Factors associated with adverse drug reactions or death in very elderly hospitalized patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.

The aging of patients with tuberculosis and better therapeutic management for them are recent concerns. This study aimed to identify risk factors for adverse drug reactions (ADRs) or death in very elderly patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and to assess the association between the dosage of antituberculosis drugs and outcomes. We conducted a multicenter retrospective study at two hospitals. Hospitalized patients (≥ 80 years old) with pulmonary tuberculosis who were treated with antituberculosis drugs were enrolled. Multivariate analysis was performed to assess factors associated with ADRs or death within 60 days after treatment initiation. In total, 632 patients were included. The primary endpoint occurred in 268 patients (190 ADRs and 78 deaths). A serum albumin level < 2.5 g/dL, respiratory failure, and dependent activities of daily living were independent risk factors for ADRs or death. However, a low dosage (< 8 mg/kg/day) of rifampicin was associated with a lower risk of the primary outcomes. Delayed time to negative sputum culture conversion was not observed in the lower dosage of rifampicin group. Very elderly hospitalized tuberculosis patients with the aforementioned risk factors should be carefully monitored to receive safer treatment. Rifampicin dosage reduction may be considered for very elderly tuberculosis patients to prevent ADRs/death.

Extended-spectrum antibiotics for community-acquired pneumonia with a low risk for drug-resistant pathogens.

OBJECTIVES: The potential hazards of extended-spectrum antibiotic therapy for patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) with low risk for drug-resistant pathogens (DRPs) remain unclear; however, risk assessment for DRPs is essential to determine the initial antibiotics to be administered. The study objective was to assess the effect of unnecessary extended-spectrum therapy on the mortality of such patients. METHODS: A post hoc analysis was conducted after a prospective multicenter observational study for CAP. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the effect of extended-spectrum therapy on 30-day mortality. Three sensitivity analyses, including propensity score analysis to confirm the robustness of findings, were also performed. RESULTS: Among 750 patients with CAP, 416 with CAP with a low risk for DRPs were analyzed; of these, 257 underwent standard therapy and 159 underwent extended-spectrum therapy. The 30-day mortality was 3.9% and 13.8% in the standard and extended-spectrum therapy groups, respectively. Primary analysis revealed that extended-spectrum therapy was associated with increased 30-day mortality compared with standard therapy (adjusted odds ratio 2.82; 95% confidence interval 1.20-6.66). The results of the sensitivity analyses were consistent with those of the primary analysis. CONCLUSION: Physicians should assess the risk for DRPs when determining the empirical antibiotic therapy and should refrain from administering unnecessary extended-spectrum antibiotics for patients with CAP with a low risk for DRPs.

An Autopsied Case of Malignant Sarcomatoid Pleural Mesothelioma in Which Chest Pain Developed Several Months Earlier without Abnormality on Imaging.

The patient experienced chest pain for about 7 months, but a diagnosis could not be made until after death. He was diagnosed with malignant sarcomatoid pleural mesothelioma on autopsy. In this case report, difficult aspects of the diagnosis are discussed. The 70-year-old Japanese man was a driver who transported ceramic-related products. Right chest pain developed in July 2013, but no abnormality was detected on a chest computed tomography (CT) performed in September 2013, and the pain was managed as right intercostal neuralgia. A chest CT performed in late October 2013 revealed a right pleural effusion, and the patient was referred to our hospital in early November 2013. Thoracentesis was performed, but the cytology was negative, and no diagnosis could be made. Close examination was postponed because the patient developed a subarachnoid hemorrhage. He underwent (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG PET) after discharge from the neurosurgery department, and extensive right pleural thickening and (18)F-FDG accumulation in this region were observed. Based on these findings, malignant pleural mesothelioma was suspected, and a thoracoscopy was performed under local anesthesia in early December 2013, but no definite diagnosis could be made. The patient selected best supportive care and died about 7 months after the initial development of right chest pain. The disease was definitively diagnosed as malignant sarcomatoid pleural mesothelioma by a pathological autopsy. When chronic chest pain of unknown cause is observed and past exposure to asbestos is suspected, actions to prevent delay in diagnosis should be taken, including testing for suspicion of malignant pleural mesothelioma.

Required thoracic drainage through the respiratory tract during transbronchial biopsy using EBUS-GS.

A 71-year-old woman was referred to our department due to an abnormal chest shadow. Imaging revealed a pulmonary nodule shadow in the left S6 segment, multiple small nodule shadows in the left pleura, and left pleural effusion. Transbronchial biopsy using endobronchial ultrasonography (EBUS) with a guide sheath was conducted. EBUS showed the probe of the sheath located in the lesion and biopsy was performed in this area. A yellow turbid fluid appeared in the sheath and vacuum aspiration resulted in collection of 200 mL of this fluid. We suspected that drainage occurred because the sheath tip had ruptured the pleural cavity. The pathological diagnosis was adenocarcinoma. It is likely that the EBUS images reflected pleural effusion adjacent to the lesion, and that the complication occurred because the biopsy was performed without awareness of these findings. This complication may be prevented by closer examination of echo findings and rotation of the X-ray source to ensure performance of the biopsy directly under the pleura.