Mycobacterium abscessus infections in lung transplant recipients: 15-year experience from a single institution.

PURPOSE: To evaluate our institutional experience with Mycobacterium abscessus infections occurring in lung transplant recipients (LTR). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our prospectively collected institutional adult lung transplant database from 2001 to 2015 to identify patients with M. abscessus or Mycobacterium chelonae/abscessus infection before or after transplantation. Untreated, colonized patients were excluded from the study. Electronic health records of nine out of 516 lung recipients (1.74%) with clinical infection were reviewed to determine outcomes. RESULTS: Seven patients acquired the infection after transplantation. Indications for transplantation were: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (in 6), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (in 2), and cystic fibrosis (in 1). Five patients (55.5%) underwent bilateral lung transplantation; one patient required bilateral re-transplantation for complications from infection. M. abscessus was isolated from the respiratory tract with a median time of 7.5 months (range: 3 days to 13 months) from transplantation. All patients were treated using a multidrug regimen, with durations ranging from 3 days to 12 months. Complications from infection included death in one patient, bronchial anastomotic dehiscence in one patient, delayed bronchial occlusions in two patients, and osteomyelitis of the knee in one patient. Median survival time from transplantation was 39 months (range: 11-96 months) and from the date of first positive culture was 58 months (range: 3-91 months). Five patients (55.5%) were cured but two had re-infections >1 year later. CONCLUSIONS: Mycobacterium abscessus infection in LTR is rare and can lead to severe complications. Eradication is difficult and usually requires prolonged combination antibiotic therapy and occasionally surgical management.

Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary infections.

Pulmonary infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are increasingly recognized worldwide. Although over 150 different species of NTM have been described, pulmonary infections are most commonly due to Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium abscessus. The identification of these organisms in pulmonary specimens does not always equate with active infection; supportive radiographic and clinical findings are needed to establish the diagnosis. It is difficult to eradicate NTM infections. A prolonged course of therapy with a combination of drugs is required. Unfortunately, recurrent infection with new strains of mycobacteria or a relapse of infection caused by the original organism is not uncommon. Surgical resection is appropriate in selected cases of localized disease or in cases in which the infecting organism is resistant to medical therapy. Additionally, surgery may be required for infections complicated by hemoptysis or abscess formation. This review will summarize the practical aspects of the diagnosis and management of NTM thoracic infections, with emphasis on the indications for surgery and the results of surgical intervention. The management of NTM disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections is beyond the scope of this article and, unless otherwise noted, comments apply to hosts without HIV infection.

The history of surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis.

Thoracic surgical procedures evolved from surgical management of tuberculosis; lung resections, muscle flaps, and thoracoscopy all began with efforts to control the disease. The discovery of antituberculosis drugs in 1944 to 1946 made sanatorium therapy and collapse therapy in all its forms obsolete and changed thoracic surgery dramatically. Currently, management of tuberculosis is primarily medical, and surgery has a minimal role. Today surgery is usually only performed in patients with tuberculosis when the diagnosis is necessary, who have complications or sequelae of the disease, or who have active disease resistant to therapy.

How an aspirin, a throat swab from a chicken, and four Guinea pigs changed thoracic surgery.

The development of antituberculous drugs changed thoracic surgery and also markedly lowered the morbidity and mortality of a disease that had epidemic proportions. This article summarizes aspects from 3 important articles that led to the discovery of these drugs.

Traumatic bronchial rupture and platypnea-orthodeoxia.

A patient with blunt trauma and traumatic bronchial rupture and lung collapse had prominent symptoms of platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome. These symptoms were relieved by bronchial repair. The syndrome is rarely seen and is usually associated with a patent foramen ovale or atrial septal defect. The syndrome has not been described previously in association with traumatic bronchial rupture.

Retrocardiac herniation of atelectatic lung into the opposite chest.

A 64-year-old man with a history of esophageal adenocarcinoma status postneoadjuvant therapy underwent esophagogastrectomy. Postoperatively he was found with increasing dyspnea and oxygen requirements. Computed tomography of the chest showed retrocardiac herniation of atelectatic lung into the contralateral hemithorax.

Phrenic nerve palsy and Parsonage-Turner syndrome.

This report describes 2 symptomatic patients with phrenic nerve palsy due to Parsonage-Turner syndrome who were managed by diaphragmatic plication. The characteristics of the underlying syndrome are defined.

Extended stent usage for persistent esophageal leak: should there be limits?

A patient with a spontaneous esophageal perforation was unsuccessfully managed elsewhere by repeated stent placement. Because of inability to remove the stents and persistent empyema, staged procedures of esophagectomy and later restoration of gastrointestinal continuity were necessary.

Minimally invasive endoscopic staging of suspected lung cancer.

CONTEXT: In patients with suspected lung cancer, the presence of mediastinal lymph node metastasis is a critical determinant of therapy and prognosis. Invasive staging with pathologic confirmation is recommended. Many methods for staging exist; mediastinoscopy, an invasive procedure requiring general anesthesia, is currently regarded as the diagnostic standard. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of 3 methods of minimally invasive endoscopic staging (and their combinations): traditional transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA), endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-FNA), and transesophageal endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA). In particular, we aimed to compare EBUS-FNA with TBNA. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Invasive staging of the mediastinum among consecutive patients with suspected lung cancer at a US academic medical center from November 2004 through October 2006. INTERVENTION: TBNA, EBUS-FNA, and EUS-FNA performed sequentially as a single combined procedure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Sensitivity for detecting mediastinal lymph node metastases, using pathologic confirmation and 6- to 12-month clinical follow-up as the criterion standard. RESULTS: Among 138 patients who met all study criteria, 42 (30%) had malignant lymph nodes. EBUS-FNA was more sensitive than TBNA, detecting 29 (69%) vs 15 (36%) malignant lymph nodes (P = .003). The combination of EUS-FNA and EBUS-FNA (EUS plus EBUS) had higher estimated sensitivity (93% [39/42]; 95% confidence interval, 81%-99%) and negative predictive value (97% [96/99]; 95% confidence interval, 91%-99%) compared with either method alone. EUS plus EBUS also had higher sensitivity and higher negative predictive value for detecting lymph nodes in any mediastinal location and for patients without lymph node enlargement on chest computed tomography. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that EBUS-FNA has higher sensitivity than TBNA and that EUS plus EBUS may allow near-complete minimally invasive mediastinal staging in patients with suspected lung cancer. These results require confirmation in other studies but suggest that EUS plus EBUS may be an alternative approach for mediastinal staging in patients with suspected lung cancer.

Transaortic fine-needle aspiration of centrally located lung cancer under endoscopic ultrasound guidance: the final frontier.

We describe endoscopic ultrasound guided fine-needle aspiration of a mass adjacent to the descending thoracic aorta, which was performed without complication.

Cervical sympathetic neuralgia arising from a schwannoma.

We describe an unusual case of neuropathic pain of the left face and shoulder accompanied by ipsilateral hyperhidrosis caused by a schwannoma of the cervical sympathetic chain. Additional signs of associated sympathetic hyperactivity included left-sided lacrimation, conjunctival injection, and nasal congestion. Autonomic testing demonstrated signs of increased vasomotor and sudomotor activity in the left palm. The pain was refractory to analgesic and antimigraine medications but resolved following surgical resection of the T2 schwannoma.

Jejunopexy for selectively placed fluoroscopically guided percutaneous jejunal feeding tubes.

Prophylactic placement of feeding jejunostomy tubes in patients undergoing esophagectomy or gastrectomy continues to be a common practice. The aim of jejunostomy is to maintain nutrition, especially with an anastomotic leak. Frequently total or supplemental nutrition through a jejunostomy is not required, rendering prophylactic placement unnecessary. In addition, feeding jejunostomy tubes have potentially serious complications.

Thoracoscopic extracardiac obliteration of the left atrial appendage for stroke risk reduction in atrial fibrillation.

OBJECTIVES: We evaluated left atrial appendage obliteration in high-risk patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). BACKGROUND: Left atrial appendage thrombosis and embolization is the principal mechanism of stroke in AF. Anticoagulation is underutilized and often contraindicated. METHODS: Thoracoscopic Left Appendage, Total Obliteration, No cardiac Invasion (LAPTONI) was undertaken with a loop snare in eight patients and a stapler in seven patients, median age 71 years, with clinical risk factors for stroke and with an absolute contraindication to or failure of prior thrombosis prevention with warfarin. Eleven patients had a history of prior thromboembolism. One patient took sustained warfarin during follow-up. RESULTS: The LAPTONI procedure was completed in 14 of 15 patients, and 1 patient required urgent conversion to open thoracotomy because of bleeding. Patients have been followed up for 8 to 60 months, mean 42 +/- 14 months. One fatal stroke occurred 55 months after surgery, and one non-disabling stroke three months after surgery. Two other deaths occurred, one after coronary bypass surgery and the other from hepatic failure. The subgroup of 11 patients with prior thromboembolism had an annualized rate of stroke of 5.2% per year (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3 to 21) after LAPTONI, which compares to a rate of 13% per year (95% CI 9.0 to 19) for similar aspirin-treated patients from the Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation trials (p = 0.15). CONCLUSIONS: The LAPTONI procedure appears technically feasible without immediate disabling neurologic morbidity or mortality, and it demonstrates low post-operative event rates and a statistical trend toward thromboembolic risk reduction in high-risk AF patients.