the recommended technique for gallstone ileus management because of its lower morbidity and mortality, compared with the other techniques.

Structural origin of the enhanced ionic conductivity upon Nb doping in Sr11Mo4O23 defective double perovskite.

We report a substantial enhancement of the oxide-ion conductivity in Sr11Mo4O23 achieved by Nb doping the Mo sites. This series responds to the formula: Sr11Mo4-xNbxO23-δ (with x = 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0). The original structure can be related to the conventional double perovskite; however, it presents a broken corner sharing connectivity of the octahedral framework, hence leading to a complex and highly defective network. The samples were prepared via citrate precursor method, followed by thermal treatments at 1300 °C for 12 hours in air. The crystal structures were refined from X-ray and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) data. A phase transition from tetragonal to cubic symmetry is identified in a temperature-dependent NPD study, driven by an oxygen delocalization effect. The ionic conductivity measured by impedance spectroscopy is enhanced upon Nb-doping; the x = 1 doped phase exhibits a threefold increase compared to the pristine Sr11Mo4O23 oxide, with conductivity values of 7.6 × 10-3 and 2.7 × 10-2 S·cm-1 at 650 and 800 °C, which are even greater than for YSZ in the 650-800 °C temperature range, and close to those reported for other state-of-the art solid-oxide electrolytes.

Grynfelt-Lesshaft hernia a case report and review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Lumbar hernia account for less than 2% of al abdominal hernias, been the Grynfelt-Lesshaft's hernia (GLH) more frequent than the others. With approximately 300 cases published in the literature, the general surgeon may have the chance of treat it ones in their professional life. CASE REPORT: A 42-years old male with human immunodeficiency virus and Diabetes Mellitus presented to the outpatient clinic with a GLH. Preoperative classified as a type "A" lumbar hernia an open approach was scheduled. We performed a Sandwich technique with a sublay and onlay ULTRAPRO(®) mesh fixed with PDS(®) II suture without complications and discharged the patient 24-h after. After six months, the patient denied any complication. DISCUSSION: Primary (spontaneous) lumbar hernias represent 50-60% of all GLH. The preoperative classification of a lumbar hernia is mandatory to propose the best surgical approach. According to the classification of Moreno-Egea A et al., the best technique for our patient was an open approach. The Sandwich technique has demonstrated good outcomes in the management of the GLH. CONCLUSION: The surgical approach should be according to the classification proposed and to the experience of the surgeon. The Sandwich technique has good outcomes.

[Relationship between angular deformity and primary osteoarthritis of the knee. Review article]. / Relación entre deformidad angular y gonartrosis primaria.

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis of the knee is a common disease and angular deformities are usually associated to this degenerative affection. Secondary causes of angular deformities are well known in the scientific literature, but there are not many articles about the relationship between angular deformities and primary osteoarthritis. OBJECTIVE: To deepen in the relationship between angular deformities and primary osteoarthritis of the knee. METHOD: We conducted a literature review of a total of 300 articles in PubMed, Medline and Hinari locator information by EndNote, 52 of them were used and selected quotes to do the review, 47 of them in the last five years, including five books. DEVELOPMENT: A revision of important biochemical and biomechanics aspects were made in regards to the relationship between angular deformities and primary osteoarthritis of the knee. Causes of deformities according to the sagittal, coronal and rotational axis were taken into account. Factors related to deformities could be osseous or soft tissues of the knee joint. CONCLUSIONS: Deformities of the knee in patients suffering from primary osteoarthritis are common and there are osseous and soft tissues causes to justified the presence of these deformities.

ANTECEDENTES: La gonartrosis es una entidad muy frecuente en la actualidad, las deformidades angulares son un hallazgo usual en pacientes con esta entidad y aunque está bien justificada su presencia como causa secundaria, no existen muchos reportes sobre la relación entre deformidad angular y gonartrosis primaria. OBJETIVO: Profundizar en la relación existente entre gonartrosis primaria y deformidad angular de la articulación de la rodilla. MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 300 artículos publicados en PubMed, Hinari y Medline mediante el localizador de información EndNote, de ellos se utilizaron 52 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 47 de ellas de los últimos cinco años, donde se incluyeron cinco libros. DESARROLLO: Se realizó una revisión de los aspectos bioquímicos y biomecánicos más importantes relacionados con las deformidades angulares. Con respecto a la asociación entre deformidad angular y gonartrosis primaria, se plasmaron los elementos relacionados con cada tipo de deformidad tanto en el eje axial, coronal como rotacional. Los factores relacionados con la deformidad pueden ser de tipo óseo y de partes blandas, en especial del aparato capsuloligamentoso de la articulación. CONCLUSIONES: Las deformidades angulares en pacientes con gonartrosis primaria son frecuentes y en su presencia influyen factores relacionados con la arquitectura ósea y de partes blandas.

ANAFILAXIA INDUCIDA POR EL EJERCICIO: REVISIÓN DE LA LITERATURA / Exercise-induced anaphylaxis: a review

Durante los últimos años ha habido un aumento en la incidencia de un tipo particular de anafilaxia que solo se manifiesta al realizar algún tipo de actividad física y que se conoce como anafilaxia inducida por el ejercicio. Fue descripta por primera vez en 1979 y definida como una forma de alergia física inducida por el ejercicio, sola o asociada a otros factores precipitantes, caracterizada por una reacción severa, de inicio brusco y rápido. Existe además un subgrupo de pacientes que sólo presentan síntomas si el ejercicio se lleva a cabo dentro de unas pocas horas de ingerir alimentos. Este trastorno se denomina anafilaxia inducida por ejercicio e ingestión de alimentos. La etiopatogenia de la anafilaxia inducida por ejercicio no está del todo aclarada, pero se han postulado distintas teorías que explicarían la liberación final de mediadores vasoactivos. Las manifestaciones clínicas no difieren significativamente de otras anafilaxias y puede ir desde compromiso cutáneo hasta compromiso de vía aérea, shock anafiláctico y eventualmente la muerte del paciente. El diagnóstico de esta enfermedad se basa principalmente en una anamnesis detallada en búsqueda de todos los posibles agentes predisponentes, pruebas de sensibilización inmediata y pruebas de provocación de ejercicio, alimentos o fármacos, si corresponden. La base del tratamiento es evitar los factores desencadenantes, junto con el manejo agudo de la anafilaxia. (AU)

During the last years, there has been an increased incidence of a particular type of anaphylaxis that only manifests with some kind of physical activity and is known as exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Described for the first time in 1979 and defined as a form of physical allergy induced by exercise, alone or associated with other triggers, characterized by a severe reaction which appears very suddenly. There is also a subset of patients that only presents symptoms if the exercise is carried out within a few hours of eating. This condition is called exercise-induced anaphylaxis and food intake. The pathogenesis of the exercise-induced anaphylaxis is not fully clear, but several theories have been postulated to explain the final release of vasoactive mediators. Clinical manifestations do not differ significantly from other anaphylaxis and can range from cutaneous to airway involvement, anaphylactic shock an even death of the patient. The diagnosis of this disease is mainly based in a detailed history in search of all possible predisposing agents, immediate sensitization testing, and challenge tests of exercise, food or drugs if applicable. The mainstay of treatment is to avoid the triggers, along with the acute management of anaphylaxis.(AU)

Effects of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) on the performance of broiler chickens / Efeitos do líquido da casca da castanha de caju (LCC) sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte

The effects of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) on growth performance, carcass yield, relative weight of internal organs and microbiology of digestive tract of broiler chickens were investigated. Five hundred and forty male broiler chicks at one day of age were arranged in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six repetitions with 15 broiler chicks each. The treatments were: control (T1 - without growth promoter virginiamycin and CNSL); inclusion levels of 0.10mL (T2), 0.20mL (T3), 0.30mL (T4) and 0.40mL (T5) of CNSL/kg of feed; and commercial promoter virginiamycin (T6). At 21 and 40 days of age, body weight, feed intake, feed conversion and viability of birds were similar in all treatments. Carcass yield was higher in the treatment with the growth promoter when compared to the control treatment. There was a linear increase in carcass yield when the level of CNSL was increased in the diet. The relative weight of the intestine was lower in the treatment containing virginiamycin when compared to the treatment without the inclusion of additives. The relative weight of the intestines decreased when the levels of inclusion of CNSL were increased. There was a gradual reduction of Escherichia coli concentration reaching the lowest number on the CNSL level of 0.30mL/kg. It was concluded that CNSL showed similar performance and slaughter yield as the growth promoter and reduced the concentration of Escherichia coli in the intestinal contents.

Um estudo foi conduzido para investigar os efeitos do líquido da casca da castanha de caju (LCC) sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça, o peso relativo dos órgãos internos e a microbiologia do trato digestivo de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 540 pintos machos de um dia de idade, distribuídos num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e seis repetições de 15 aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em: controle (T1 - sem promotor comercial e sem LCC), níveis de inclusão de 0,10mL (T2), 0,20mL (T3), 0,30mL (T4) e 0,40mL (T5) de LCC/kg de ração e T6 (promotor comercial - virginiamicina). Aos 21 e 40 dias de idade, o peso corporal, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e a viabilidade das aves foram semelhantes em todos os tratamentos. O rendimento de carcaça foi superior no tratamento com promotor de crescimento em relação ao tratamento-controle. Ocorreu uma resposta linear de incremento no rendimento de carcaça com o aumento do nível de LCC na dieta. O peso relativo dos intestinos foi menor no tratamento com virginiamicina em relação ao tratamento-controle. O peso relativo dos intestinos diminuiu com o aumento do nível de inclusão do LCC. Houve uma redução gradual da concentração de Escherichia coli, cuja menor concentração atingiu o nível de 0,30mL/kg. Conclui-se que o LCC mostrou desempenho e rendimento de abate semelhantes ao promotor de crescimento e reduziu a concentração de Escherichia Coli no conteúdo intestinal.

[Influence of family environment of the development of obesity and overweight in a population of school children in Granada (Spain)]. / Influencia del entorno familiar en el desarrollo del sobrepeso y la obesidad en una población de escolares de Granada (España).

According to recent research, eating behaviour should be understand as a cyclical and interactive process in which parental eating habits cause children to develop specific eating strategies as well as their own eating habits. Needless to say, this interactive process is reflected and has a direct impact on the nutritional indicators of the children in a family. The objectives of this study were the following: (i) to verify the existence of a significant association between the educational level of parents and the nutritional state of children in the same family; (ii) to discover if there is a direct relation between the nutritional state of children and the person that decides the menu and/or prepares family meals; (iii) to determine if there is a link between the nutritional state of children and the time that they spend on sedentary leisure activities. The sample population was composed of 718 school children and adolescents, 9-17 years of age, who A descriptive, transversal, and multicentric study was performed that evaluated the nutritional state of the entire sample by using anthropometric techniques to assess weight, height, and body mass index.

[Risk factors in the development of breast cancer, state of Mexico]. / Factores de riesgo como pronóstico de padecer cáncer de mama en un estado de México.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is one of the most frequent diseases in women today, and its social impact is devastating. The risk factors focused on in recent research are mainly hormonal, genetic, and environmental though toxic habits, overweight, and obesity have also been studied. In contrast, protective factors against breast cancer include breastfeeding and daily exercise. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the risk factors for the women with breast cancer in our study sample. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A study of cases and controls was performed on 115 women diagnosed with breast cancer and on 115 healthy women, who had been patients at the National Cancer Institute ISSEMYM in Mexico from January to December 2011. Information was collected from the women in the sample pertaining to their family history of cancer, personal background, life style, and body mass index (BMI). Breast cancer risk was estimated with multivariate logistic regression models and the chi-square test. RESULTS: It was found that there was a greater risk of breast cancer in overweight or obese women who did not do any physical exercise and either who had breastfed their children for a very short time or who had not breastfed them at all. No significant differences were found between breast cancer and toxic habits. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study found a direct relation between breast cancer and overweight, obesity, and physical inactivity. Breastfeeding during the first months of the baby's life was found to be a protective factor against breast cancer.

[Overweight/obesity in women and its implication in breast cancer: age of diagnosis]. / Sobrepeso/obesidad en mujeres y su implicación en el cáncer de mama: edad de diagnóstico.

UNLABELLED: Overweight, obesity, and breast cancer are three pathologies that are endemic in the world today and which have a great impact on society. Many research studies are currently trying to discover possible associations between these factors and to specify the links between them. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether there is a direct connection between overweight/obesity in women with breast cancer and its relation to age of diagnosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample population in this study was composed of 118 women (32-76 years of age) who had been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer in 2009-2011 at the Centro Oncológico Estatal ISSEMyM [National Cancer Institute of Mexico]. An observational, descriptive, and transversal study was performed in which a random sample of n = 60 women was divided into two groups. The first group was composed of women with breast cancer, but who were of normal weight. The second group was composed of women with breast cancer, but who were either overweight or obese. In both groups, the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) was applied, and the BMI (weight and height) was determined as well as waist circumference. RESULTS: A statistically significant relation was found between age of diagnosis and weight (normal/overweight/obese) of the subjects (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained show that overweight and obesity are directly linked to breast cancer and age of diagnosis. Breast cancer was diagnosed earlier in women of normal weight.

[Prenatal stimulation: results in the peripartum period]. / La estimulación prenatal: resultados relevantes en el periparto.

UNLABELLED: During pregnancy, the prolonged stress and worry felt by mothers can alter the development and function of the right brain hemisphere. For this reason, importance is given to prenatal stimulation programs for pregnant women. OBJECTIVES: To determine the perinatal results in the moment of childbirth in mothers who had participated in prenatal stimulation programs. MATERIAL: An experimental study was conducted in five health districts in the town of Cienfuegos (Cuba) with a view to identifying the perinatal results at the moment of childbirth in women that had participated in prenatal stimulation programs. METHODOLOGY: The study consisted of an intentional sampling of all of the subjects (n = 200 women who were 20-28 weeks pregnant). The variables studied were the following: duration of labor, baby's birth weight, Apgar score at birth, type of childbirth, and opinion of the subjects about the prenatal stimulation program. RESULTS: Of the population sample, 36% of the subjects gave birth in less than six hours; 67.5% had babies weighing 2,500-3,000 grams; and 96.5% had babies whose Apgar scores were between 8 and 9. Finally, 68.5% of the subjects had natural childbirths and 96% were satisfied with the prenatal stimulation program. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained showed that these new prenatal stimulation programs were well received by the subjects in this study.

Effects of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) on the performance of broiler chickens / Efeitos do líquido da casca da castanha de caju (LCC) sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte

The effects of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) on growth performance, carcass yield, relative weight of internal organs and microbiology of digestive tract of broiler chickens were investigated. Five hundred and forty male broiler chicks at one day of age were arranged in a completely randomized design with six treatments and six repetitions with 15 broiler chicks each. The treatments were: control (T1 - without growth promoter virginiamycin and CNSL); inclusion levels of 0.10mL (T2), 0.20mL (T3), 0.30mL (T4) and 0.40mL (T5) of CNSL/kg of feed; and commercial promoter virginiamycin (T6). At 21 and 40 days of age, body weight, feed intake, feed conversion and viability of birds were similar in all treatments. Carcass yield was higher in the treatment with the growth promoter when compared to the control treatment. There was a linear increase in carcass yield when the level of CNSL was increased in the diet. The relative weight of the intestine was lower in the treatment containing virginiamycin when compared to the treatment without the inclusion of additives. The relative weight of the intestines decreased when the levels of inclusion of CNSL were increased. There was a gradual reduction of Escherichia coli concentration reaching the lowest number on the CNSL level of 0.30mL/kg. It was concluded that CNSL showed similar performance and slaughter yield as the growth promoter and reduced the concentration of Escherichia coli in the intestinal contents.(AU)

Um estudo foi conduzido para investigar os efeitos do líquido da casca da castanha de caju (LCC) sobre o desempenho, o rendimento de carcaça, o peso relativo dos órgãos internos e a microbiologia do trato digestivo de frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 540 pintos machos de um dia de idade, distribuídos num delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e seis repetições de 15 aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram em: controle (T1 - sem promotor comercial e sem LCC), níveis de inclusão de 0,10mL (T2), 0,20mL (T3), 0,30mL (T4) e 0,40mL (T5) de LCC/kg de ração e T6 (promotor comercial - virginiamicina). Aos 21 e 40 dias de idade, o peso corporal, o consumo de ração, a conversão alimentar e a viabilidade das aves foram semelhantes em todos os tratamentos. O rendimento de carcaça foi superior no tratamento com promotor de crescimento em relação ao tratamento-controle. Ocorreu uma resposta linear de incremento no rendimento de carcaça com o aumento do nível de LCC na dieta. O peso relativo dos intestinos foi menor no tratamento com virginiamicina em relação ao tratamento-controle. O peso relativo dos intestinos diminuiu com o aumento do nível de inclusão do LCC. Houve uma redução gradual da concentração de Escherichia coli, cuja menor concentração atingiu o nível de 0,30mL/kg. Conclui-se que o LCC mostrou desempenho e rendimento de abate semelhantes ao promotor de crescimento e reduziu a concentração de Escherichia Coli no conteúdo intestinal.(AU)

[Prevalence of nutritional overweight and obesity and hypertension as well as their relationship with anthropometric indicators in a population of students in Granada and its provinces]. / Prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad nutricional e hipertensión arterial y su relación con indicadores antropométricos en una población de escolares de Granada y su provincia.

INTRODUCTION: Several authors have found correlations between anthropometric parameters and blood pressure levels in overweight and obese subjects. This paper is an update on the potential of these parameters as a tool for predicting cardiovascular risk. AIMS: to estimate the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Second verify the existence of a significant correlation between the main anthropometric indicators and the blood pressure levels. SAMPLE: The population consisted of 977 children and adolescents between 9 and 17 years of age belonging to 13 schools in the province of Granada and city. METHODOLOGY: anthropometric evaluation in which they were assessed six skinfolds, waist circumference, hip and determination of blood pressure in three consecutive occasions. The anthropometric assessment phase began in March 2008 lasted until April 2009. RESULTS: We found that the prevalence of overweight in girls varied between 18.3% and 32.2%. For its part, the prevalence among boys was between 10.9% and 26.1%. Regarding the prevalence of obesity, the girls had similar rates between 4.5% and 15.1%. Among boys the prevalence of obesity was similar, and found rates between 4.7% and 12.6%. Of all the parameters measured, body mass index and waist circumference were the anthropometric indicators that showed a better correlation to blood pressure. CONCLUSIONS: BMI and WC are useful anthropometric indicators to predict cardiovascular risk in non adults.

[Study of the serum levels of leptin, ceruloplasmin and lipoprotein (a) as indicators of cardiovascular risk in a population of adolescents in Granada (Spain)]. / Estudio de los niveles séricos de leptina, ceruloplasmina y lipoproteína (a) como indicadores del riesgo cardiovascular en una población de adolescentes de Granada (España).

Numerous studies have focused on establishing a relation between the serum values of biomolecules such as leptin, ceruloplasmin, and lipoprotein (a), and the nutritional state and levels of diastolic and systolic blood pressure in subjects with problems of overweight or obesity. However, in many cases, the results obtained have not been conclusive. The results of our study confirm the existence of a statistically significant association between the serum levels of these biomolecules, the nutritional state of the subjects, and levels of diastolic and systolic blood pressure. For the population of overweight and obese adolescents studied, the evaluation of the serum concentrations of these biomolecules was found to be an important instrument that could be used to identify those subjects with an elevated risk of suffering cardiovascular disorders basically derived from a hypertensive status.

[Obesity in a school children population from Granada: assessment of the efficacy of an educational intervention]. / Obesidad de una población de escolares de Granada: evaluación de la eficacia de una intervención educativa.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this research was to study the prevalence of obesity and excess weight in a population of school children and adolescents, and to verify the effectiveness of an educational intervention, as reflected in the variation of their body mass index values. MATERIALS: The population sample was composed of 977 school children and adolescents from 9 to 17 years of age, belonging to 13 public elementary schools and high schools in the city and province of Granada (Spain). METHODOLOGY: This longitudinal cohort study was analytical, muticentric, and observational. It was carried out in three phases. The first phase involved the evaluation of the nutritional state of the sample population by means of anthropometric measurements (weight, height, body mass index, six skin folds and four body perimeters) as well as arterial blood pressure. The second phase entailed an educational intervention focusing on good nutritional habits and physical exercise. The third and final phase evaluated the effectiveness of the intervention. RESULTS: A higher obesity prevalence (15.1%) was found in school girls between 12 and 13. In the case of boys, obesity prevalence was lower up to age 13 though afterwards, it progressively increased (12.6%). The educational intervention produced an important reduction in body mass index values in both sexes though this reduction was more significant in young females. CONCLUSIONS: There is a currently an alarming increase in obesity and overweight prevalence among the population evaluated in this study. The significant reduction in body mass index values resulting from this research confirmed the effectiveness of the educational intervention to reduce excess weight.