Expression analysis of transcription factors in sugarcane during cold stress / Análise de expressão de fatores de transcrição em cana-de-açúcar sob estresse por frio

Transcription factors (TF) are a wide class of genes in plants, and these can regulate the expression of other genes in response to various environmental stresses (biotic and abiotic). In the current study, transcription factor activity in sugarcane was examined during cold stress. Initially, RNA transcript reads of two sugarcane cultivars (ROC22 and GT08-1108) under cold stress were downloaded from SRA NCBI database. The reads were aligned into a reference genome and the differential expression analyses were performed with the R/Bioconductor edgeR package. Based on our analyses in the ROC22 cultivar, 963 TF genes were significantly upregulated under cold stress among a total of 5649 upregulated genes, while 293 TF genes were downregulated among a total of 3,289 downregulated genes. In the GT08-1108 cultivar, 974 TF genes were identified among 5,649 upregulated genes and 283 TF genes were found among 3,289 downregulated genes. Most transcription factors were annotated with GO categories related to protein binding, transcription factor binding, DNA-sequence-specific binding, transcription factor complex, transcription factor activity in RNA polymerase II, the activity of nucleic acid binding transcription factor, transcription corepressor activity, sequence-specific regulatory region, the activity of transcription factor of RNA polymerase II, transcription factor cofactor activity, transcription factor activity from plastid promoter, transcription factor activity from RNA polymerase I promoter, polymerase II and RNA polymerase III. The findings of above results will help to identify differentially expressed transcription factors during cold stress. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulation of the transcription activity of many genes. Therefore, this study provides the molecular basis for improving cold tolerance in sugarcane and other economically important grasses.

Fatores de transcrição (FT) são uma ampla classe de genes em plantas e podem regular a expressão de outros genes em resposta a vários estresses ambientais (estresses bióticos e abióticos). No presente estudo, a atividade do fator de transcrição na cana-de-açúcar foi examinada durante o estresse pelo frio. Inicialmente, as leituras de transcrição de RNA de duas cultivares de cana-de-açúcar (ROC22 e GT08-1108) sob estresse frio foram baixadas do banco de dados SRA NCBI. As leituras foram alinhadas em um genoma de referência e as análises de expressão diferencial foram realizadas com o pacote R / Bioconductor edgeR. Com base em nossas análises no cultivar ROC22, 963 genes TF foram significativamente regulados positivamente sob estresse pelo frio entre um total de 5.649 genes regulados positivamente, enquanto 293 genes TF foram regulados negativamente entre um total de 3.289 genes regulados negativamente. No cultivar GT08-1108, 974 genes TF foram identificados entre 5.649 genes regulados positivamente e 283 genes TF foram encontrados entre 3.289 genes regulados negativamente. Os fatores de transcrição, em sua maioria, foram anotados com categorias GO relacionadas à ligação de proteína, ligação de fator de transcrição, ligação específica de sequência de DNA, complexo de fator de transcrição, atividade de fator de transcrição em RNA polimerase II, atividade de fator de transcrição de ligação de ácido nucleico, atividade de corepressor de transcrição, sequência específica da região reguladora, atividade do fator de transcrição da RNA polimerase II, atividade do cofator do fator de transcrição, atividade do fator de transcrição do promotor do plastídio, atividade do fator de transcrição do promotor da RNA polimerase I, polimerase II e RNA polimerase III. As descobertas dos resultados acima ajudarão a identificar fatores de transcrição expressos diferencialmente durante o estresse pelo frio. Ele também fornece uma análise abrangente da regulação da atividade [...].

Expression analysis of transcription factors in sugarcane during cold stress

Abstract Transcription factors (TF) are a wide class of genes in plants, and these can regulate the expression of other genes in response to various environmental stresses (biotic and abiotic). In the current study, transcription factor activity in sugarcane was examined during cold stress. Initially, RNA transcript reads of two sugarcane cultivars (ROC22 and GT08-1108) under cold stress were downloaded from SRA NCBI database. The reads were aligned into a reference genome and the differential expression analyses were performed with the R/Bioconductor edgeR package. Based on our analyses in the ROC22 cultivar, 963 TF genes were significantly upregulated under cold stress among a total of 5649 upregulated genes, while 293 TF genes were downregulated among a total of 3,289 downregulated genes. In the GT08-1108 cultivar, 974 TF genes were identified among 5,649 upregulated genes and 283 TF genes were found among 3,289 downregulated genes. Most transcription factors were annotated with GO categories related to protein binding, transcription factor binding, DNA-sequence-specific binding, transcription factor complex, transcription factor activity in RNA polymerase II, the activity of nucleic acid binding transcription factor, transcription corepressor activity, sequence-specific regulatory region, the activity of transcription factor of RNA polymerase II, transcription factor cofactor activity, transcription factor activity from plastid promoter, transcription factor activity from RNA polymerase I promoter, polymerase II and RNA polymerase III. The findings of above results will help to identify differentially expressed transcription factors during cold stress. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulation of the transcription activity of many genes. Therefore, this study provides the molecular basis for improving cold tolerance in sugarcane and other economically important grasses.

Resumo Fatores de transcrição (FT) são uma ampla classe de genes em plantas e podem regular a expressão de outros genes em resposta a vários estresses ambientais (estresses bióticos e abióticos). No presente estudo, a atividade do fator de transcrição na cana-de-açúcar foi examinada durante o estresse pelo frio. Inicialmente, as leituras de transcrição de RNA de duas cultivares de cana-de-açúcar (ROC22 e GT08-1108) sob estresse frio foram baixadas do banco de dados SRA NCBI. As leituras foram alinhadas em um genoma de referência e as análises de expressão diferencial foram realizadas com o pacote R / Bioconductor edgeR. Com base em nossas análises no cultivar ROC22, 963 genes TF foram significativamente regulados positivamente sob estresse pelo frio entre um total de 5.649 genes regulados positivamente, enquanto 293 genes TF foram regulados negativamente entre um total de 3.289 genes regulados negativamente. No cultivar GT08-1108, 974 genes TF foram identificados entre 5.649 genes regulados positivamente e 283 genes TF foram encontrados entre 3.289 genes regulados negativamente. Os fatores de transcrição, em sua maioria, foram anotados com categorias GO relacionadas à ligação de proteína, ligação de fator de transcrição, ligação específica de sequência de DNA, complexo de fator de transcrição, atividade de fator de transcrição em RNA polimerase II, atividade de fator de transcrição de ligação de ácido nucleico, atividade de corepressor de transcrição, sequência específica da região reguladora, atividade do fator de transcrição da RNA polimerase II, atividade do cofator do fator de transcrição, atividade do fator de transcrição do promotor do plastídio, atividade do fator de transcrição do promotor da RNA polimerase I, polimerase II e RNA polimerase III. As descobertas dos resultados acima ajudarão a identificar fatores de transcrição expressos diferencialmente durante o estresse pelo frio. Ele também fornece uma análise abrangente da regulação da atividade de transcrição de muitos genes. Portanto, este estudo fornece base molecular para melhorar a tolerância ao frio em cana-de-açúcar e outras gramíneas economicamente importantes.

Expression analysis of transcription factors in sugarcane during cold stress / Análise de expressão de fatores de transcrição em cana-de-açúcar sob estresse por frio

Abstract Transcription factors (TF) are a wide class of genes in plants, and these can regulate the expression of other genes in response to various environmental stresses (biotic and abiotic). In the current study, transcription factor activity in sugarcane was examined during cold stress. Initially, RNA transcript reads of two sugarcane cultivars (ROC22 and GT08-1108) under cold stress were downloaded from SRA NCBI database. The reads were aligned into a reference genome and the differential expression analyses were performed with the R/Bioconductor edgeR package. Based on our analyses in the ROC22 cultivar, 963 TF genes were significantly upregulated under cold stress among a total of 5649 upregulated genes, while 293 TF genes were downregulated among a total of 3,289 downregulated genes. In the GT08-1108 cultivar, 974 TF genes were identified among 5,649 upregulated genes and 283 TF genes were found among 3,289 downregulated genes. Most transcription factors were annotated with GO categories related to protein binding, transcription factor binding, DNA-sequence-specific binding, transcription factor complex, transcription factor activity in RNA polymerase II, the activity of nucleic acid binding transcription factor, transcription corepressor activity, sequence-specific regulatory region, the activity of transcription factor of RNA polymerase II, transcription factor cofactor activity, transcription factor activity from plastid promoter, transcription factor activity from RNA polymerase I promoter, polymerase II and RNA polymerase III. The findings of above results will help to identify differentially expressed transcription factors during cold stress. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulation of the transcription activity of many genes. Therefore, this study provides the molecular basis for improving cold tolerance in sugarcane and other economically important grasses.

Resumo Fatores de transcrição (FT) são uma ampla classe de genes em plantas e podem regular a expressão de outros genes em resposta a vários estresses ambientais (estresses bióticos e abióticos). No presente estudo, a atividade do fator de transcrição na cana-de-açúcar foi examinada durante o estresse pelo frio. Inicialmente, as leituras de transcrição de RNA de duas cultivares de cana-de-açúcar (ROC22 e GT08-1108) sob estresse frio foram baixadas do banco de dados SRA NCBI. As leituras foram alinhadas em um genoma de referência e as análises de expressão diferencial foram realizadas com o pacote R / Bioconductor edgeR. Com base em nossas análises no cultivar ROC22, 963 genes TF foram significativamente regulados positivamente sob estresse pelo frio entre um total de 5.649 genes regulados positivamente, enquanto 293 genes TF foram regulados negativamente entre um total de 3.289 genes regulados negativamente. No cultivar GT08-1108, 974 genes TF foram identificados entre 5.649 genes regulados positivamente e 283 genes TF foram encontrados entre 3.289 genes regulados negativamente. Os fatores de transcrição, em sua maioria, foram anotados com categorias GO relacionadas à ligação de proteína, ligação de fator de transcrição, ligação específica de sequência de DNA, complexo de fator de transcrição, atividade de fator de transcrição em RNA polimerase II, atividade de fator de transcrição de ligação de ácido nucleico, atividade de corepressor de transcrição, sequência específica da região reguladora, atividade do fator de transcrição da RNA polimerase II, atividade do cofator do fator de transcrição, atividade do fator de transcrição do promotor do plastídio, atividade do fator de transcrição do promotor da RNA polimerase I, polimerase II e RNA polimerase III. As descobertas dos resultados acima ajudarão a identificar fatores de transcrição expressos diferencialmente durante o estresse pelo frio. Ele também fornece uma análise abrangente da regulação da atividade de transcrição de muitos genes. Portanto, este estudo fornece base molecular para melhorar a tolerância ao frio em cana-de-açúcar e outras gramíneas economicamente importantes.

Expression analysis of transcription factors in sugarcane during cold stress / Análise de expressão de fatores de transcrição em cana-de-açúcar sob estresse por frio

Transcription factors (TF) are a wide class of genes in plants, and these can regulate the expression of other genes in response to various environmental stresses (biotic and abiotic). In the current study, transcription factor activity in sugarcane was examined during cold stress. Initially, RNA transcript reads of two sugarcane cultivars (ROC22 and GT08-1108) under cold stress were downloaded from SRA NCBI database. The reads were aligned into a reference genome and the differential expression analyses were performed with the R/Bioconductor edgeR package. Based on our analyses in the ROC22 cultivar, 963 TF genes were significantly upregulated under cold stress among a total of 5649 upregulated genes, while 293 TF genes were downregulated among a total of 3,289 downregulated genes. In the GT08-1108 cultivar, 974 TF genes were identified among 5,649 upregulated genes and 283 TF genes were found among 3,289 downregulated genes. Most transcription factors were annotated with GO categories related to protein binding, transcription factor binding, DNA-sequence-specific binding, transcription factor complex, transcription factor activity in RNA polymerase II, the activity of nucleic acid binding transcription factor, transcription corepressor activity, sequence-specific regulatory region, the activity of transcription factor of RNA polymerase II, transcription factor cofactor activity, transcription factor activity from plastid promoter, transcription factor activity from RNA polymerase I promoter, polymerase II and RNA polymerase III. The findings of above results will help to identify differentially expressed transcription factors during cold stress. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulation of the transcription activity of many genes. Therefore, this study provides the molecular basis for improving cold tolerance in sugarcane and other economically important grasses.(AU)

Fatores de transcrição (FT) são uma ampla classe de genes em plantas e podem regular a expressão de outros genes em resposta a vários estresses ambientais (estresses bióticos e abióticos). No presente estudo, a atividade do fator de transcrição na cana-de-açúcar foi examinada durante o estresse pelo frio. Inicialmente, as leituras de transcrição de RNA de duas cultivares de cana-de-açúcar (ROC22 e GT08-1108) sob estresse frio foram baixadas do banco de dados SRA NCBI. As leituras foram alinhadas em um genoma de referência e as análises de expressão diferencial foram realizadas com o pacote R / Bioconductor edgeR. Com base em nossas análises no cultivar ROC22, 963 genes TF foram significativamente regulados positivamente sob estresse pelo frio entre um total de 5.649 genes regulados positivamente, enquanto 293 genes TF foram regulados negativamente entre um total de 3.289 genes regulados negativamente. No cultivar GT08-1108, 974 genes TF foram identificados entre 5.649 genes regulados positivamente e 283 genes TF foram encontrados entre 3.289 genes regulados negativamente. Os fatores de transcrição, em sua maioria, foram anotados com categorias GO relacionadas à ligação de proteína, ligação de fator de transcrição, ligação específica de sequência de DNA, complexo de fator de transcrição, atividade de fator de transcrição em RNA polimerase II, atividade de fator de transcrição de ligação de ácido nucleico, atividade de corepressor de transcrição, sequência específica da região reguladora, atividade do fator de transcrição da RNA polimerase II, atividade do cofator do fator de transcrição, atividade do fator de transcrição do promotor do plastídio, atividade do fator de transcrição do promotor da RNA polimerase I, polimerase II e RNA polimerase III. As descobertas dos resultados acima ajudarão a identificar fatores de transcrição expressos diferencialmente durante o estresse pelo frio. Ele também fornece uma análise abrangente da regulação da atividade [...].(AU)

Impact of sleep restriction in B-1 cells activation and differentiation.

B-1 lymphocytes are a subtype of B cells with functional and phenotypic features that differ from conventional B lymphocytes. These cells are mainly located in mice's pleural and peritoneal cavities and express unconventional B cell surface markers. B-1 cells participate in immunity by producing antibodies, cytokines, and chemokines and physically interacting with other immune cells. In addition, B-1 cells can differentiate into mononuclear phagocyte-like cells and phagocytize several pathogens. However, the activation and differentiation of B-1 cells are not entirely understood. It is known that several factors can influence B-1 cells, such as pathogens components and the immune response. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of chronic stress on B-1 cell activation and differentiation into phagocytes. The experimental sleep restriction was used as a stress model since the sleep alteration alters several immune cells' functions. Thus, mice were submitted to sleep restriction for 21 consecutive days, and the activation and differentiation of B-1 cells were analyzed. Our results demonstrated that B-1 cells initiated the differentiation process into mononuclear phagocytes after the period of sleep restriction. In addition, we detected a significant decrease in lymphoid lineage commitment factors (EBF, E2A, Blnk) (*P < 0.05) and an increase in the G-CSFR gene (related to the myeloid lineage commitment factor) (****P < 0.0001), as compared to control mice no submitted to sleep restriction. An increase in the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 (**P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05, respectively) and a higher production of nitric oxide (NO) (*P < 0.05) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (*P < 0.05) were also observed in B-1 cells from mice submitted to sleep restriction. Nevertheless, B-1 cells from sleep-restricted mice showed a significant reduction in the Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2, -6, and -9, and interleukine-10 (IL-10) cytokine expression (***P < 0.001) as compared to control. Sleep-restricted mice intraperitoneally infected withL. amazonensispromastigotes showed a reduction in the average internalized parasites (*P < 0.05) by B-1 cells. These findings suggest that sleep restriction interferes with B-1 lymphocyte activation and differentiation. In addition, b-1 cells assumed a more myeloid profile but with a lower phagocytic capacity in this stress condition.

Impact of sleep restriction in B-1 cells activation and differentiation

B-1 lymphocytes are a subtype of B cells with functional and phenotypic features that differ from conventional B lymphocytes. These cells are mainly located in mice’s pleural and peritoneal cavities and express unconventional B cell surface markers. B-1 cells participate in immunity by producing antibodies, cytokines, and chemokines and physically interacting with other immune cells. In addition, B-1 cells can differentiate into mononuclear phagocyte-like cells and phagocytize several pathogens. However, the activation and differentiation of B-1 cells are not entirely understood. It is known that several factors can influence B-1 cells, such as pathogens components and the immune response. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of chronic stress on B-1 cell activation and differentiation into phagocytes. The experimental sleep restriction was used as a stress model since the sleep alteration alters several immune cells' functions. Thus, mice were submitted to sleep restriction for 21 consecutive days, and the activation and differentiation of B-1 cells were analyzed. Our results demonstrated that B-1 cells initiated the differentiation process into mononuclear phagocytes after the period of sleep restriction. In addition, we detected a significant decrease in lymphoid lineage commitment factors (EBF, E2A, Blnk) (*P < 0.05) and an increase in the G-CSFR gene (related to the myeloid lineage commitment factor) (****P < 0.0001), as compared to control mice no submitted to sleep restriction. An increase in the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 (**P < 0.01 and *P < 0.05, respectively) and a higher production of nitric oxide (NO) (*P < 0.05) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) (*P < 0.05) were also observed in B-1 cells from mice submitted to sleep restriction. Nevertheless, B-1 cells from sleep-restricted mice showed a significant reduction in the Toll-like receptors (TLR)-2, −6, and −9, and interleukine-10 (IL-10) cytokine expression (***P < 0.001) as compared to control. Sleep-restricted mice intraperitoneally infected with L. amazonensis promastigotes showed a reduction in the average internalized parasites (*P < 0.05) by B-1 cells. These findings suggest that sleep restriction interferes with B-1 lymphocyte activation and differentiation. In addition, b-1 cells assumed a more myeloid profile but with a lower phagocytic capacity in this stress condition.

Expression analysis of transcription factors in sugarcane during cold stress.

Transcription factors (TF) are a wide class of genes in plants, and these can regulate the expression of other genes in response to various environmental stresses (biotic and abiotic). In the current study, transcription factor activity in sugarcane was examined during cold stress. Initially, RNA transcript reads of two sugarcane cultivars (ROC22 and GT08-1108) under cold stress were downloaded from SRA NCBI database. The reads were aligned into a reference genome and the differential expression analyses were performed with the R/Bioconductor edgeR package. Based on our analyses in the ROC22 cultivar, 963 TF genes were significantly upregulated under cold stress among a total of 5649 upregulated genes, while 293 TF genes were downregulated among a total of 3,289 downregulated genes. In the GT08-1108 cultivar, 974 TF genes were identified among 5,649 upregulated genes and 283 TF genes were found among 3,289 downregulated genes. Most transcription factors were annotated with GO categories related to protein binding, transcription factor binding, DNA-sequence-specific binding, transcription factor complex, transcription factor activity in RNA polymerase II, the activity of nucleic acid binding transcription factor, transcription corepressor activity, sequence-specific regulatory region, the activity of transcription factor of RNA polymerase II, transcription factor cofactor activity, transcription factor activity from plastid promoter, transcription factor activity from RNA polymerase I promoter, polymerase II and RNA polymerase III. The findings of above results will help to identify differentially expressed transcription factors during cold stress. It also provides a comprehensive analysis of the regulation of the transcription activity of many genes. Therefore, this study provides the molecular basis for improving cold tolerance in sugarcane and other economically important grasses.

A new species of Scinax Wagler (Hylidae: Scinaxini) from the tropical forests of Northeastern Brazil.

We describe a new species of the Scinax ruber clade from Northeastern Brazil that occurs in widely separated geographic areas in the Atlantic Forest of southern Bahia state and the Highland Humid Forest of Serra de Baturité, northeast Ceará state. Scinax tropicalia sp. nov. (holotype coordinates: -14.795694°, -39.172645°) is diagnosed from all 75 currently recognize species of the S. ruber clade by bioacoustical and morphological adult traits, such as duration (0.11-0.31 s) and dominant frequency (1.59-1.85 kHz) of the advertisement call, snout shape rounded, nearly rounded, or semi-circular in dorsal view and rounded to slightly protruding in profile, bilobate vocal sac, absence of pectoral glands and spicule-shaped papillary epidermal projections on nuptial pads, and color pattern on the dorsum of body and hidden surfaces of hindlimbs.

A neotype for Hyla x-signata Spix, 1824 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)

The uncertain identity of Hyla x-signata Spix, 1824 has been a pervasive problem in the taxonomy of the genus Scinax. A species supposedly distributed from northeastern Brazil northwards to Colombia and Venezuela, described in a few lines without much information and with an accompanying figure, and its type specimen lost during World War II, combined to produce a curious situation. Twenty-one of the 39 species of the S. ruber Clade described in the last 50 years were considered to require a diagnosis from S. x-signatus by their authors. In most cases these had no other alternative than to gather information about this species from indirect sources, frequently pointing out the problems associated with its uncertain identity. In this paper, we review the taxonomic history of Hyla x-signata, designate a neotype, provide a redescription including advertisement call and sequence data, and diagnose it from all other species of the S. ruber Clade.(AU)

A new large canopy-dwelling species of Phyllodytes Wagler, 1930 (Anura, Hylidae) from the Atlantic Forest of the state of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil.

The known diversity of treefrogs of the genus Phyllodytes has rapidly increased in recent years, currently comprising 14 species. Recent field work in the Atlantic Rainforest of the state of Bahia lead to the discovery of a new large species of Phyllodytes which is herein described based on multiple evidence including morphological, acoustical and genetic data. Phyllodytes sp. nov. is one of the largest species within the genus and presents immaculate yellowish dorsum and limbs. The advertisement call of the species is composed of 7-31 notes (half pulsed/pulsatile-half harmonic) with frequency-modulated harmonics. Phyllodytes sp. nov. has a karyotype of 2n = 22 chromosomes, as also found in other species of the genus. Genetic distance values of the 16S mitochondrial rRNA among Phyllodytes sp. nov. and its congeners range between 6.4 to 10.2%. The description of another new species for this state reinforces the need for further taxonomic work with Phyllodytes in this region that has been revealed as a priority area for research and conservation of this genus.

A neotype for Hyla x-signata Spix, 1824 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)

The uncertain identity of Hyla x-signata Spix, 1824 has been a pervasive problem in the taxonomy of the genus Scinax. A species supposedly distributed from northeastern Brazil northwards to Colombia and Venezuela, described in a few lines without much information and with an accompanying figure, and its type specimen lost during World War II, combined to produce a curious situation. Twenty-one of the 39 species of the S. ruber Clade described in the last 50 years were considered to require a diagnosis from S. x-signatus by their authors. In most cases these had no other alternative than to gather information about this species from indirect sources, frequently pointing out the problems associated with its uncertain identity. In this paper, we review the taxonomic history of Hyla x-signata, designate a neotype, provide a redescription including advertisement call and sequence data, and diagnose it from all other species of the S. ruber Clade.

A neotype for Hyla x-signata Spix, 1824 (Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae)

Abstract The uncertain identity of Hyla x-signata Spix, 1824 has been a pervasive problem in the taxonomy of the genus Scinax. A species supposedly distributed from northeastern Brazil northwards to Colombia and Venezuela, described in a few lines without much information and with an accompanying figure, and its type specimen lost during World War II, combined to produce a curious situation. Twenty-one of the 39 species of the S. ruber Clade described in the last 50 years were considered to require a diagnosis from S. x-signatus by their authors. In most cases these had no other alternative than to gather information about this species from indirect sources, frequently pointing out the problems associated with its uncertain identity. In this paper, we review the taxonomic history of Hyla x-signata, designate a neotype, provide a redescription including advertisement call and sequence data, and diagnose it from all other species of the S. ruber Clade.

Soroepidemiologia e distribuição espacial da infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Seroepidemiology and spatial distribution of Leptospira spp. infection among goats in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil / Seroepidemiología y distribuición espacial de la infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos del estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados à infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos no Agreste e do Sertão do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletadas 476 amostras de sangue de animais com idade igual ou superior a um ano, não vacinados. A pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada pela técnica de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). Para o estudo dos fatores de risco aplicou-se um questionário investigativo padronizado, constituído por perguntas objetivas ao criador, referentes às características de manejo produtivo, reprodutivo e sanitário. Das 476 amostras analisadas, 27,3% (130/476; I.C. 23,4% -31,6%) foram positivas. Em relação às propriedades, observou-se que 87,5%, apresentaram ao menos um animal positivo. O sorovar mais prevalente foi o Autumnalis (54,1%), que também apresentou maior distribuição nos diferentes pontos de estudo. Na análise de fatores de risco, a variável sexo (macho) apresentou diferença significativa (OR=0,40; I.C. 0,18 –0,88; p=0,023). Observou-se neste estudo uma elevada prevalência da infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos e que a mesma ocorre nas diferentes regiões do estudo. Desta forma, sugere-se que medidas de profilaxia sejam implementadas visando à redução da prevalência nos rebanhos e consequentemente perdas econômicas para o produtor, assim como risco para Saúde Pública.(AU)

The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiological aspects associated with Leptospira spp. infection among goats in the Agreste and Sertão regions of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. In total, 476 blood samples were collected from non-vaccinated animals aged one year or more. The antibody research was carried out using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). In order to determine risk factors, a standardized investigative questionnaire was used to ask the owner objective questions about the productive, reproductive and sanitary management characteristics of the property. Of the 476 samples analyzed, 27.3% (130/476; C.I. 23.4% -31.6%) were positive. Regarding the properties, it was observed that 87.5% presented at least one positive animal. The most common serovar was Autumnalis (54.1%), which also exhibited the greatest distribution in the different points of the study. In the risk factor analysis, a significant difference (OR=0.40; C.I. 0.18 –0.88; p=0.023) was found for the variable gender (male). Thus, it is suggested that prophylactic measures are implemented in order to reduce the prevalence in herds and consequently economic losses for producers, as well as risk to public health.(AU)

El objetivo de este trabajo fué analisar los aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados con la infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos en la región Agreste y Sertão del Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Fueran analisadas 476 muestras de caprinos no vacunados y con edad igual o superior a un año. La búsqueda de anticuerpos ha sido hecha en la técnica de aglutinación sérica Microscópica. Para la análisis de riesgo, inicialmente se aplicó un cuestionário stándar con preguntas a los ganaderos, relacionadas con las características de manejo productivo, reproductivo y sanitario. De las 476 muestras analisadas, 27,3% (130/476; I.C. 23,4% -31,6%) fueran positivas. En cuanto a las propiedades, se observó que el 87,5%, presentó por lo menos un animal positivo.El serovar más prevalente fué Autumnalis (54,1%), que también presentó una distribuición más elevada en los distintos puntos del estudio. En la análisis de los factores de riesgo, el sexo masculino presentó diferencia significativa (OR=0,40; I.C. 0,18 –0,88; p=0,023). Se observó en este estudio una alta prevalencia de infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos y que la misma ocurre en las distintas regiones de este estudio. En conclusión, és importante implementar medidas de profilaxia con el objetivo de reducir la prevalencia de la infección en los rebaños y las pérdidas económicas para el ganadero y también el riego para la Salud Pública.(AU)

B-1 cell response in immunity against parasites.

The peritoneal cavity has a microenvironment capable of promoting proliferation, differentiation, and activation of the resident cells and recruitment of blood cells through the capillary network involved in the peritoneum. Among the cells found in the peritoneal cavity, B-1 cells are a particular cell type that contains features that are not very well defined. These cells differ from conventional B lymphocytes (B-2) by phenotypic, functional, and molecular characteristics. B-1 cells can produce natural antibodies, migrate to the inflammatory focus, and have the ability to phagocytose pathogens. However, the role of B-1 cells in immunity against parasites is still not completely understood. Several experimental models have demonstrated that B-1 cells can affect the susceptibility or resistance to parasite infections depending on the model and species. Here, we review the literature to provide information on the peculiarities of B-1 lymphocytes as well as their interaction with parasites.

Soroepidemiologia e distribuição espacial da infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos do estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Seroepidemiology and spatial distribution of Leptospira spp. infection among goats in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil / Seroepidemiología y distribuición espacial de la infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos del estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados à infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos no Agreste e do Sertão do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletadas 476 amostras de sangue de animais com idade igual ou superior a um ano, não vacinados. A pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada pela técnica de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). Para o estudo dos fatores de risco aplicou-se um questionário investigativo padronizado, constituído por perguntas objetivas ao criador, referentes às características de manejo produtivo, reprodutivo e sanitário. Das 476 amostras analisadas, 27,3% (130/476; I.C. 23,4% -31,6%) foram positivas. Em relação às propriedades, observou-se que 87,5%, apresentaram ao menos um animal positivo. O sorovar mais prevalente foi o Autumnalis (54,1%), que também apresentou maior distribuição nos diferentes pontos de estudo. Na análise de fatores de risco, a variável sexo (macho) apresentou diferença significativa (OR=0,40; I.C. 0,18 –0,88; p=0,023). Observou-se neste estudo uma elevada prevalência da infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos e que a mesma ocorre nas diferentes regiões do estudo. Desta forma, sugere-se que medidas de profilaxia sejam implementadas visando à redução da prevalência nos rebanhos e consequentemente perdas econômicas para o produtor, assim como risco para Saúde Pública.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the epidemiological aspects associated with Leptospira spp. infection among goats in the Agreste and Sertão regions of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. In total, 476 blood samples were collected from non-vaccinated animals aged one year or more. The antibody research was carried out using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). In order to determine risk factors, a standardized investigative questionnaire was used to ask the owner objective questions about the productive, reproductive and sanitary management characteristics of the property. Of the 476 samples analyzed, 27.3% (130/476; C.I. 23.4% -31.6%) were positive. Regarding the properties, it was observed that 87.5% presented at least one positive animal. The most common serovar was Autumnalis (54.1%), which also exhibited the greatest distribution in the different points of the study. In the risk factor analysis, a significant difference (OR=0.40; C.I. 0.18 –0.88; p=0.023) was found for the variable gender (male). Thus, it is suggested that prophylactic measures are implemented in order to reduce the prevalence in herds and consequently economic losses for producers, as well as risk to public health.

El objetivo de este trabajo fué analisar los aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados con la infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos en la región Agreste y Sertão del Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Fueran analisadas 476 muestras de caprinos no vacunados y con edad igual o superior a un año. La búsqueda de anticuerpos ha sido hecha en la técnica de aglutinación sérica Microscópica. Para la análisis de riesgo, inicialmente se aplicó un cuestionário stándar con preguntas a los ganaderos, relacionadas con las características de manejo productivo, reproductivo y sanitario. De las 476 muestras analisadas, 27,3% (130/476; I.C. 23,4% -31,6%) fueran positivas. En cuanto a las propiedades, se observó que el 87,5%, presentó por lo menos un animal positivo.El serovar más prevalente fué Autumnalis (54,1%), que también presentó una distribuición más elevada en los distintos puntos del estudio. En la análisis de los factores de riesgo, el sexo masculino presentó diferencia significativa (OR=0,40; I.C. 0,18 –0,88; p=0,023). Se observó en este estudio una alta prevalencia de infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos y que la misma ocurre en las distintas regiones de este estudio. En conclusión, és importante implementar medidas de profilaxia con el objetivo de reducir la prevalencia de la infección en los rebaños y las pérdidas económicas para el ganadero y también el riego para la Salud Pública.

Seroepidemiología y distribuición espacial de la infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos del Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil / Seroepidemiology and spatial distribution of Leptospira spp. infection among goats in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil / Soroepidemiologia e distribuição espacial da infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este trabajo fué analisar los aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados com la infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos el la región Agreste y Sertão del Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Fueran analisadas 476 muestras de caprinos no vacunados y con edad igual o superior a un año. La búsqueda de anticuerpos ha sido hecha en la técnica de Soroaglutinación Microscópica. Para la análisi de riesgo, inicialmente se aplicó un cuestionário stándar con preguntas a los ganaderos, relacionadas con las características de manejo productivo, reproductivo y sanitario. De las 476 muestras analisadas, 27,3% (130/476; I.C. 23,4% - 31,6%) fueran positivas. En cuanto a las propiedades, se observó que el 87,5%, presentó menos un animal positivo. El serovar más prevalente fué Autumnalis (54,1%), que también presentó una distribuición más elevada en los distintos puntos del estudio. En la análisis de los factores de riesgo, el sexo masculino presentó diferencia significativa (OR=0,40; I.C. 0,18 0,88; p=0,023). Se observó en este estudio una alta prevalencia de infección por Leptospira spp. en caprinos y que la misma ocurre en las distintas regiones de este estudio. En conclusión, és importante implementar medidas de profilaxia con el objetivo de reducir la prevalencia de la infección en los rebaños y las pérdidas económicas para el ganadero y también el riego para la Salud Pública

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to analyze epidemiological aspects associated with Leptospira spp. infection among goats in the Agreste and Sertão regions of the state of Pernambuco, Brazil. In total, 476 samples were collected from non-vaccinated animals aged one year or more. The antibody research was carried out using the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). In order to determine risk factors, a standardized investigative questionnaire was used to ask the owner objective questions about the productive, reproductive and sanitary management characteristics of the property. Of the 476 samples analyzed, 27.3% (130/476; C.I. 23.4% - 31.6%) were positive. Regarding the properties, it was observed that 87.5% presented at least one positive animal. The most common serovar was Autumnalis (54.1%), which also exhibited the greatest distribution in the different points of the study. In the risk factor analysis, a significant difference (OR=0.40; C.I. 0.18 0.88; p=0.023) was found for the variable gender (male). Thus, it is suggested that prophylactic measures are implemented in order to reduce the prevalence in herds and consequently economic losses for producers, as well as risk to public health.

RESUMO: Objetivou-se com este trabalho analisar os aspectos epidemiológicos relacionados à infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos no Agreste e do Sertão do Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Foram coletadas 476 amostras de animais com idade igual ou superior a um ano, não vacinados. A pesquisa de anticorpos foi realizada pela técnica de Soroaglutinação Microscópica (SAM). Para o estudo dos fatores de risco aplicou-se um questionário investigativo padronizado, constituído por perguntas objetivas ao criador, referentes às características de manejo produtivo, reprodutivo e sanitário. Das 476 amostras analisadas, 27,3% (130/476; I.C. 23,4% - 31,6%) foram positivas. Em relação às propriedades, observou-se que 87,5%, apresentaram ao menos um animal positivo. O sorovar mais prevalente foi o Autumnalis (54,1%), que também apresentou maior distribuição nos diferentes pontos de estudo. Na análise de fatores de risco, o variável sexo (macho) apresentou diferença significativa (OR=0,40; I.C. 0,18 0,88; p=0,023). Observou-se neste estudo uma elevada prevalência da infecção por Leptospira spp. em caprinos e que a mesma ocorre nas diferentes regiões do estudo. Desta forma, sugere-se que medidas de profilaxia sejam implementadas visando à redução da prevalência nos rebanhos e consequentemente perdas econômicas para o produtor, assim como risco para Saúde Pública.

Chronic Sleep Restriction Impairs the Antitumor Immune Response in Mice.

OBJECTIVES: Sleep regulates immune function reciprocally and can affect the parameters that are directly involved in the immune response. Sleep deprivation is considered to be a stress-causing factor and is associated with impaired immune activity. It causes increased glucocorticoid concentrations by activating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; this can lead to a series of disorders that are associated with the prolonged or increased secretion of these hormones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sleep restriction (SR) on the development of pulmonary experimental metastasis and the modulation of the tumor immune response. METHODS: The SR protocol was accomplished by depriving C57BL/6 male mice of sleep for 18 h/day for 2, 7, 14, and 21 days. The modified multiple-platforms method was used for SR. RESULTS: The results showed that cytotoxic cells (i.e., natural killer [NK] and CD8+ T cells) were reduced in number and regulatory T cells were predominant in the tumor microenvironment. Sleep-restricted mice also exhibited a reduced number of dendritic cells in their lymph nodes, which may have contributed to the ineffective activation of tumor-specific T cells. Peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were also reduced in the sleep-restricted mice, thus indicating an immunosuppressive status. CONCLUSIONS: Sleep dep-rivation induces failure in the activity of cells that are im-portant to the tumor immune response, both in the tumor microenvironment and on the periphery. This leads to the early onset and increased growth rate of lung metastasis.

Extracellular Vesicles Released by Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis Promote Disease Progression and Induce the Production of Different Cytokines in Macrophages and B-1 Cells.

The extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by Leishmania can contribute to the establishment of infection and host immunomodulation. In this study, we characterized the shedding of EVs from Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis promastigotes. This species is the causative agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis, and its role during interactions with bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and peritoneal B-1 cells was evaluated. Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes cultivated in vitro at different times and temperatures spontaneously released EVs. EVs were purified using size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and quantitated by nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA). NTA revealed that the average size of the EVs was approximately 180 nm, with concentrations ranging from 1.8 × 108 to 2.4 × 109 vesicles/mL. In addition, the presence of LPG and GP63 were detected in EVs obtained at different temperatures. Naïve BMDMs stimulated with EVs exhibited increased IL-10 and IL-6 expression. However, incubating B-1 cells with parasite EVs did not stimulate IL-10 expression but led to an increase in the expression of IL-6 and TNFα. After 7 weeks post-infection, animals infected with L. amazonensis promastigotes in the presence of parasite EVs had significant higher parasite load and a polarization to Th2 response, as compared to the group infected with the parasite alone. This work demonstrated that EVs isolated from L. amazonensis promastigotes were able to stimulate macrophages and B-1 cells to express different types of cytokines. Moreover, the immunomodulatory properties of EVs probably contributed to an increase in parasite burden in mice. These findings suggest that the functionality of L. amazonensis EVs on immune system favor of parasite survival and disease progression.

The axis IL-10/claudin-10 is implicated in the modulation of aggressiveness of melanoma cells by B-1 lymphocytes.

B-1 lymphocytes are known to increase the metastatic potential of B16F10 melanoma cells via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. Since IL-10 is associated with B-1 cells performance, we hypothesized that IL-10 could be implicated in the progression of melanoma. In the present work, we found that the C57BL/6 mice, inoculated with B16F10 cells that were co-cultivated with B-1 lymphocytes from IL-10 knockout mice, developed fewer metastatic nodules than the ones which were injected with the melanoma cells that were cultivated in the presence of wild-type B-1 cells. The impairment of metastatic potential of the B16F10 cells was correlated with low activation of the ERK signaling pathway, supporting the idea that the production of IL-10 by B-1 cells influences the behavior of the tumor. A microarray analysis of the B-1 lymphocytes revealed that IL-10 deficiency is associated with down-regulation of the genes that code for claudin-10, a protein that is involved in cell-to-cell contact and that has been linked to lung adenocarcinoma. In order to determine the impact of claudin-10 in the cross-talk between B-1 lymphocytes and the B16F10 tumor cells, we took advantage of small interfering RNA. The silencing of claudin-10 gene in B-1 lymphocytes inhibited activation of the ERK pathway and abrogated the B-1-induced aggressive behavior of the B16F10 cells. Thus, our findings suggest that the axis IL-10/claudin-10 is a promising target for the development of therapeutic agents against aggressive melanoma.