Endoscopic Recurrence or Anastomotic Wound Healing Phenomenon after Ileocolic Resection for Crohn's Disease: The Challenges of Accurate Endoscopic Scoring.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Adequate endoscopic scoring in Crohn's disease [CD] is crucial, as it dictates the need for initiating postoperative medical therapy and is utilized as an outcome parameter in clinical trials. Here we aimed to observe anastomotic wound healing in relation to endoscopic scoring of both inverted and everted stapled lines in side-to-side anastomoses. METHODS: Two prospective patient cohorts were included: ileocolic resection [ICR] for CD, and right-sided colon resection for colorectal cancer [CRC]. Videos taken during colonoscopy 6 months postoperatively were evaluated. The Simplified Endoscopic Activity Score for Crohn's Disease and modified Rutgeerts score were determined. The primary outcome was the presence of ulcerations in CD patients on both the inverted and the everted stapled lines. Secondary outcomes were the presence of anastomotic ulcerations in CRC patients and the number of cases having ulcerations exclusively at the inverted stapled line. RESULTS: Of the 82 patients included in the CD cohort, ulcerations were present in 63/82 [76.8%] at the inverted- vs 1/71 [1.4%] at the everted stapled line. Likewise in the CRC cohort, ulcerations were present in 4/6 [67.7%] at the inverted vs 0/6 [0%] at the everted stapled line. In total, 27% of the 63 patients in the CD cohort had ulcerations exclusively on the inverted stapled line. CONCLUSION: Inverted stapled lines heal with ulcerations, whereas everted stapled lines heal without any ulcerations, in both CD and non-CD patients. The abnormalities at the inverted stapled line might interfere with endoscopic scoring of recurrence, with potentially an impact on patients' quality of life and on healthcare costs if postoperative treatment is initiated incorrectly.

Short-term anti-TNF therapy with surgical closure versus anti-TNF therapy in the treatment of perianal fistulas in Crohn's disease (PISA-II): a patient preference randomised trial.

BACKGROUND: Guidelines on Crohn's perianal fistulas recommend anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) treatment and suggest considering surgical closure for patients with surgically amenable disease. However, long-term outcomes following these two strategies have not been directly compared. The aim of this study was to assess radiological healing in patients who received short-term anti-TNF treatment and surgical closure compared with those who received anti-TNF treatment alone. METHODS: The PISA-II trial was a multicentre, patient preference study done in nine hospitals in the Netherlands and one hospital in Italy. Adult patients with Crohn's disease and an active high perianal fistula with a single internal opening were eligible for inclusion. After counselling, patients with no treatment preference were randomly assigned (1:1) using random block randomisation (block sizes of six without statification), to 4-month anti-TNF therapy and surgical closure or anti-TNF therapy for 1 year, after seton insertion. Patients with a treatment preference received their preferred therapy. The primary outcome was radiological healing assessed by MRI at 18 months, defined as a complete fibrotic tract or a MAGNIFI-CD (Magnetic Resonance Index for Fistula Imaging in Crohn's Disease) score of 0, assessed according to the intention-to-treat principle. Secondary outcomes included clinical closure, number of patients undergoing surgical reintervention and number of reinterventions, recurrences, and impact on quality of life measured by the Perianal Disease Activity Index (PDAI). Analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis and additionally an as-treated analysis for radiological healing and clinical closure. This study was registered at the Dutch Trial Registry, NL7625, and with EudraCT, 2018-002064-15, and is closed to accrual due to completion. FINDINGS: Between Sept 14, 2013, and Dec 7, 2019, 94 patients were enrolled onto the trial, of whom 32 (34%) were randomly assigned and 62 (66%) chose a specific treatment. 38 (40%) patients were assigned to the surgical closure group and 56 (60%) patients to the anti-TNF group. At 18 months, radiological healing was significantly more common in the surgical closure group (12 [32%] patients) than in the anti-TNF group (five [9%] patients; p=0·005). By contrast, clinical closure was not significantly different between the two treatment groups (26 [68%] patients in the surgical closure group vs 29 [52%] patients in the anti-TNF group; p=0·076). Significantly fewer patients required a reintervention in the surgical closure group than in the anti-TNF therapy group (five [13%] patients in the surgical closure group, median one reintervention [IQR one to three] vs 24 [43%] patients in the anti-TNF group, median two reinterventions [one to two]; p=0·005). Among patients who reached clinical closure during follow-up, four (14%) of 29 in the surgical closure group and five (16%) of 31 in the anti-TNF therapy group had a recurrence, which occurred only in patients without radiological healing. PDAI was significantly lower in the surgical closure group than in the anti-TNF group after 18 months (p=0·031). Adverse events and serious adverse events were similar in both treatment groups and mostly entailed reinterventions. Ten (11%) patients had side-effects associated with anti-TNF treatment. Two serious adverse events unrelated to study treatment occurred (appendicitis and myocardial infarction). One patient died from a tongue base carcinoma, unrelated to study treatment. INTERPRETATION: Short-term anti-TNF treatment combined with surgical closure induces long-term MRI healing more frequently than anti-TNF therapy in patients with Crohn's perianal fistulas. These data suggest that patients with Crohn's perianal fistula amenable for surgical closure should be counselled for this therapeutic approach. FUNDING: Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development and Broad Medical Research Program.

Laparoscopic wedge resection as an alternative to laparoscopic oncological colon resection for benign endoscopically unresectable colon polyps.

AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate, by comparing clinical and histological outcomes, whether laparoscopic (hybrid) wedge resection (LWR) could be a less invasive and safe alternative to laparoscopic oncological colon resection (OCR) for patients with an endoscopically unresectable, suspected benign, colon polyp. METHOD: All patients with an endoscopically unresectable colon polyp who were referred for surgery between 2009 and 2018 and without biopsy-proven colon cancer were identified from a prospectively maintained database. Patients with macroscopic features of malignancy during endoscopy were excluded. Clinical and histological results for patients who underwent OCR or LWR were reviewed. RESULTS: One hundred-and-twenty-two patients were included. Ninety-seven patients underwent OCR and 25 LWR. Major complications occurred in 16.7% (n = 16) of the OCR group compared with 4.0% (n = 1) of the LWR group (p = 0.06). In the OCR group the anastomotic leakage rate was 6.3% (n = 6) and the mortality rate 3.1% (n = 3). No anastomotic leakage or deaths occurred in the LWR group. The median length of hospital stay after OCR was 5 days [interquartile range (IQR) 5-9 days)] compared with 2 days (IQR 2-4 days) after LWR (p < 0.0001). Definite pathology showed a malignancy rate of 4.2% (n = 4) in the OCR group and 4.0% (n = 1) (without high-risk features) in the LWR group. CONCLUSION: This study shows that LWR was associated with significantly lower complication rates and acceptable oncological risks compared with OCR. Therefore we suggest that LWR is a safe alternative treatment, next to other endoscopic options. The treatment that is most suitable for an individual patient should be discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting.

Treatment of Perianal Fistulas in Crohn's Disease, Seton Versus Anti-TNF Versus Surgical Closure Following Anti-TNF [PISA]: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Most patients with perianal Crohn's fistula receive medical treatment with anti-tumour necrosis factor [TNF], but the results of anti-TNF treatment have not been directly compared with chronic seton drainage or surgical closure. The aim of this study was to assess if chronic seton drainage for patients with perianal Crohn's disease fistulas would result in less re-interventions, compared with anti-TNF and compared with surgical closure. METHODS: This randomised trial was performed in 19 European centres. Patients with high perianal Crohn's fistulas with a single internal opening were randomly assigned to: i] chronic seton drainage for 1 year; ii] anti-TNF therapy for 1 year; and iii] surgical closure after 2 months under a short course anti-TNF. The primary outcome was the cumulative number of patients with fistula-related re-intervention[s] at 1.5 years. Patients declining randomisation due to a specific treatment preference were included in a parallel prospective PISA registry cohort. RESULTS: Between September 14, 2013 and November 20, 2017, 44 of the 126 planned patients were randomised. The study was stopped by the data safety monitoring board because of futility. Seton treatment was associated with the highest re-intervention rate [10/15, versus 6/15 anti-TNF and 3/14 surgical closure patients, p = 0.02]. No substantial differences in perianal disease activity and quality of life between the three treatment groups were observed. Interestingly, in the PISA prospective registry, inferiority of chronic seton treatment was not observed for any outcome measure. CONCLUSIONS: The results imply that chronic seton treatment should not be recommended as the sole treatment for perianal Crohn's fistulas.

Periprocedural adverse events after endoscopic resection of T1 colorectal carcinomas.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: In contrast to the adverse event (AE) risk of endoscopic resection (ER) of adenomas, the intra- and postprocedural AE risks of ER of T1 colorectal cancer (CRC) are scarcely reported in the literature. It is unclear whether ER of early CRCs, which grow into the submucosal layer and sometimes show incomplete lifting, is associated with an increased AE risk. We aimed to identify the AE rate after ER of T1 CRCs and to identify the risk factors associated with these AEs. METHODS: Medical records of patients with T1 CRCs diagnosed between 2000 and 2014 in 15 hospitals in the Netherlands were reviewed. Patients who underwent primary ER were selected. The primary outcome was the occurrence of endoscopy-related AEs. The secondary outcome was the identification of risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression was performed. RESULTS: Endoscopic AEs occurred in 59 of 1069 (5.5%) patients, among which 37.3% were classified as mild, 59.3% as moderate, and 3.4% as severe. AEs were postprocedural bleeding (n = 40, 3.7%), perforation (n = 13, 1.2%), and postpolypectomy electrocoagulation syndrome (n = 6, 0.6%). No fatal AEs were observed. Independent predictors for AEs were age >70 years (odds ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.12-3.96) and tumor size >20 mm (odds ratio, 2.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.05-4.69). CONCLUSIONS: In this large multicenter retrospective cohort study, AE rates of ER of T1 CRC (5.5%) are comparable with reported AE rates for adenomas. Larger tumor size and age >70 years are independent predictors for AEs. This study suggests that endoscopic treatment of T1 CRCs is not associated with an increased periprocedural AE risk.

Burden of disease and increasing prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in a population-based cohort in the Netherlands.

BACKGROUND: Reported epidemiology and phenotype distributions vary widely and disease burden of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is poorly described. Our aim was to establish these features in a population-based cohort covering 319 976 inhabitants. Furthermore, differences between tertiary referral and peripheral hospital patients were quantified. METHODS: IBD patients in the adherence area of three peripheral hospitals (2004-2012) were included. Medical and surgical treatment data were obtained. Quality of life and disease activity were evaluated. An outpatient cohort from a tertiary referral centre was accrued. RESULTS: A total of 1461 patients were included: 761 (52.1%) with ulcerative colitis (UC), 579 (39.5%) with Crohn's disease (CD) and 121 (8.3%) with IBD-unspecified. Point prevalence of IBD was 432.1 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2010, which increased significantly over time, P-value of less than 0.0001. The mean annual incidence was 17.2 for UC, 10.5 for CD and 2.2 for IBD-unspecified. Tertiary referral Crohn's patients used thiopurines and biological therapy and underwent surgery significantly more often than patients in peripheral hospitals (P<0.0001). Disease activity correlated negatively with quality of life (P<0.0001) in UC and CD. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of IBD is still increasing. Burden of disease was significantly more severe, mainly in Crohn's patients, in the referral centre, highlighting the importance of population-based studies to accurately describe phenotype distribution and disease burden.

Evaluation of an assay for methylated BCAT1 and IKZF1 in plasma for detection of colorectal neoplasia.

BACKGROUND: Specific genes, such as BCAT1 and IKZF1, are methylated with high frequency in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissue compared to normal colon tissue specimens. Such DNA may leak into blood and be present as cell-free circulating DNA. We have evaluated the accuracy of a novel blood test for these two markers across the spectrum of benign and neoplastic conditions encountered in the colon and rectum. METHODS: Circulating DNA was extracted from plasma obtained from volunteers scheduled for colonoscopy for any reason, or for colonic surgery, at Australian and Dutch hospitals. The extracted DNA was bisulphite converted and analysed by methylation specific real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). A specimen was deemed positive if one or more qPCR replicates were positive for either methylated BCAT1 or IKZF1 DNA. Sensitivity and specificity for CRC were estimated as the primary outcome measures. RESULTS: Plasma samples were collected from 2105 enrolled volunteers (mean age 62 years, 54 % male), including 26 additional samples taken after surgical removal of cancers. The two-marker blood test was run successfully on 2127 samples. The test identified 85 of 129 CRC cases (sensitivity of 66 %, 95 % CI: 57-74). For CRC stages I-IV, respective positivity rates were 38 % (95 % CI: 21-58), 69 % (95 % CI: 53-82), 73 % (95 % CI: 56-85) and 94 % (95 % CI: 70-100). A positive trend was observed between positivity rate and degree of invasiveness. The colonic location of cancer did not influence assay positivity rates. Gender, age, smoking and family history were not significant predictors of marker positivity. Twelve methylation-positive cancer cases with paired pre- and post-surgery plasma showed reduction in methylation signal after surgery, with complete disappearance of signal in 10 subjects. Sensitivity for advanced adenoma (n = 338) was 6 % (95 % CI: 4-9). Specificity was 94 % (95 % CI: 92-95) in all 838 non-neoplastic pathology cases and 95 % (95 % CI: 92-97) in those with no colonic pathology detected (n = 450). CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity for cancer of this two-marker blood test justifies prospective evaluation in a true screening population relative to a proven screening test. Given the high rate of marker disappearance after cancer resection, this blood test might also be useful to monitor tumour recurrence. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12611000318987 .

Fecal immunochemical testing results and characteristics of colonic lesions.

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS: Fecal immunochemical tests (FIT) are used to detect blood in feces, which might indicate the presence of colorectal neoplasia. The aim of this study was to investigate whether FIT results vary depending on the characteristics of colonic lesions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of lesions detected in a cohort of asymptomatic individuals (aged 50 - 75 years) who were invited to participate in a FIT-based screening pilot in The Netherlands. The mean FIT result was compared across subgroups of individuals defined by histopathology of the most advanced lesion detected. In addition, the results were compared with data from a primary colonoscopy screening trial, in which participants also completed a FIT. RESULTS: In three rounds of FIT-based screening, a total of 877 FIT-positive individuals underwent colonoscopy. Higher mean FIT results (hemoglobin [Hb]/g feces) were observed in individuals with carcinomas (199 µg Hb/g) and advanced adenomas (87 µg Hb/g) compared with participants with nonadvanced adenomas (50 µg Hb/g) or those with serrated lesions (46 µg Hb/g) (P < 0.001). In the primary colonoscopy trial, 1256 participants completed a FIT test and underwent colonoscopy. The number of participants with nonadvanced adenomas as the most advanced lesion was comparable between this group and the FIT-based screening group (20 % vs. 22 %). CONCLUSION: In FIT-based screening, the mean FIT results varied depending on the characteristics of the most advanced colonic lesion. The proportion of participants with a nonadvanced adenoma as the most advanced lesion was similar in the FIT-based screening group and in the primary colonoscopy screening group, suggesting that these lesions are coincidental findings rather than FIT-detected findings. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: www.trialregister.nl number NTR2755.

The accuracy of polyp assessment during colonoscopy in FIT-screening is not acceptable on a routine basis.

BACKGROUND: During colonoscopy, correct assessment of polyps is important. Recognition of early carcinomas is needed for tailor-made treatment and avoidance of unnecessary complications. Moreover, accurate diagnosis of diminutive lesions could result in a safe resect and discard strategy. We assessed the accuracy of polyp assessment by general endoscopists without specific training or experience in image-enhanced endoscopy during routine colonoscopies within a fecal immunochemical test (FIT)-based screening program. METHODS: Data were collected in the third round of a FIT-based colorectal cancer screening pilot program. Patients diagnosed as FIT-positive (318) underwent colonoscopy using Olympus (160 and 180 series) endoscopes without magnification or routine use of (virtual) chromoendoscopy. Endoscopists received no special training. They made an on-site evaluation and classified detected polyps as hyperplastic, adenoma, carcinoma. Samples of resected lesions were sent for histopathology. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated. We differentiated for fellows and consultants. RESULTS: In the 318 patients with a positive FIT-screening result, 683 lesions were detected; 564 lesions were included in the analyses. The pathologist classified these lesions as 141 hyperplastic polyps, 349 adenomas, 16 carcinomas, and 58 other. Sensitivity for diagnosis of adenomas was 88 % (95 %CI 84 - 91); specificity 49 % (95 %CI 42 - 55). Of the 16 colorectal carcinomas, endoscopists diagnosed four incorrectly (sensitivity 75 % [95 %CI 44 - 89]; specificity 99 % [95 %CI 98 - 100]), including three stage I cancers and one stage III cancer. There were no differences in accuracy of diagnosis that related to different sizes of lesions or the experience of the endoscopist. CONCLUSION: In a routine FIT-based screening setting and without specific training or routine use of (digital) chromoendoscopy, endoscopic prediction of the histopathology of colonic lesions is inaccurate when the procedure is performed by general endoscopists.

Impact of transient elastography on clinical decision-making in patients with chronic viral hepatitis.

OBJECTIVE: Transient elastography is a noninvasive tool to quantify liver fibrosis by liver stiffness measurements (LSMs). Previous studies have extensively evaluated the accuracy of LSMs compared to liver biopsy. In this retrospective study we explore potential impact of LSMs on clinical decisions in chronic viral hepatitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: LSM-based medical advice whether to start antiviral treatment and/or surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and clinical follow-up after LSMs were analyzed in 349 patients. RESULTS: In 20% of 184 hepatitis B virus (HBV)-infected patients and 38% of 165 hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients, significant fibrosis (≥F2) was detected. In 5% (n = 7) of the 129 untreated HBV patients and in 12% (n = 19) of the HCV-infected patients, antiviral treatment was recommended solely based on LSMs. Advice for surveillance for HCC was in 40 patients based solely on LSMs (11% of all patients). Furthermore, 95% of 19 non-viremic HCV-patients (after spontaneous clearance or sustained viral response) could be discharged due to favorable LSMs (≤F2). Medical advice was followed by the treating physician in the majority of cases. However, in only 47% of 51 HCV-infected patients with advice to start treatment, this was followed in clinical practice. CONCLUSIONS: Transient elastography has a major impact on clinical practice, both as an indication to start or postpone antiviral treatment, to start surveillance for HCC, and to discharge HCV patients from follow-up after viral clearance and favorable LSMs. Medical advice to start antiviral treatment is followed in the large majority of HBV patients, but in only half of HCV patients.

Implementation of population screening for colorectal cancer by repeated Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT): third round.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common cancer in Europe with a mortality rate of almost 50%. The prognosis of patients is largely determined by the clinical and pathological stage at the time of diagnosis. Population screening has been shown to reduce CRC-related mortality rate. Most screening programs worldwide rely on fecal immunochemical testing (FIT). The effectiveness of a FIT screening program is not only influenced by initial participation rate, but also by program adherence during consecutive screening rounds. We aim to evaluate the participation rate in and yield of a third CRC screening round using FIT. METHODS AND DESIGN: Four years after the first screening round and two years after the second round, a total number of approximately 11,000 average risk individuals (50 to 75 years of age) will be invited to participate in a third round of FIT-based CRC screening. We will select individuals in the same target area as in the previous screening rounds, using the electronic database of the regional municipal administration registrations. We will invite all FIT-negatives and all non-participants in previous screening rounds, as well as eligible first time invitees who have moved into the area or have become 50 years of age.FITs will be analyzed in the special technique laboratory of the Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam. All FIT-positives will be invited for a consultation at the outpatient clinic. In the absence of contra-indications, a colonoscopy will follow at the Academic Medical Center or at the Flevohospital. The primary outcome measures are the participation rate, defined as the proportion of invitees that return a FIT in this third round of FIT-screening, and the diagnostic yield of the program. IMPLICATIONS: This study will provide precise data on the participation in later FIT screening rounds. This enables to estimate the effectiveness of CRC screening programs that rely on repeated FIT- screening, such as the one that will be implemented in the Netherlands in 2013.

Impact of Fibroscan on management of chronic viral hepatitis in clinical practice.

BACKGROUND: Liver stiffness measurement (LSM) using Fibroscan is an increasingly popular non-invasive method for quantifying liver fibrosis in patients with chronic viral hepatitis. We aimed to explore potential impact of Fibroscan on clinical management. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 133 patients with chronic hepatitis B (HBV, n = 75) or C (HCV, n = 58) underwent Fibroscan measurement. LSM results were compared with liver biopsy results, ultrasound, and APRI-scores, and the impact of LSM on clinical management was evaluated. RESULTS: LSM results indicated fibrosis stage F0-F1 in 84 patients (63%), F2 in 28 (21%), F3 in 8 (6%), and F4 in 13 patients (10%). Nineteen patients had liver biopsies within one year of LSM. In ten patients, LSM and biopsy showed the same fibrosis stage, in 8 there was one stage difference, and in 1 three stages difference. Ultrasound only showed cirrhosis in three patients, who all exhibited advanced cirrhosis at LSM. There was a statistically significant, but weak correlation between LSM results and APRI scores (r = 0.31, pvalue < 0.001). LSM results changed clinical management in 39% of patients (55 cases): in 15 patients antiviral treatment was indicated, in 21 patients surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma was indicated, and 19 successfully treated hepatitis C patients could be discharged from clinical follow-up in absence of severe fibrosis or cirrhosis. CONCLUSION: LSM appears to be a valuable non-invasive tool to manage patients with chronic viral hepatitis in clinical practice.

Gastrointestinal motility testing.

Gastrointestinal motility and the effects on luminal contents that are brought about by it can be studied in several ways. In clinical practice, manometry remains one of the most important investigational techniques, in particular for oesophageal and anorectal disorders. Radiographic examination of bolus transit through the gastrointestinal tract also continues to be a valuable tool. Scintigraphy still is the gold standard for assessment of gastric emptying, but (13)(C) breath tests are an alternative. Many other techniques are used mainly in the context of scientific research but some of these may become incorporated in the diagnostic armamentarium.

Partial gastric volumes and upper abdominal sensations in functional dyspeptic and GERD patients: a 3D ultrasonographic study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the change in proximal and distal gastric volumes after ingestion of a nutrient drink and its relationship to upper abdominal sensations using three-dimensional ultrasonography. METHODS: Fifty FD patients, 20 GERD patients patients and 35 healthy controls participated. Partial gastric volumes and sensations were assessed while fasting and after ingestion of a nutrient drink (500 mL, 300 kcal). Division of partial gastric volumes by total gastric volume was used to calculate proximal and distal gastric volume ratios. RESULTS: The proximal gastric volume ratio was smaller in FD patients and larger in GERD patients compared to controls (p < 0.001 and p= 0.008, respectively). FD patients with impaired proximal relaxation (46%) had a larger increase in distal gastric volume (p= 0.008) and higher fullness sensations (p= 0.027) compared to FD patients with normal proximal relaxation. Fullness was related to distal gastric volume in both GERD patients and healthy controls (r= 0.761, p < 0.001 and r= 0.674, p= 0.001, respectively). In FD patients this relationship was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired proximal gastric volume change after ingestion of a nutrient drink is associated with a larger distal gastric volume and increased fullness. In health and in GERD patients, the distal stomach is important in the regulation of fullness. However, in FD patients with normal or altered gastric volume distribution, this relationship is disturbed, implying that other causes are involved in the excessive generation of fullness.

Gastric emptying of a solid meal starts during meal ingestion: combined study using 13C-octanoic acid breath test and Doppler ultrasonography. Absence of a lag phase in 13C-octanoic acid breath test.

Scintigraphy and the 13C-octanoic acid breath test are both applied to assess gastric emptying. Using the 13C-octanoic acid breath test, excretion curves show 13C excretion immediately after ingestion of a solid egg meal, in contrast with scintigraphy where gastric emptying is observed after a lag phase. The aim of our study was to investigate whether transpyloric flow occurs during and directly after meal ingestion. Therefore, transpyloric flow was measured during and after ingestion of an egg meal labeled with 13C-octanoic acid, using Doppler ultrasonography. The breath test was performed simultaneously, with samples taken at regular intervals. The first emptying episode was observed 6.9 (3.9-16.2) min after start of meal ingestion. A significant relation between recovery of 13C and total duration of gastric emptying during the first 20 min was observed (partial correlation coefficient r = 0.80, p < 0.001). In conclusion, transpyloric flow starts during ingestion of a solid egg meal and results in detectable excretion of 13C.