Fermentation characteristics, chemical composition and protein fractioning of Gliricidia silage submitted to different fermentation periods / Características fermentativas, composição química e fracionamento da proteína da silagem de Gliricídia submetida a diferentes períodos de fermentação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fermentation time on the qualitative and chemical characteristics of Gliricidia sepium silage grown in the agreste of Sergipe. A completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and six replicates was used. The treatments were the different opening times of the silos (7, 14, 30, 42 and 60 days after the closing date). Mini PVC silos measuring 10 cm in diameter and 30 cm in length were used. The production of lactic acid was influenced (P = 0.01) by fermentation time, which showed a positive quadratic effect. Fermentation time exerted a linear effect (P=0.02) on the buffering capacity and a negative quadratic effect (P=0.01) on pH values. A positive quadratic effect (P<0.01) was observed on ammoniacal nitrogen in silage. There was a positive quadratic effect (P=0.04) on EE concentration during the fermentation times analyzed. There was no effect (P>0.05) of fermentation time on the other chemical variables, with mean values of 230.2, 66.4, 514.8, 407.6, 66.7, 107.2, 447.4 and 213.4 g/kg DM for DM, MM, NDF, ADF, lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and NFC, respectively. No effect (P>0.05) of fermentation time was observed for crude protein content or protein fractions, with mean values of 204.2, 356.2, 128.8, 353 and 162.6 g/kg for crude protein, fraction A, fraction B1 + B2, fraction B3 and fraction C, respectively. Gliricidia showed potential as a food source in the form of silage, as fermentation preserved its bromatological characteristics. It is suitable for consumption by the animals at 60 days of fermentation.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do tempo da fermentação sobre as características qualitativas e químicas da silagem de Gliricidia sepium cultivada no agreste sergipano. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualisado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo os tratamentos os diferentes períodos de abertura dos silos (7, 14, 30, 42 e 60 dias após a data do fechamento). Foram utilizados silos experimentais de PVC com 10 cm de diâmetro e 30 cm de comprimento, foram avaliadas as características fermentativas, química e o fracionamento protéico. Foi observada uma taxa de resistência de 0,13 do poder tampão em promover o abaixamento do pH por cada dia de fermentação do material. O ácido latíco apresentou efeito quadrático positivo, com ponto de máximo aos 44 dias com valor de 4,7%. O pH apresentou comportamento quadrático negativo, estima-se que aos 73,5 dias o pH atingiria o menor valor (4,0). Observou-se comportamento quadrático positivo sobre o N-NH3. O ponto de máximo para N-NH3 foi aos 68 dias com valor de 5,5%. Observou-se efeito quadrático positivo (P=0,04) na concentração de EE durante os tempos de fermentação analisados, não houve efeito (P>0,05) do tempo de fermentação para as demais variáveis químicas com valores médios de 230,2 g/kg, 66,4; 514,8; 407,6; 66,7; 107,2; 447,4 e 213,4 (g/kg da MS) para MS, MM, FDN, FDA, Lig, Hem, Cel e CNF, respectivamente. Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) do tempo de fermentação para o teor de proteína bruta (PB) e para os fracionamentos protéicos, tendo valores médios de 204,2 g/kg, 356,2, 128,8, 353, 162,6, para PB, fração A, fração B1+B2, fração B3 e fração C, respectivamente. Os parâmetros fermentativos indicam que a silagem de Gliricídia está em condições adequadas aos 60 dias de fermentação.(AU)

Fermentation characteristics, chemical composition and protein fractioning of Gliricidia silage submitted to different fermentation periods / Características fermentativas, composição química e fracionamento da proteína da silagem de Gliricídia submetida a diferentes períodos de fermentação

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of fermentation time on the qualitative and chemical characteristics of Gliricidia sepium silage grown in the agreste of Sergipe. A completely randomized experimental design with five treatments and six replicates was used. The treatments were the different opening times of the silos (7, 14, 30, 42 and 60 days after the closing date). Mini PVC silos measuring 10 cm in diameter and 30 cm in length were used. The production of lactic acid was influenced (P = 0.01) by fermentation time, which showed a positive quadratic effect. Fermentation time exerted a linear effect (P=0.02) on the buffering capacity and a negative quadratic effect (P=0.01) on pH values. A positive quadratic effect (P0.05) of fermentation time on the other chemical variables, with mean values of 230.2, 66.4, 514.8, 407.6, 66.7, 107.2, 447.4 and 213.4 g/kg DM for DM, MM, NDF, ADF, lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and NFC, respectively. No effect (P>0.05) of fermentation time was observed for crude protein content or protein fractions, with mean values of 204.2, 356.2, 128.8, 353 and 162.6 g/kg for crude protein, fraction A, fraction B1 + B2, fraction B3 and fraction C, respectively. Gliricidia showed potential as a food source in the form of silage, as fermentation preserved its bromatological characteristics. It is suitable for consumption by the animals at 60 days of fermentation.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do tempo da fermentação sobre as características qualitativas e químicas da silagem de Gliricidia sepium cultivada no agreste sergipano. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualisado com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo os tratamentos os diferentes períodos de abertura dos silos (7, 14, 30, 42 e 60 dias após a data do fechamento). Foram utilizados silos experimentais de PVC com 10 cm de diâmetro e 30 cm de comprimento, foram avaliadas as características fermentativas, química e o fracionamento protéico. Foi observada uma taxa de resistência de 0,13 do poder tampão em promover o abaixamento do pH por cada dia de fermentação do material. O ácido latíco apresentou efeito quadrático positivo, com ponto de máximo aos 44 dias com valor de 4,7%. O pH apresentou comportamento quadrático negativo, estima-se que aos 73,5 dias o pH atingiria o menor valor (4,0). Observou-se comportamento quadrático positivo sobre o N-NH3. O ponto de máximo para N-NH3 foi aos 68 dias com valor de 5,5%. Observou-se efeito quadrático positivo (P=0,04) na concentração de EE durante os tempos de fermentação analisados, não houve efeito (P>0,05) do tempo de fermentação para as demais variáveis químicas com valores médios de 230,2 g/kg, 66,4; 514,8; 407,6; 66,7; 107,2; 447,4 e 213,4 (g/kg da MS) para MS, MM, FDN, FDA, Lig, Hem, Cel e CNF, respectivamente. Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) do tempo de fermentação para o teor de proteína bruta (PB) e para os fracionamentos protéicos, tendo valores médios de 204,2 g/kg, 356,2, 128,8, 353, 162,6, para PB, fração A, fração B1+B2, fração B3 e fração C, respectivamente. Os parâmetros fermentativos indicam que a silagem de Gliricídia está em condições adequadas aos 60 dias de fermentação.

Ruminal kinetics of tropical forrages submitted or not to irrigation / Cinética ruminal de forrageiras tropicais submetidas ou não a sistema de irrigação

This study evaluated the chemical composition and kinetics of ruminal fermentation of four forage species submitted or not to irrigation. The species evaluated were Urochloa brizantha cv. MG5 (MG-5), Andropogon gayanus (Andropogon), Urochloa humidicola (Humidicola), and Digitaria umfolozi. The experiment was conducted on the Campus Rural experimental farm, São Cristóvão, SE. Significant differences (P<0.0001) were observed in the content of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), nonfibrous carbohydrates (NFC), hemicellulose, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, and lignin. Andropogon exhibited higher DM, OM, CP, ADF and lignin concentrations. NFC and cellulose content was higher in MG-5 grass. A significant difference (P=0.0002 and P=0.0004) was observed in the rate of DM and OM disappearance, respectively. These rates were higher in D. umfolozi and Humidicola, as well as in irrigated versus non-irrigated forages. There was a significant difference in cumulative gas volume which was higher in Andropogon and MG-5 compared to the other forages. Significant differences were also found in the fermentation parameters, with Andropogon grass exhibiting a lower volume and rate of gas production from the fractions of fast and slow digestion, as well as a higher lag time. Irrigation does not affect the fermentation parameters of forages and reduces their DM and CP content. The higher protein and lignin content and lower NFC content observed in Andropogon reduced fermentation parameters and cumulative gas production over time. Humidicola exhibits a higher volume of gas produced, as well as a higher gas volume from the faster- and slower-digesting fractions and the highest gas production from these fractions.(AU)

Avaliou-se a composição química e a cinética de fermentação ruminal de quatro es-pécies forrageiras submetidas ou não à irrigação. As espécies avaliadas foram Urochloa brizantha cv. MG5 (MG-5), Andropogon gayanus (Andropogon), Urochloa humidicola (Humidicola) e Digitaria umfolozi (Digitaria umfolozi). O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda experimental Campus Rural, São Cristóvão, SE. Observou-se diferença significativa (P<0,0001) nos teores de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), hemicelulose, fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), celulose e lignina. O capim Andropogon apresentou maiores teores de MS, MO, PB, FDA e lignina. O capim MG-5 apresentou maiores teores de CNF e celulose. Ob-servou-se diferença significativa (P=0,0002 e P=0,0004) na taxa de desaparecimento da MS e MO, respectivamente. Já, as espécies D. umfolozi e Humidicola apresentaram os maiores percentuais de desaparecimento da MS e MO, sendo que as forrageiras irrigadas foram maiores que as não irrigadas. Observou-se diferença significativa no volume acumulado de gás, onde os capins An-dropogon e MG-5 apresentaram maiores valores que os demais. Também foi observada diferença significativa nos parâmetros fermentativos, sendo que o capim Andropogon apresentou menores volumes e taxas de produção de gás das frações de rápida e lenta degradação, bem como maior lag time. A irrigação não afeta os parâmetros fermentativos das forrageiras e reduz o teor de matéria seca e proteína bruta das mesmas. O capim Andropogon apresenta maior teor proteico e de ligni-na, e menor teor de carboidratos não fibrosos, o que resultou em redução dos parâmetros fermen-tativos e da produção de gás acumulada ao longo do tempo...(AU)

Ruminal kinetics of tropical forrages submitted or not to irrigation / Cinética ruminal de forrageiras tropicais submetidas ou não a sistema de irrigação

This study evaluated the chemical composition and kinetics of ruminal fermentation of four forage species submitted or not to irrigation. The species evaluated were Urochloa brizantha cv. MG5 (MG-5), Andropogon gayanus (Andropogon), Urochloa humidicola (Humidicola), and Digitaria umfolozi. The experiment was conducted on the Campus Rural experimental farm, São Cristóvão, SE. Significant differences (P<0.0001) were observed in the content of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), nonfibrous carbohydrates (NFC), hemicellulose, acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, and lignin. Andropogon exhibited higher DM, OM, CP, ADF and lignin concentrations. NFC and cellulose content was higher in MG-5 grass. A significant difference (P=0.0002 and P=0.0004) was observed in the rate of DM and OM disappearance, respectively. These rates were higher in D. umfolozi and Humidicola, as well as in irrigated versus non-irrigated forages. There was a significant difference in cumulative gas volume which was higher in Andropogon and MG-5 compared to the other forages. Significant differences were also found in the fermentation parameters, with Andropogon grass exhibiting a lower volume and rate of gas production from the fractions of fast and slow digestion, as well as a higher lag time. Irrigation does not affect the fermentation parameters of forages and reduces their DM and CP content. The higher protein and lignin content and lower NFC content observed in Andropogon reduced fermentation parameters and cumulative gas production over time. Humidicola exhibits a higher volume of gas produced, as well as a higher gas volume from the faster- and slower-digesting fractions and the highest gas production from these fractions.

Avaliou-se a composição química e a cinética de fermentação ruminal de quatro es-pécies forrageiras submetidas ou não à irrigação. As espécies avaliadas foram Urochloa brizantha cv. MG5 (MG-5), Andropogon gayanus (Andropogon), Urochloa humidicola (Humidicola) e Digitaria umfolozi (Digitaria umfolozi). O experimento foi conduzido na fazenda experimental Campus Rural, São Cristóvão, SE. Observou-se diferença significativa (P<0,0001) nos teores de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), hemicelulose, fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), celulose e lignina. O capim Andropogon apresentou maiores teores de MS, MO, PB, FDA e lignina. O capim MG-5 apresentou maiores teores de CNF e celulose. Ob-servou-se diferença significativa (P=0,0002 e P=0,0004) na taxa de desaparecimento da MS e MO, respectivamente. Já, as espécies D. umfolozi e Humidicola apresentaram os maiores percentuais de desaparecimento da MS e MO, sendo que as forrageiras irrigadas foram maiores que as não irrigadas. Observou-se diferença significativa no volume acumulado de gás, onde os capins An-dropogon e MG-5 apresentaram maiores valores que os demais. Também foi observada diferença significativa nos parâmetros fermentativos, sendo que o capim Andropogon apresentou menores volumes e taxas de produção de gás das frações de rápida e lenta degradação, bem como maior lag time. A irrigação não afeta os parâmetros fermentativos das forrageiras e reduz o teor de matéria seca e proteína bruta das mesmas. O capim Andropogon apresenta maior teor proteico e de ligni-na, e menor teor de carboidratos não fibrosos, o que resultou em redução dos parâmetros fermen-tativos e da produção de gás acumulada ao longo do tempo...

Comparison of simulated periodontal bone defect depth measured in digital radiographs in dedicated and non-dedicated software systems.

OBJECTIVES: To compare simulated periodontal bone defect depth measured in digital radiographs with dedicated and non-dedicated software systems and to compare the depth measurements from each program with the measurements in dry mandibles. METHODS: Forty periodontal bone defects were created at the proximal area of the first premolar in dry pig mandibles. Measurements of the defects were performed with a periodontal probe in the dry mandible. Periapical digital radiographs of the defects were recorded using the Schick sensor in a standardized exposure setting. All images were read using a Schick dedicated software system (CDR DICOM for Windows v.3.5), and three commonly available non-dedicated software systems (Vix Win 2000 v.1.2; Adobe Photoshop 7.0 and Image Tool 3.0). The defects were measured three times in each image and a consensus was reached among three examiners using the four software systems. The difference between the radiographic measurements was analysed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and by comparing the measurements from each software system with the dry mandibles measurements using Student's t-test. RESULTS: The mean values of the bone defects measured in the radiographs were 5.07 mm, 5.06 mm, 5.01 mm and 5.11 mm for CDR Digital Image and Communication in Medicine (DICOM) for Windows, Vix Win, Adobe Photoshop, and Image Tool, respectively, and 6.67 mm for the dry mandible. The means of the measurements performed in the four software systems were not significantly different, ANOVA (P = 0.958). A significant underestimation of defect depth was obtained when we compared the mean depths from each software system with the dry mandible measurements (t-test; P approximately equal to 0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The periodontal bone defect measurements in dedicated and in three non-dedicated software systems were not significantly different, but they all underestimated the measurements when compared with the measurements obtained in the dry mandibles.

Accuracy of zoomed digital image in the detection of periodontal bone defect: in vitro study.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To evaluate the intraobserver agreement related to image interpretation and (2) to compare the accuracy of 100%, 200% and 400% zoomed digital images in the detection of simulated periodontal bone defects. METHODS: Periodontal bone defects were created in 60 pig hemi-mandibles with slow-speed burs 0.5 mm, 1.0 mm, 1.5 mm, 2.0 mm and 3.0 mm in diameter. 180 standardized digital radiographs were made using Schick sensor and evaluated at 100%, 200% and 400% zooming. The intraobserver agreement was estimated by Kappa statistic (kappa). For the evaluation of diagnostic accuracy receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed followed by chi-square test to compare the areas under ROC curves according to each level of zooming. RESULTS: For 100%, 200% and 400% zooming the intraobserver agreement was moderate (kappa=0.48, kappa=0.54 and kappa=0.43, respectively) and there were similar performances in the discrimination capacity, with ROC areas of 0.8611 (95% CI: 0.7660-0.9562), 0.8600 (95% CI: 0.7659-0.9540), and 0.8368 (95% CI: 0.7346-0.9390), respectively, with no statistical significant differences (chi2-test; P=0.8440). CONCLUSIONS: A moderate intraobserver agreement was observed in the classification of periodontal bone defects and the 100%, 200% and 400% zoomed digital images presented similar performances in the detection of periodontal bone defects.

A survey of radiographic prescription in dental implant assessment.

OBJECTIVES: To survey the current radiographic prescriptions in dental implant assessment amongst dentists in Brazil. METHODS: Sixty-nine dentists were interviewed during a dental implant meeting by two calibrated graduate students, using a 19-question questionnaire, considering imaging modality options both for pre-operative implant site assessment and for follow-up, particularly with respect to cost, patient radiation dose, and broad coverage of facial bones and teeth. Epi-Info 6.04 software was used to analyse the database file. RESULTS: Approximately 63.8% of the dentists prescribed only panoramic radiography for dental implant assessment and 28.9% ordered panoramic radiography plus periapical radiography and/or conventional tomography and/or computed tomography (CT). Only 7.2% of the dentists ordered conventional tomography or CT as a single examination, although 10.1% ordered it in combination with other imaging modalities. The main reasons given for prescribing panoramic radiography were broad coverage and cost (86.4%). CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown that most of the dentists in this study prescribe panoramic radiographs in dental implant assessment based on broad coverage and cost. They are not following the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology recommendations regarding cross-sectional imaging.

[The state of Hansen's disease endemy after the institution of the health and sanitation action program in the State of Paraíba]. / Situação da endemia hansênica apos a implantação do programa de interiorização das ações de saúde e saneamento no Estado da Paraíba.

An epidemiological study of hanseniasis carried on in the State of Paraíba, Brazil, after the establishment of a program of health and sanitation is presented. It is based on reports and statistical data gathered by the regional health centers during 1981.

Situacao da endemia hansenica apos a implantacao do programa de interiorizacao das acoes de saude e saneamento no Estado da Paraiba. / Situation of Hansen's disease endemy after the implantation of the health and sanitation action program in the State of Paraiba

Estudo epidemiologico da hanseniase, no Estado da Paraiba, apos a implantacao do programa de interiorizacao das acoes de saude e saneamento, baseado em relatorios e mapas estatisticos, enviados durante o ano de 1981, pelos nucleos regionais de saude

Situacao da hanseniase no Estado da Paraiba ate o final de 1980. / Hanseniasis in the State of Paraiba, Brazil, till the end of 1980

O presente trabalho e um estudo epidemiologico da hanseniase no Estado da Paraiba, Brasil