ABSTRACT
Permeation assays are important for the development of topical formulations applied on buccal mucosa. Swine buccal and esophageal epithelia are usually used as barriers for these assays, while frozen epithelia have been used to optimize the experimental setup. However, there is no consensus on these methods. In transdermal studies, barrier integrity has been evaluated by measuring electrical resistance (ER) across the skin, which has been demonstrated to be a simple, fast, safe, and cost-effective method. Therefore, the aims here were to investigate whether ER might also be an effective method to evaluate buccal and esophageal epithelium mucosa integrity for in vitro permeation studies, and to establish a cut-off ER value for each epithelium mucosa model. We further investigated whether buccal epithelium could be substituted by esophageal epithelium in transbuccal permeation studies, and whether their permeability and integrity were affected by freezing at -20 °C for 3 weeks. Fresh and frozen swine buccal and esophageal epithelia were mounted in Franz diffusion cells and were then submitted to ER measurement. Permeation assays were performed using lidocaine hydrochloride as a hydrophilic drug model. ER was shown to be a reliable method for evaluating esophageal and buccal epithelia. The esophageal epithelium presented higher permeability compared to the buccal epithelium. For both epithelia, freezing and storage led to decreased electrical resistivity and increased permeability. We conclude that ER may be safely used to confirm tissue integrity when it is equal to or above 3 kΩ for fresh esophageal mucosa, but not for buccal epithelium mucosa. However, the use of esophageal epithelium in in vitro transmucosal studies could overestimate the absorption of hydrophilic drugs. In addition, fresh samples are recommended for these experiments, especially when hydrophilic drugs are involved.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. Las fisuras orales son anomalías congénitas mayores que comprometen la integridad del labio y/o paladar, y pueden también afectar la nariz y las fosas nasales. La prevalencia enArgentina esde, aproximadamente, 15 afectados cada 10 000 nacimientos. El Ministerio de Salud de la Nación implemento, a partir del año 2015, una red nacional para la atención de niños/as con fisuras orales en Argentina a través de un trabajo conjunto entre la Red Nacional de Anomalías Congénitas (RENAC) (centro coordinador de la red nacional) y el Programa SUMAR. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la red de atención y sus primeros resultados. Población y métodos. Se identificaron y acreditaron 61 instituciones que realizaban el tratamiento de fisuras orales de manera integral o articuladamente con otras instituciones. Se conectaron las maternidades con las instituciones tratantes, que se agruparon en nodos de la red de atención. Resultados. En el período entre marzo de 2015 y febrero de 2016, se identificaron 550 recién nacidos con cobertura exclusiva del sector público de salud. De ellos, un 18% presentó fisura de labio; 62%, fisura de labio y paladar; y 20%, fisura de paladar únicamente; en un 75% se presentaron de forma aislada y, en un 25%, asociadas a otras anomalías congénitas. Conclusión. Un 70% de los niños fue evaluado por una institución tratante acreditada y se encuentran en tratamiento. Se busca mejorar la sistematización de los datos, incorporar mayor cantidad de instituciones, fortalecer el trabajo interdisciplinario de los equipos y promover estándares de calidad para los tratamientos.
Introduction. Oral clefts are major congenital anomalies that may affect the lip and/or palate, and that may also involve the nose and nostrils. In Argentina, their prevalence is approximately 15 per 10 000 births. In 2015, the Ministry of Health of Argentina created a national health care network for children with oral clefts in Argentina through the joint work with the National Registry of Congenital Anomalies (Red Nacional de Anomalías Congénitas, RENAC) (coordinating center for the national network) and the SUMAR Program. The objective of this study was to describe the health care network and its preliminary outcomes. Population and methods. A total of 61 centers that provided a comprehensive treatment for oral clefts or in collaboration with other centers were identified and accredited. Maternity centers were connected with treating centers grouped in health care network nodes. Results. In the period between March 2015 and February 2016, 550 newborn infants who were exclusively covered by the public health care system were identified. Among these, 18% had a cleft lip; 62%, cleft lip and palate; and 20%, cleft palate only; 75% were isolated cases and 25%, in association with other congenital anomalies. Conclusion. Approximately 70% of children were assessed by a certified treating institution and are receiving treatment. The network seeks to improve data systematization, include the largest number of centers possible, strengthen interdisciplinary team work, and promote high-quality standards for treatments.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Cleft Lip/surgery , Cleft Palate/surgery , Child Health Services/organization & administration , Cross-Sectional Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Oral clefts are major congenital anomalies that may affect the lip and/or palate, and that may also involve the nose and nostrils. In Argentina, their prevalence is approximately 15 per 10 000 births. In 2015, the Ministry of Health of Argentina created a national health care network for children with oral clefts in Argentina through the joint work with the National Registry of Congenital Anomalies (Red Nacional de Anomalías Congénitas, RENAC) (coordinating center for the national network) and the SUMAR Program. The objective of this study was to describe the health care network and its preliminary outcomes. POPULATION AND METHODS: A total of 61 centers that provided a comprehensive treatment for oral clefts or in collaboration with other centers were identified and accredited. Maternity centers were connected with treating centers grouped in health care network nodes. RESULTS: In the period between March 2015 and February 2016, 550 newborn infants who were exclusively covered by the public health care system were identified. Among these, 18% had a cleft lip; 62%, cleft lip and palate; and 20%, cleft palate only; 75% were isolated cases and 25%, in association with other congenital anomalies. CONCLUSION: Approximately 70% of children were assessed by a certified treating institution and are receiving treatment. The network seeks to improve data systematization, include the largest number of centers possible, strengthen interdisciplinary team work, and promote high-quality standards for treatments.
INTRODUCCIÓN: Las fisuras orales son anomalías congénitas mayores que comprometen la integridad del labio y/o paladar, y pueden también afectar la nariz y las fosas nasales. La prevalencia enArgentina esde, aproximadamente, 15 afectados cada 10 000 nacimientos. El Ministerio de Salud de la Nación implemento, a partir del año 2015, una red nacional para la atención de niños/as con fisuras orales en Argentina a través de un trabajo conjunto entre la Red Nacional de Anomalías Congénitas (RENAC) (centro coordinador de la red nacional) y el Programa SUMAR. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir la red de atención y sus primeros resultados. POBLACIÓN Y MÉTODOS: Se identificaron y acreditaron 61 instituciones que realizaban el tratamiento de fisuras orales de manera integral o articuladamente con otras instituciones. Se conectaron las maternidades con las instituciones tratantes, que se agruparon en nodos de la red de atención. RESULTADOS: En el período entre marzo de 2015 y febrero de 2016, se identificaron 550 recién nacidos con cobertura exclusiva del sector público de salud. De ellos, un 18% presentó fisura de labio; 62%, fisura de labio y paladar; y 20%, fisura de paladar únicamente; en un 75% se presentaron de forma aislada y, en un 25%, asociadas a otras anomalías congénitas. CONCLUSIÓN: Un 70% de los niños fue evaluado por una institución tratante acreditada y se encuentran en tratamiento. Se busca mejorar la sistematización de los datos, incorporar mayor cantidad de instituciones, fortalecer el trabajo interdisciplinario de los equipos y promover estándares de calidad para los tratamientos.
Subject(s)
Cleft Lip/surgery , Cleft Palate/surgery , Adolescent , Child , Child Health Services/organization & administration , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
In this study, we sought to investigate the biology (diet and reproduction) and ethnobiology (fishers knowledge and fishing spots used to catch snappers) of five species of snappers (Lutjanidae), including Lutjanus analis, Lutjanus synagris, Lutjanus vivanus, Ocyurus chrysurus, and Romboplites saliens at five sites along the northeast (Riacho Doce, Maceió in Alagoas State, and Porto do Sauípe, Entre Rios at Bahia State) and the southeast (SE) Brazilian coast (Paraty and Rio de Janeiro cities at Rio de Janeiro State, and Bertioga, at São Paulo State.).We collected 288 snappers and interviewed 86 fishermen. The stomach contents of each fish were examined and macroscopic gonad analysis was performed. Snappers are very important for the fisheries of NE Brazil, and our results indicated that some populations, such as mutton snapper (L. analis) and lane snapper (L. synagris), are being caught when they are too young, at early juvenile stages.Local knowledge has been shown to be a powerful tool for determining appropriate policies regarding management of target species, and artisanal fishermen can be included in management processes. Other suggestions for managing the fisheries are discussed, including proposals that could provide motivation for artisanal fishermen to participate in programs to conserve resources, such as co-management approaches that utilize local knowledge, the establishment of fishing seasons, and compensation of fishermen, through 'payment for environmental services'. These suggestions may enhance the participation of local artisanal fishermen in moving to a more realistic and less top-down management approach of the fish population.