Prevalencia de virus del papiloma humano en mujeres españolas de un programa de cribado poblacional / Prevalence of human papillomavirus in Spanish women from a population screening program

Introducción. El virus del papiloma humano (VPH), es causa necesaria para el desarrollo de cáncer de cuello uterino. El objetivo del estudio fue estimar la prevalencia de mujeres con infección por VPH, adheridas al Programa de Prevención y Detección precoz de Cáncer de cuello de útero de Castilla y León (España). Material y métodos. Se han evaluado los resultados del análisis de VPH en las muestras de las mujeres incluidas en el programa de cribado poblacional. El estudio incluye un total de 120.326 muestras de frotis de cérvix, recogidas en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2012 y diciembre de 2014. Resultados. Se obtuvieron 12.183 muestras con detección positiva de ADN de VPH, correspondiendo a una prevalencia de 9,6‰ (IC 95% 9,5%-9,8%), en la población femenina. Los VPH asociados a un alto riesgo de transformación celular se encuentran en mayor proporción que los de bajo riesgo (5,9% vs 2,23%). La prevalencia está inversamente relacionada con la edad de las mujeres del cribado. La presencia de infecciones múltiples de VPH se demuestra en un tercio de las mujeres analizadas. Conclusiones. Estos resultados son los primeros y más amplios de un programa de cribado poblacional estructurado en España y deben servir como referencia para futuros estudios y medir el impacto futuro de la vacunación (AU)

Introduction. The human papillomavirus (HPV), is necessary to cause a woman developing cervical cancer. The aim of the study was to estimate the prevalence of women with HPV infection, covered by the program of prevention and early detection of cervical cancer of Castile and León (Spain). Material and methods. Samples of women included in the screening program were analyzed. Including a total of 120,326 cervical swab samples, collected in the period from January 2012 to December 2014. Results. 12,183 HPV positive samples were detected, representing a prevalence of 9.6 ‰, (IC 95% 9.5%-9.8%) in the female population. High-risk HPV were found in higher proportion that HPV low-risk genotypes. HPV prevalence correlates inversely with women age. Coinfections of multiple genotypes were found in one third of screened women population. Conclusions. Data showed in this study are the first and wider Spanish results from a cervical cancer screening program population non opportunistic based on HPV detection. These results would serve as a reference for future prevalence studies and to evaluate the future impact of HPV vaccination campaigns (AU)

Approach and treatment of suicidal behavior in the clinical practice of different groups of health professionals in Spain: results of the project euregena / Modelos de intervenção comportamento suicida pelos profissionais de saúde diferentes em Espanha: projeto resulta euregenas / Modelos de intervención en la conducta suicida según diferentes profesionales sanitarios en España: resultados del proyecto euregenas

According to the WHO (World Health Organization) and the European Union, suicide is considered to be a health problem of prime importance and to be one of the principal causes of unnatural death. In Spain, the number of suicides has increased 12% since 2005 . The Research Project “European Regions Enforcing Actions against Suicide (EUREGENAS), funded by the Health Program 2008-2013, has as main objective the description of an integrated model of Mental Health orientated to the prevention of suicide. The differences that allow distinguishing the meaning of prevention in suicide behavior are described and explained through a qualitative methodological strategy and through the creation of discussion groups formed by different groups of health professionals. The results highlight the existing differences between the diverse health professionals who come more in contact with this problem and it shows as well the coincidence of meaning that suicide has to be considered as a priority in the field of health.

De acordo com a OMS e a União Europeia o suicídio é considerado um problema de primeira ordem e uma das principais causas de morte não natural. Em Espanha, a taxa aumentou 12% desde 2005 (INE, 20014). O projeto de investigação Regiões Europeias Promovendo Acções contra o Suicídio (EUREGENAS), financiado pelo Programa de Saúde 2007-2013, tem como objetivo principal promover um modelo integrado de saúde mental para prevenir o suicídio. Através de uma estratégia metodológica qualitativa e do desenvolvimento de grupos de discusão com diferentes profissionais de saúde, são descritas e interpretadas as diferenças que permitem identificar como discriminar o significado da prevenção de comportamentos suicidas. Os resultados evidenciam as diferenças entre os pontos de vista e práticas dos diferentes profissionais da saúde relacionados com este problema, e a ideia reconhecida em considerar o suicídio como uma prioridade no campo da saúde.

Según la OMS y la Unión Europea, consideran el suicidio un problema de primer orden y una de las principales causas de muerte no natural. En España, la tasa ha aumentado un 12% desde 2005(1). El Proyecto de Investigación Euroepan Regions Enforcing Actions against Suicide (EUREGENAS) financiado por Health Progam 2008-2013, tiene como principal objetivo describir un modelo integrado de Salud Mental orientado a la prevención de suicidio. A través de una estrategia metodológica cualitativa y mediante la elaboración de grupos de discusión con distintos colectivos profesionales de la salud se describen e interpretan las diferencias que permiten discriminar el significado de la prevención de conductas suicidas. Los resultados ponen en evidencia las diferencias existentes entre los diferentes profesionales de la salud más relacionados con este problema y la coincidencia en considerar el suicidio como una prioridad en el ámbito de la salud.

Análisis factorial de las puntuaciones del CADRI en adolescentes universitarios españoles / Factor Analysis of Scores CADRI in Spanish College Teenagers

El estudio de la violencia en las relaciones de pareja adolescentes suscita interés, si bien el número de instrumentos disponibles para tal fin es reducido. El objetivo del estudio es examinar la validez estructural del Conflict in Adoslescent Dating Relationship Inventory (CADRI). En el estudio, participan 571 sujetos de nacionalidad española (171 hombres y 400 mujeres) de 17 a 21 años de edad (M = 18.76; DE = 1.204). Los resultados establecen un modelo de violencia sufrida y un modelo estructural de violencia cometida con valores de ajuste adecuados, saturaciones significativas e índices de consistencia interna elevados. Cada uno de los modelos propuestos está formado por cuatro factores: violencia física, violencia verbal, violencia relacional y estilo de solución de conflictos.

The study of adolescent relationship violence arouses vast interest but unfortunately the tools available for this purpose are limited. This study aims to verify the structural validity of the Conflict in Adolescent Dating Relationship Inventory (CADRI). 571 Spaniards subjects (171 males and 400 females) aged 17 to 21 (M = 18.76; SD = 1.208) took part in the study. Results show a model for suffered violence and another structural one for committed violence, both revealing adequate fit indexes, significant saturations and high internal consistency indexes. Each one of the models proposed comprises four factors: physical violence, verbal violence, relational violence and style of conflict resolution.

Approach and treatment of suicidal behavior in the clinical practice of different groups of health professionals in Spain: results of the project euregena.

According to the WHO (World Health Organization) and the European Union, suicide is considered to be a health problem of prime importance and to be one of the principal causes of unnatural death. In Spain, the number of suicides has increased 12% since 2005 . The Research Project "European Regions Enforcing Actions against Suicide (EUREGENAS), funded by the Health Program 2008-2013, has as main objective the description of an integrated model of Mental Health orientated to the prevention of suicide. The differences that allow distinguishing the meaning of prevention in suicide behavior are described and explained through a qualitative methodological strategy and through the creation of discussion groups formed by different groups of health professionals. The results highlight the existing differences between the diverse health professionals who come more in contact with this problem and it shows as well the coincidence of meaning that suicide has to be considered as a priority in the field of health.

Análisis de la estructura factorial de las puntuaciones de la «Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale» en población española / Factor structure analysis of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale scores in Spanish population

La competencia social y el comportamiento antisocial del niño son variables de gran interés para los investigadores y los educadores. No obstante, son pocos los instrumentos de evaluación disponibles que miden ambos constructos en niños pequeños. El objetivo del estudio, pues, es examinar la validez estructural del Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale for Teachers and Caregivers (PKBS-2) con el fi n de comprobar el modelo teórico que mejor se ajusta a los datos obtenidos en una muestra española. En el estudio participan 1.509 alumnos (741 niños y 768 niñas) de Educación Infantil de 3 y a 6 años de edad (media= 3,78; DT= 0,815). Los datos se analizaron con el programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS 17.0) y el programa Structural Equations Program (EQS 6.1). Tanto el modelo de habilidades sociales como el de problemas de conducta resultantes presentan valores de ajuste adecuados, saturaciones estadísticamente significativas e índices de consistencia interna (coeficiente alfa) elevados. Finalmente, se obtiene un modelo estructural de dos factores. Un primer factor de habilidades sociales compuesto por tres variables (cooperación social, interacción social e independencia social) y un segundo factor sobre problemas de conducta con dos variables (exteriorización de problemas e interiorización de problemas) (AU)

Social competence and antisocial behavior in children are interesting variables for researchers and educators. Nonetheless, there are few assessment instruments capable of measuring the two constructs in small children. The aim of this study is to verify the structural validity of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale for Teachers and Caregivers (PKBS-2), in order to determine the theoretical model that best fits the data from a Spanish sample. 1509 children from preschool education (741 males and 768 females) from 3 to 6 years old (M= 3.78; SD= 0.815) participated in the study. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-15.0) and the Structural Equations Program (EQS 6.1). The resulting models of social skills and behavioral problems show adequate fi t indexes, statistically significant loadings, and a high internal consistency index (Cronbach’s alpha). Lastly, the structural model confirms a two-factor structure: a first factor of Social Skills, comprising three variables (social cooperation, social interaction, and social independence), and a second factor of Behavior Problems, comprising two variables (externalization and internalization of problems) (AU)

[Factor structure analysis of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale scores in Spanish population]. / Análisis de la estructura factorial de las puntuaciones de la «Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale¼ en población española.

Social competence and antisocial behavior in children are interesting variables for researchers and educators. Nonetheless, there are few assessment instruments capable of measuring the two constructs in small children. The aim of this study is to verify the structural validity of the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scale for Teachers and Caregivers (PKBS-2), in order to determine the theoretical model that best fits the data from a Spanish sample. 1509 children from preschool education (741 males and 768 females) from 3 to 6 years old (M= 3.78; SD= 0.815) participated in the study. Data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS-15.0) and the Structural Equations Program (EQS 6.1). The resulting models of social skills and behavioral problems show adequate fit indexes, statistically significant loadings, and a high internal consistency index (Cronbach's alpha). Lastly, the structural model confirms a two-factor structure: a first factor of Social Skills, comprising three variables (social cooperation, social interaction, and social independence), and a second factor of Behavior Problems, comprising two variables (externalization and internalization of problems).

Identificación bacteriana mediante espectrometría de masas matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight. Comparación con la metodología habitual en los laboratorios de Microbiología Clínica / Identifying bacteria using a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer. Comparison with routine methods used in clinical microbiology laboratories

Introducción Los métodos de identificación bacteriana usados habitualmente en Microbiología Clínica, aunque miniaturizados y automatizados, se siguen basando en principios similares a las pruebas de identificación clásicas. Sin embargo, se van produciendo avances tecnológicos que pueden modificar radicalmente estas metodologías. En el presente estudio se determina la utilidad de la mass spectrometry (MS, ‘espectrometría de masas’) matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) para la identificación bacteriana habitual en el laboratorio de Microbiología Clínica. Métodos Se analizaron 294 aislamientos bacterianos aerobios y anaerobios facultativos (65 grampositivos y 229 gramnegativos) obtenidos a partir de diferentes muestras clínicas mediante metodología microbiológica habitual (Wider, Francisco Soria Melguizo, Madrid, España; Vitek-2, API Staph, API 20 Strep, API Coryne y API NH, BioMérieux, Marcy L’Etoile, Francia) y mediante un dispositivo de MS MALDI-TOF Autoflex III (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Leipzig, Alemania). Los aislamientos de Salmonella se tipificaron con sueros específicos. Los aislamientos que no ofrecieron una fiabilidad en la identificación superior al 95% en Vitek-2 o Wider se corroboraron mediante API. Los aislamientos en los que los sistemas API no ofrecieron un perfil fiable se descartaron. La identificación mediante MS MALDI-TOF se puntúa automáticamente por el software del sistema de 0–3 en función de su fiabilidad. Los aislamientos con puntuaciones inferiores a 1,5 se consideraron no fiables. La correlación entre ambas (..) (AU)

Introduction The methods routinely used for bacterial identification in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, although miniaturized and automated, are still based on the same basic principles as classical identification methods. Nevertheless, technological advances are emerging which could modify these routine methods. We report a comparative study between conventional identification methods and mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF (MS MALDI-TOF) for bacterial identification in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. Methods We analysed 294 facultative anaerobic and aerobic isolates (65 Gram positives and 229 Gram negatives), obtained from different clinical samples, using conventional microbiological methods (Wider, Fco. Soria Melguizo, Madrid, Spain; Vitek-2, APIStaph, API 20 Strep, API Coryne and API NH, bioMérieux, Marcy L’Etoile, France) and an Autoflex III MS with a MALDI-TOF device (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Leipzig, Germany). Salmonella isolates were also typed by using specific sera. Isolates identified with a confidence rate <95% were checked by using API systems. Isolates which were not accurately identified by API systems were rejected. MS MALDI-TOF identification is automatically scored by the system software between 1 and 3 points. Isolates with scores <1.5 were classified as unreliable. Correlation between both identifications was classified as correlation at the species level, at the genus level or no correlation. Results Correlation at the species level in Gram positives was 100%. Correlation in Gram negatives was 87.7% at the species level and 97.7% at the genus level. There was no correlation in 2.2% of Gram negatives studied. Identification failures occurred in the genera (..) (AU)

[Identifying bacteria using a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometer. Comparison with routine methods used in clinical microbiology laboratories]. / Identificación bacteriana mediante espectrometría de masas matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight. Comparación con la metodología habitual en los laboratorios de Microbiología Clínica.

INTRODUCTION: The methods routinely used for bacterial identification in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, although miniaturized and automated, are still based on the same basic principles as classical identification methods. Nevertheless, technological advances are emerging which could modify these routine methods. We report a comparative study between conventional identification methods and mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF (MS MALDI-TOF) for bacterial identification in the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory. METHODS: We analysed 294 facultative anaerobic and aerobic isolates (65 Gram positives and 229 Gram negatives), obtained from different clinical samples, using conventional microbiological methods (Wider, Fco. Soria Melguizo, Madrid, Spain; Vitek-2, APIStaph, API 20 Strep, API Coryne and API NH, bioMérieux, Marcy L'Etoile, France) and an Autoflex III MS with a MALDI-TOF device (Bruker Daltonics GmbH, Leipzig, Germany). Salmonella isolates were also typed by using specific sera. Isolates identified with a confidence rate <95% were checked by using API systems. Isolates which were not accurately identified by API systems were rejected. MS MALDI-TOF identification is automatically scored by the system software between 1 and 3 points. Isolates with scores <1.5 were classified as unreliable. Correlation between both identifications was classified as correlation at the species level, at the genus level or no correlation. RESULTS: Correlation at the species level in Gram positives was 100%. Correlation in Gram negatives was 87.7% at the species level and 97.7% at the genus level. There was no correlation in 2.2% of Gram negatives studied. Identification failures occurred in the genera Raoultella and Acinetobacter, in Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and in Francisella tularensis. CONCLUSION: Bacterial clinical isolates identification obtained by MS MALDI-TOF shows excellent correlation with identification obtained by conventional microbiological methods. Moreover, MS MALDI-TOF allows the identification of bacteria from colonies grown on agar culture plates in just a few minutes, with a very simple methodology and hardly any consumable costs, although the financial costs of purchasing the device can be high.

Conocimiento, percepciones y actitudes hacia el maltrato entre iguales del profesorado en activo y los docentes en formación / No disponible

No disponible

La Liga de Alumnos Amigos: desarrollo de las habilidades sociales del alumnado para prestar apoyo socioemocional / The Students’ League of Friends: Students’ social skills develop-ment for providing social and emotional support

Integrado en el proyecto subvencionado por la Unión Europea Training and Mobility for Researchers para el estudio y la prevención de los malos tratos entre iguales y por el Proyecto Sócrates Comenius I, se desarrolla el Programa de Educación para la Convivencia en Contextos Educativos (EC-CE) destinado a combatir y prevenir el maltrato entre iguales. Una de las vías de intervención establecidas en este programa tenía como población diana al alumnado. En este estudio presentamos el programa de formación dirigido a este colectivo y denominado Liga de Alumnos Amigos, así como los resultados obtenidos en la evaluación. Se trata de un programa de apoyo socioemocional entre estudiantes cuya finalidad es lograr que los alumnos adquieran y/o desarrollen las habilidades comunicativas y de ayuda necesarias para el establecimiento de relaciones interpersonales positivas, así como relaciones de ayuda, con otros compañeros en situaciones de riesgo, sean de índole académica, personal, familiar, etc. Para tal finalidad, trabajamos específicamente las habilidades sociales del alumnado. Los datos obtenidos indican una mejoría en los participantes en el programa de formación que se traducen en una mejora significativa de las habilidades sociales en comparación con aquellos que no recibieron la formación. Los datos permiten establecer un desarrollo en habilidades tales como la empatía, la asertividad, la resolución de problemas, etc

Integrated in the European project TMR - Training and Mobility for researchers about nature and prevention of bullying against school violence and the Comenius Socrates Project, is developed the programme Education for Coexistence in Educative Contexts which main goal is to prevent bullying. One intervention way established in this programme has students as target population. In this article we present the training programme called Students League of Friends as well as the main evaluation results. It is a social and emotional support programme among students which main objective is to endow the students the communicative and helping skills which are necessary to establish positive relationships, as well as supporting relation-ships with other companions at risk. For such purpose, we specifically work students’ social skills. The collected data point out an improvement in the students who participated in the training programme that is related with a significant improvement of their social skills in comparison with students who did not receive any formation. The data allows us to show a development in social skills such as empathy, assertiveness, problem resolution skills, etc

Incidencia de los malos tratos entre iguales en alumnos de Hebrón (Palestina) / Incidence of bullying among students from Hebron (Palestine)

Resumen Presentamos un estudio sobre malos tratos entre iguales realizado en la ciudad de Hebrón (Palestina). Utilizando el Bullies and Victims Questionnaire de Olweus, se presenta una descripción del fenómeno de los malos tratos entre adolescentes palestinos. La muestra está compuesta por 1492 alumnos de educación primaria y secundaria, de edades comprendidas entre los 10 y los 16 años, y pertenecientes a centros situados en ámbitos urbanos y rurales de Hebrón. Los datos muestran unas tasas de incidencia del maltrato similares a las encontradas en los países occidentales: 11,1% de víctimas, 9,5% de agresores y 78,2% de espectadores. Sin embargo, los datos también ponen de manifiesto que un mayor número de alumnos palestinos, en comparación con estudios occidentales, están involucrados en episodios de maltrato hacia los compañeros, ya sea como víctimas o como agresores. De la misma forma, los datos confirman tendencias similares en el fenómeno de los malos tratos entre iguales entre el alumnado palestino y las encontradas en el alumnado occidental

We present a study about bullying carried out in Hebron (Palestine). In the study is used the Olweus’ Bullies and Victims Questionnaire and show a description of bullying phenomena among Palestine’ teenagers. The sample is composed by 1492 students for primary and secondary education, 10-16 aged from urban and rural centres. The data shows similar incidence taxes than in occidental researches: 11,1% of victims, 9,5% of aggressors and 78,2% of bystanders. However, the data point out a higher amount of Palestine students who are exposed to violence as victims or/and aggresors, in comparison with occidental studies. In the same way, some tendencies are confirmed – those allows to characterize the bullying phenomenon – among Palestine students and are similar than founded among occidental students

Caracterización del acoso psicológico en el contexto universitario / Description of mobbing in a university setting

Presentamos un estudio descriptivo realizado con empleados universitarios (N=548) pertenecientesal sector del profesorado y del personal de administración y servicios. Los resultados señalan que el 9.31% de los empleados universitarios se considera víctima del acoso. El fenómeno es más frecuente entre las mujeres que entre los hombres aunque afectapor igual a todos los colectivos profesionales (profesorado y personal de administración yservicios). Los tipos de comportamientos de acoso más frecuentes están en función del sexo y del colectivo profesional. Entre las atribuciones causales de las víctimas encontramos las luchas de poder, la envidia, la prepotencia del acosador y la competitividad como las másimportantes. Finalmente, analizamos los efectos que el acoso tiene sobre la salud física, la salud emocional, la actividad profesional y las relaciones sociales (AU)

A descriptive study of mobbing among university staff is presented. A sample of 548 subjects was drawn for the study, consisting of teachers and administrative and service personnel. Results show that 9.31 percent of university employees perceive themselves as victims of mobbing. The event is more usual in women than men although it takes place evenly among all professional groups ?teachers, administrative and service personnel. The frequency of mobbing behaviour types depends on the gender and on the professional group. Among the victim causal attributions, there are power quarrels, envy, mobber’s arrogance and competitiveness. Finally, the effects of mobbing on health, emotional wellbeing, performance and social relationships are discussed (AU)

Detección de mecanismos de resistencia / Detection of mechanisms of resistance

La aparición de resistencias a los antimicrobianos es paralela al uso clínico de estos agentes. Los mecanismos de resistencia clásicos suelen detectarse fácilmente con las pruebas de sensibilidad in vitro. En los últimos años, sin embargo, se están describiendo nuevos mecanismos cuyo reconocimiento puede ser complejo. Las betalactamasas de espectro extendido pueden causar bajo nivel de resistencia o su actividad hidrolítica puede afectar sólo a algunos compuestos. La detección de estas enzimas se facilita demostrando sinergia entre uno o más sustratos (cefalosporinas) y un inhibidor enzimático (ácido clavulánico). En microorganismos que, además, producen betalactamasas cromosómicas resistentes a inhibidores, la detección es aún más difícil, requiriéndose técnicas bioquímicas o genéticas. La resistencia a meticilina o la resistencia intermedia a glucopéptidos en Staphylococcus aureus puede ser heterogénea (sólo existe en una parte de la población), por lo que se requieren métodos especiales: técnicas genéticas (resistencia a meticilina) o análisis de poblaciones (resistencia intermedia a glucopéptidos)

Emergence of resistance to antibiotics parallels the introduction of these agents into clinical use. Classic mechanisms of resistance are easily detected by in vitro susceptibility tests. Recognition of new mechanisms described during the last years, however, may be difficult. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases may cause low level resistance or may hidrolyze only some compounds. Detection of these enzymes depends on the demosntration of syrnegism between one or more substrates (cephalosporins) and an inhibitor (clavulanic acid). Detection is even more difficult in organisms which additionally produce chromosomal inhibitor-resistant enzymes; biochemical and genetic tests are required in these cases. Methicillin-resistance or intermediate resistance to glycopeptides in Staphylococcus aureus may be heterogeneous (expressed by only a portion of the whole population) making necessary to use especial methods: a genetic test (methicillin resistance) or population analysis (intermediate resistance to glycopeptides