Intra-articular tibial plateau fracture characteristics according to the "Ten segment classification".

BACKGROUND: Currently existing classifications of tibial plateau fractures do not help to guide surgical strategy. Recently, a segment-based mapping of the tibial plateau has been introduced in order to address fractures with a fracture-specific surgical approach. The goal of the present study was to analyze incidence and fracture specifics according to a new 10-segment classification of the tibial plateau. METHODS: A total of 242 patients with 246 affected knees were included (124 females, 118 males, mean age 51.9±16.1years). Fractures were classified according to the OTA/AO classification. Fracture pattern was analyzed with respect to a 10-segment classification based on CT imaging of the proximal tibial plateau 3cm below the articular surface. RESULTS: 161 Patients suffered an OTA/AO type 41-B and 85 patients an OTA/AO type 41-C tibial plateau fracture. Females had an almost seven times higher risk to suffer a fracture due to low-energy trauma (OR 6.91, 95% CI (3.52, 13.54), p<0.001) than males. In 34% of the patients with affection of the medial tibial plateau, a fracture comminution, primarily due to low-energy trauma (p<0.001), was observed. In type B fractures, the postero-latero-lateral (65.2%), the antero-latero-lateral (64.6%) and the antero-latero-central (60.9%) segment were most frequently affected. Every second type C fracture showed an unique fracture line and zone of comminution. The tibial spine was typically involved (89.4%). A typical fracture pattern of high-energy trauma demonstrated a zone of comminution of the lateral plateau and a split fracture in the medial plateau. The most frequently affected segments were the postero-latero-central (85.9%), postero-central (84.7%), and antero-latero-central (78.8%) segment. CONCLUSION: Posterior segments were the most frequently affected in OTA/AO type B and C fractures. Acknowledging the restricted visibility of posterior segments, whose reduction and fixation is crucial for long-term success, our findings implicate the use of posterior approaches more often in the treatment of tibial plateau fractures. Also, low-energy trauma was identified as an important cause for tibial plateau fractures.

"Fracturoscopy" is Superior to Fluoroscopy in the Articular Reconstruction of Complex Tibial Plateau Fractures-An Arthroscopy Assisted Fracture Reduction Technique.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the anatomic accuracy of fracture reduction controlled by fluoroscopy as compared with arthroscopically assisted reduction ("fracturoscopy") in patients with complex tibial plateau fractures (AO/OTA 41-C). Quality of fracturoscopy-guided reduction was checked with postoperative computed tomography. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: Urban level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS: Seventeen consecutive patients, with a complex, bicondylar tibial plateau fracture. INTERVENTION: The intraoperative, open insertion of an arthroscope (2.4-mm or 2.8-mm optics), to visualize the articular surface and fracture reduction. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Ability to detect residual fracture depression or gap after previous open reduction under fluoroscopic guidance. RESULTS: An open fracture reduction with fluoroscopic guidance was performed in all cases. In 7 cases, open reduction and fluoroscopy resulted in satisfactory fracture reduction (fluoroscopy group). In 10 of 17 cases, subsequent "fracturoscopy" showed persistent fracture depression (≥2 mm, fracturoscopy group) with the need for intraoperative correction. Patients in the fracturoscopy group demonstrated significantly greater preoperative fragment depression (12.55 ± 6.56 mm) and a larger preoperative fracture gap (7.83 ± 5.49 mm) compared with patients with a satisfactory reduction under fluoroscopy (depression 4.97 ± 4.02 mm, P = 0.016; gap 2.47 ± 1.07 mm, P = 0.023). Fluoroscopy was not successful in achieving satisfactory reduction in cases in which the postero-latero-central region was affected (P = 0.004, χ test). Postoperative computed tomography demonstrated satisfactory articular reconstruction in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative fracturoscopy permitted a significantly improved visualization of fracture fragment displacement, specifically in the postero-latero-central region of the tibial plateau, as compared with fluoroscopy. Fracturoscopy is recommended for fractures involving the postero-latero-central region of the tibial plateau. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Eosinophilic granuloma of the cervical spine.

STUDY DESIGN: A meta-analysis was performed based on 53 cases of cervical eosinophilic granuloma reported in the literature and 1 in an adult treated by the authors. OBJECTIVE: To stress the clinical and radiologic differences between cervical and thoracolumbar spinal eosinophilic granuloma and to point out differences between adults and children with cervical eosinophilic granuloma to avoid false diagnosis. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Until now, cervical eosinophilic granuloma has been reported in 43 children and 9 adults. In 1 case the age is unknown. In previous studies, differences between adults and children with cervical eosinophilic granuloma have not been analyzed, nor has cervical eosinophilic granuloma been compared with thoracolumbar eosinophilic granuloma. METHODS: All reported cases of cervical eosinophilic granuloma were analyzed concerning age and sex distribution, clinical and radiologic presentation, therapy, and outcome. The authors' case in a 46-year-old patient is discussed. RESULTS: The presenting symptoms of cervical eosinophilic granuloma are usually pain and restricted range of motion. In contrast to eosinophilic granuloma of the thoracic spine and lumbar spine, the neurologic symptoms are less frequent, and the first radiographic sign is an osteolytic lesion. Vertebra plana is a rare sign in cervical eosinophilic granuloma. In children, the middle cervical spine is most often affected, whereas in adults it is the second vertebra. The outcome of the patients has been good in most cases, independently of treatment. CONCLUSION: In most cases of cervical eosinophilic granuloma, immobilization is an adequate therapy. If the process continuous to progress, radiotherapy is recommended. Surgical treatment should be reserved for cases with instability or neurologic defects.