Functional status outcomes of patients with a coronary artery bypass graft over time.

OBJECTIVE: To examine functional status outcomes among patients with a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) over time (ie, at baseline; 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery) and the impact of selected patient characteristics (ie, age, sex, comorbidities, and cardiac rehabilitation participation) on functional outcomes. DESIGN: A prospective, repeated-measures design was used to examine functional status in patients with a CABG over time. SETTING: A midwestern community hospital and regional cardiac referral center was the setting for enrolling patients with a CABG. OUTCOME MEASURES: Functional status outcomes were measured by using the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Short Form 36 (SF-36) and Modified 7-Day Activity instruments. METHODS: Baseline data were obtained by patient interview in the hospital setting after CABG surgery. At 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery, telephone interviews were conducted to administer research instruments. RESULTS: Baseline scores on 7 of the 8 subscales of the MOS SF-36 were significantly lower than at 3 months, 6 months, or 12 months after surgery. Role-emotional functioning baseline scores were not significantly lower than 3-month scores; however, baseline scores were significantly lower than 6-month and 12-month scores. Three-month subscale scores were also significantly lower than 6-month or 12-month scores except for the subscales measuring social and general health functioning. Functional status as measured by the Modified 7-Day Activity tool did not demonstrate any significant differences between 3-month, 6-month, or 12-month activity levels. There were no significant differences by age group on any of the 8 subscales of the MOS SF-36 instrument. Women and subjects with more than 1 comorbidity had a significantly lower preoperative level of physical functioning. Cardiac rehabilitation participants had lower preoperative scores on role-emotional functioning than subjects who were not in rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study can assist nurses and other health care workers to gain a perspective of the recovery and rehabilitation trajectory of patients with a CABG. The results of the study provide a basis for determining areas of functional limitations during recovery from CABG surgery. Study results can also be the foundation for evaluating outcomes of patients with a CABG when specific interventions (eg, pain management, psychosocial support, physical strengthening, fatigue management) are implemented during hospitalization, home recovery, and rehabilitation to target optimal psychosocial and physiologic functioning of patients with a CABG.

The relationship and influence of anxiety on postoperative pain in the coronary artery bypass graft patient.

The purposes of this study were to investigate the relationship of postoperative anxiety and pain following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, and to determine the effects of level of anxiety, demographic, and other factors on the level of postoperative pain. Pain intensity, sensory pain, and affective pain were measured along with anxiety on postoperative day 2 and day 3 by the McGill Pain Questionnaire Subscales (PPI, PRIS, and PRIA) and State Anxiety Inventory Scale, respectively. A direct relationship of anxiety with pain was found over time with the highest relationship on postoperative day 2 (r = 0.235-0.492, P < 0.001). A significant interaction between time and level of anxiety on affective pain was specific to postoperative day 2 (P < 0.01). Significant differences by level of anxiety and time were reported. Factors of age, gender, marital status, number of previous surgeries, and operation time had no effect on the level of postoperative pain.

Preoperative and postoperative pain in total knee replacement patients.

This descriptive study examined pain descriptors in a group of patients with arthritis prior to total knee replacement (TKR), and on postoperative days 1 and 3. The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), consisting of 78 descriptive words in 20 subclasses of descriptors scaled on intensity dimensions, was administered to each subject prior to and on two occasions after surgery. The findings support results from previous studies indicating that clusters of words are more often selected to express chronic pain, and other patterns are used to describe acute pain during the early postoperative period. Also, subjects experienced considerable pain intensity related to arthritis prior to surgery, and they reported less overall pain intensity following their TKR.

The effects of music interventions on postoperative pain and sleep in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients.

The purpose of this experimental study was to determine the effects of second and third day postoperative music interventions (music, music video) on pain and sleep in 96 postoperative patients having CABG surgery. The Verbal Rating Scale scores obtained before and after each 30-minute session showed that pain decreased over time for all three groups with no difference across groups. The McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) was administered before session 1 and after session 2, and results indicated that Sensory, Affective, and Present Pain Intensity subscales showed no group difference for pain; however, pain decreased from Day 2 to Day 3 for all three groups. For the evaluative component of pain, those in the music group had significantly (F[2,93] = 4.74, p < .05) lower scores on postoperative Day 2 than the rest period control group. Effects of the intervention on sleep as measured by the Richard Sleep Questionnaire indicated that the video group had significantly (F[2, 92] = 3.18, p < .05) better sleep scores than the control group on the third morning. These findings lend some support for selected music interventions.

Pain in the postoperative coronary artery bypass graft patient.

The purpose of this study was to assess and describe the multidimensional postoperative pain experience of patients (N = 194) undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) using the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Postoperative pain significantly decreased from postoperative day 2 to postoperative day 3 for all components of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Sensory words chosen from the McGill Pain Questionnaire on postoperative day 2 included sharp, sore, aching, and tender. Affective words chosen included exhausting on postoperative day 2 and tiring on postoperative days 2 and 3. The evaluative word annoying was chosen for both postoperative days 2 and 3. The present pain intensity (PPI) rating completed on a scale from no pain = 0 to excruciating pain = 5, showed a mean intensity rating of 1.08 for postoperative day 2 and 0.67 for postoperative day 3. These findings describing the typical pattern of postoperative pain are clinically significant in the differentiation of "normal" postoperative pain from pain experienced with postoperative complications from CABG surgery.

The effects of music interventions on anxiety in the patient after coronary artery bypass grafting.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence during the early postoperative period of selected nursing interventions on mood and anxiety of patients undergoing heart surgery. DESIGN: Prospective, repeated measures, quasiexperimental, random assignment. SETTING: The cardiovascular intensive care and progressive care units of a midwestern community hospital were used as the setting for this study. PATIENTS: Ninety-six patients who underwent elective, heart bypass surgery; the mean age of the subjects was 67 years, with an age range of 37 to 84 years. Most subjects were men (n = 65, 68%). OUTCOME MEASURES: Physiologic measures of anxiety and mood include blood pressure and heart rate. Additional measures included the use of Spielberger's state-trait anxiety inventory (STAI) and patient verbal ratings of both mood and anxiety with use of a numeric rating scale (NRS). INTERVENTION: Patients were randomly assigned to one of three groups: (1) music therapy, (2) music-video therapy, or (3) scheduled rest group. Subjects in the groups received their assigned 30-minute intervention at two episodes on postoperative days 2 and 3. Subjects had physiologic measures of blood pressure and heart rate measured immediately before the intervention and at 10-minute intervals throughout the intervention. Mood and anxiety were evaluated by having subjects use a NRS (i.e., 0 to 10) to give rating of mood and anxiety immediately before and after each session. Anxiety was further measured with the STAI. A baseline measure of STAI was taken before surgery; patients also completed the "state" anxiety tool before the intervention session on postoperative day 2 and on completion of the session on postoperative day 3. RESULTS: With use of an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), subjects' mood ratings showed significant improvement in mood among subjects in the "music intervention" group after the second intervention when controlling for the preintervention rating of mood, F(2, 87) = 4.33, p = 0.016. However, no significant differences were reported for anxiety ratings as measured by the NRS and state anxiety instruments. With use of repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), there were no significant interactions between the intervention groups and time for any of the physiologic variables. However, there were significant main effects over time for heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, which indicated a generalized physiologic relaxation response. CONCLUSIONS: Although none of the three interventions was overwhelmingly superior, the overall response by all intervention groups demonstrated a generalized relaxation response. It is also important to note that there was reduced anxiety and improved mood within all three groups.

Availability and utilization of services by Alzheimer's disease caregivers.

1. Studies show that a high percentage of family caregivers of persons with Alzheimer's disease either do not use support services or are unaware of their availability. 2. Family caregivers in rural areas use proportionately more services than caregivers in urban areas. 3. Nursing will be an integral part in improving the quality of care and living for persons with Alzheimer's disease.

Left atrial myxoma moving from right atrium to left ventricle. Non-invasive and invasive techniques and surgical findings.

A case of left atrial myxoma, prolapsing through a large atrial septal defect during systole and through the mitral valve orifice during diastole, is presented. To our knowledge this is the third such case and only the second one in which the diagnosis was made before operation. Echocardiography and phonocardiography were of great value in establishing the diagnosis of left atrial myoxoma; the features before and after operation are presented. In this patient the "swinging" of the tumor in the left atrium and in the left ventricle was echocardiographically visible. Correlations of tumor movement and heart sounds could be made. The diagnosis of a 36% left-to-right shunt on atrial level could not be made with the help of non-invasive techniques alone; cardiac catheterization revealed the shunt. The role of non-invasive techniques and of cardiac catheterization is discussed, together with a review of the relevant literature.