ABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The ethnobotanical survey conducted in this study showed 47 plant species used in the Altiplane region of Mexico for the treatment of dental diseases such as toothache, dental caries, periodontal disease and gingivitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Information was collected by performing interviews. The following data were recorded: name of the patients or herbalists with their age, sex; date and place of gathering information; pathology of persons interviewed; name of the drug (vernacular name); parts used (leaves, bark, fruits, seeds, aerial parts), mode of preparation and administration, and possible combinations. The inhibitory effects of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the medicinal plants detected during the survey the on the growth of Streptococcus mutans and Phrophyromonas gingivalis were determined using microdilution method. The minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were determined from the wells of microplate with no visible bacterial growth. RESULTS: In total, tree places of the Altiplane region of Mexico were visited and five healers and 100 patients were questioned. 47 wild and cultivated species were recorded. The most frequent uses were to treat tooth pain, gum diseases, bad breath and cavities. Infusions were the most frequently prepared formulation. Other applied preparations mentioned with decreasing frequency were decocts, syrups, tinctures, direct application of the plant material without prior preparation and finally macerations. The ethanolic extracts of Haematoxylon brasiletto, Punica granatum, Iostephane heterophyla, Bursera simaruba, Cedrela odorata and Rhus standleyi (12.5-65.0 µg/mL) as well as water extracts of Haematoxylon brasiletto, Punica granatum, Iostephane heterophyla, Amphipterygium adstringens, Argemone mexicana, Cedrela odorata, Eysenhardtia polystachya, Persea americana, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomun zeylanicum, Cnidoscolus multilobus and Rhus standleyi (10.5-78.0 µg/mL) showed the highest inhibitory effect against Streptococcus mutans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. CONCLUSIONS: Many plants are used in the Mexican traditional medicine to treat oral bacterial diseases by the healers or patients. Our study demonstrated that most of the medicinal plants showed an antibacterial effect in vitro, and justified at least in part their use in traditional medicine. These results encourage further investigations to extract and identify the active chemical compounds responsible for the antibacterial effect observed.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plants, Medicinal , Porphyromonas gingivalis/drug effects , Streptococcus mutans/drug effects , Adult , Bacterial Infections/drug therapy , Ethnobotany , Female , Health Surveys , Humans , Male , Medicine, Traditional , Mexico , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Mouth Diseases/drug therapyABSTRACT
Los signos vitales son determinados en diversas áreas hospitalarias por el personal de enfermería y sirven como guía para tomar decisiones médicas. Dado que la medición de los signos vitales se ve influenciada por distintos sesgos, es importante conocer el grado de acuerdo entre quienes obtienen estos parámetros. Métodos: Los signos vitales fueron obtenidos por 27 enfermeras en 54 pacientes con enfermedad respiratoria estable. El objetivo del estudio se mantuvo ciego para las enfermeras. Se obtuvo la confiabilidad en la determinación de los signos vitales en tres grupos de enfermeras con diferente preparación académica mediante el coeficiente de correlación intraclase y el procedimiento de Bland-AItman. Una p < 0.05 fue considerada significativa. Resultados: La edad de los pacientes estudiados fue 51 ± 16 años. La tuberculosis pulmonar (29.5%) y neumonía intersticial (14.8%) fueron los diagnósticos más frecuentes. La diferencia media ± desviación estándar de la diferencia (y la media observada ± desviación estándar) de los signos vitales adquiridos por los tres grupos de enfermeras fueron: frecuencia cardiaca, 0.148 ± 6.71 (83.29 ± 10.04); frecuencia respiratoria, 0.197 ± 1.53 (23.69 ± 2.24); temperatura, 0.048 ± 0.204 (36.19 ± 0.33); presión arterial sistémica sistólica, 1.35 ± 6.02 (114.75 ± 10.91) y la presión arterial sistémica diastólica, 0.123 ± 6.12 (71.70 ± 8.25). La magnitud del acuerdo para todos los signos vitales entre los grupos diferenciales de enfermeras (especialistas-generales, generales-auxiliares y especialistas-auxiliares) fueron entre 0.69 y 0.89. Conclusión: Es confiable la determinación de los signos vitales por los tres grupos de enfermeras.
Measurement of vital signs is done by the nursing staff in several areas of the hospital; it may guide some medical decisions. As the measurement of the signs is influenced by different biasses, we decided to evaluate the degree of concordance between the staff measuring these signs. Methods: Twenty seven nurses measured the vital signs of 54 patients with stable respiratory diseases. The nurses were blinded to the study's objective. Concordance was determined between three groups of nurses from the INER Ismael Cosío Villegas, with different rank and academic background (specialist, general, auxiliary); we used the interclass correlation coefficient and the Bland-Altman approach; p < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Patients were 51 ± 16 years old. The most frequent diagnosis were pulmonary tuberculosis (29.5%) and interstitial pneumonia (14.8%). The mean difference ± standard deviation of the difference (and the mean observed ± standard deviation) of the vital signs taken by the three groups of nurses were: Heart rate 0.148 ± 6.71 (83.29 ± 10.04), respiratory rate 0.197 ± 1.53 (23.69 ± 2.24), temperature 0.048 ± 0.204 (36.19 ± 0.33), systolic arterial pressure 1.35 ± 6.02 (114.75 ± 10.91), and diastolic arterial pressure 0.123 ± 6.12 (71.70 ± 8.25). The degree of agreement for the entire vital signs between the different groups of nurses (specialist-general, general-auxiliary and specialist-auxiliary) were between 0.69 and 0.89. Conclusion: Vital signs measurements by the three groups of nurses were concordant.