Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma of the eye: Literature review and new findings.

PURPOSE: Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is an extremely rare, aggressive, multi-system disease that can affect the eye. We describe the ophthalmic presentation, multimodal imaging and treatment response of uveal IVLBCL. METHODS: Review and case report. RESULTS: Twenty-five published cases of IVLBCL involving the eye including our own were identified. Of these, 15 patients (60%) had clinically-detectable intraocular involvement, 6 (24%) had extraocular ophthalmic involvement only and 4 (16%) had subclinical, undiagnosed intraocular involvement that was retrospectively detected on post-mortem ocular histopathology. The male to female ratio was 1.08:1 with a mean presenting age of 65.1 ± 11.7 years (range 38-82 years). The majority of cases had bilateral involvement (21/25 patients, 84%). Extraocular manifestations included diplopia, ptosis and ophthalmoplegia. Intraocular manifestations included serous retinal detachment (13/28, 46%), retinal hemorrhages (9/28, 32%), vascular changes (9/28, 32%), retinal pigment epithelial changes (7/28, 25%), thickened choroid (6/28, 21%), vitritis (5/28, 17%), cotton-wool spots (3/28, 10%), and a subretinal lesion (1/28, 3%). Histopathological diagnosis was most commonly confirmed on post-mortem enucleation (8/25 patients, 32%), skin (6/25 patients, 24%) or brain biopsy (6/25 patients, 24%). CONCLUSION: The presence of intra-retinal hemorrhages, cotton wool spots and/or Roth spots help differentiate IVLBCL from other similarly presenting diseases such as central serous chorioretinopathy and Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. New signs not previously described in IVLBCL include macular bacillary layer detachment and hypo-cyanescent spots on ultra-wide field indocyanine green angiography. The diagnosis is elusive and requires tissue biopsy, but systemic chemotherapy and rituximab can lead to rapid improvement of the eye.

Long-term outcomes of corticosteroid graft versus host disease prophylaxis in peripheral blood allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant: a comparative cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Corticosteroids (CSs) have previously been incorporated into graft versus host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis regimens for bone marrow (BM) and haemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). AIMS: To assess the impact of prophylactic CS in HSCT using peripheral blood (PB) stem cells. METHODS: Patients were identified from three HSCT centres receiving a first PB-HSCT between January 2011 and December 2015 from a fully human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-matched sibling or unrelated donor for acute myeloid leukaemia or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. To enable meaningful comparison, patients were divided into two cohorts. RESULTS: Cohort 1 included only myeloablative-matched sibling HSCT, where the only variation in GVHD prophylaxis was the addition of CS. In these 48 patients, there were no differences in GVHD, relapse, non-relapse mortality, overall survival or GVHD-relapse-free-survival (GRFS) at 4 years after transplant. Cohort 2 included the remaining HSCT recipients, where one group received CS-prophylaxis and the non-CS group received an antimetabolite, ciclosporin and anti-T-lymphocyte globulin. In these 147 patients, those receiving CS-prophylaxis experienced higher rates of chronic GVHD (71% vs 18.1%, P < 0.001) and lower rates of relapse (14.9% vs 33.9%, P = 0.02). Those receiving CS-prophylaxis had a lower 4-year GRFS (15.7% vs 40.3%, P = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: There does not appear to be a role for adding CS to standard GVHD prophylaxis regimens in PB-HSCT.

Left atrial strain in cardiac surveillance of bone marrow transplant patients with prior anthracycline exposure.

BACKGROUND: Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) has significantly improved survival rates in various hematological malignancies. However, this has led to an increased prevalence of long-term cardiotoxicity, particularly in those with prior anthracycline (AC) therapy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate changes in left atrial (LA) volume and function, including LA strain, in BMT patients with prior AC exposure and evaluate its utility as a marker of diastolic dysfunction. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional analysis of 79 BMT patients with prior AC exposure who underwent a comprehensive surveillance transthoracic echocardiogram compared to age-matched healthy volunteers. Left ventricular (LV) and LA parameters were evaluated between the 2 groups. BMT patients were stratified using traditional measures of diastolic function and additionally utilizing LA strain. RESULTS: LV systolic dysfunction with reduced LVEF (13/79) or global longitudinal strain (29/79) was present in BMT patients. There were no differences in LA volumes between the two groups. LA reservoir strain (30.1 ± 11.2% vs 34.1 ± 9.6%, p < 0.001) and LA conduit strain (13.6 ± 8.4% vs 17.0 ± 10.5%, p < 0.001) were reduced in the BMT group compared to controls. LA reservoir strain had modest correlation with mitral annular e' velocity (r = 0.468, p < 0.001). Using current diastolic function guidelines, 26/79 BMT patients had evidence of diastolic dysfunction. However, utilizing LA reservoir strain, an additional 35 patients were identified. CONCLUSIONS: LA strain can identify early diastolic dysfunction in BMT patients with prior AC treatment. With diastolic dysfunction known to precede systolic dysfunction post AC, changes in LA reservoir strain may identify more patients with cardiac dysfunction, prompting increased surveillance and treatment.

The utility of strain imaging in the cardiac surveillance of bone marrow transplant patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the utility of two-dimensional multiplanar speckle tracking strain to assess for cardiotoxicity post allogenic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for haematological conditions. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 120 consecutive patients post-BMT (80 pretreated with anthracyclines (BMT+AC), 40 BMT alone) recruited from a late effects haematology clinic, compared with 80 healthy controls, as part of a long-term cardiotoxicity surveillance study (mean duration from BMT to transthoracic echocardiogram 6±6 years). Left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LV GLS), global circumferential strain (LV GCS) and right ventricular free wall strain (RV FWS) were compared with traditionl parameters of function including LV ejection fraction (LVEF) and RV fractional area change. RESULTS: LV GLS (-17.7±3.0% vs -20.2±1.9%), LV GCS (-14.7±3.5% vs -20.4±2.1%) and RV FWS (-22.6±4.7% vs -28.0±3.8%) were all significantly (p=0.001) reduced in BMT+AC versus controls, while only LV GCS (-15.9±3.5% vs -20.4±2.1%) and RV FWS (-23.9±3.5% vs -28.0±3.8%) were significantly (p=0.001) reduced in BMT group versus controls. Even in patients with LVEF >53%, ~75% of patients in both BMT groups demonstrated a reduction in GCS. CONCLUSION: Multiplanar strain identifies a greater number of BMT patients with subclinical LV dysfunction rather than by GLS alone, and should be evaluated as part of post-BMT patient surveillence. Reduction in GCS is possibly due to effects of preconditioning, and is not fully explained by AC exposure.

Prophylactic antigen-specific T-cells targeting seven viral and fungal pathogens after allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant.

OBJECTIVES: Adoptive immunotherapy using donor-derived antigen-specific T-cells can prevent and treat infection after allogeneic haemopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT). METHODS: We treated 11 patients with a prophylactic infusion of 2 × 107 cells per square metre donor-derived T-cells targeting seven infections (six viral and one fungal) following HSCT. Targeted pathogens were cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), adenovirus, varicella zoster virus, influenza, BK virus (BKV) and Aspergillus fumigatus. RESULTS: T-cell products were successfully generated in all patients with 10 products responsive to 6 or 7 infections. T-cell infusions were associated with increases in antigen-experienced activated CD8+ T-cells by day 30. CMV, EBV and BKV reactivation occurred in the majority of patients and was well controlled except where glucocorticoids were administered soon after T-cell infusion. Three patients in that circumstance developed CMV tissue infection. No patient required treatment for invasive fungal infection. The most common CMV and EBV TCR clonotypes in the infusion product became the most common clonotypes seen at day 30 post-T-cell infusion. Donors and their recipients were recruited to the study prior to transplant. Grade III/IV graft-versus-host disease developed in four patients. At a median follow-up of 390 days post-transplant, six patients had died, 5 of relapse, and 1 of multi-organ failure. Infection did not contribute to death in any patient. CONCLUSION: Rapid reconstitution of immunity to a broad range of viral and fungal infections can be achieved using a multi-pathogen-specific T-cell product. The development of GVHD after T-cell infusion suggests that infection-specific T-cell therapy after allogeneic stem cell transplant should be combined with other strategies to reduce graft-versus-host disease.

Pralatrexate in relapsed/refractory T-cell lymphoma: a retrospective multicenter study.

We present a retrospective multicenter study of pralatrexate treatment outcomes in an Australian practice setting for patients with relapsed/refractory T-cell lymphoma who had failed 1+ systemic therapies, treated via a compassionate access program. Endpoints assessed included response rates, toxicities, and subsequent therapies. Progression-free survival (PFS), time to next treatment (TTNT), event-free survival (EFS), overall survival (OS), and time to best response, were assessed by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The study included 31 patients, with median age 69 years. We demonstrated ORR of 35.5% (n = 11), including 4 complete responses (13%) and 7 partial responses (23%). The predicted median OS was 10 months, with EFS of 9 months, and PFS of 9 months. Median TTNT was 8 months. Mucositis was the most commonly observed toxicity. This study - the second largest real-world cohort reported to date - underscores the importance of pralatrexate in relapsed/refractory T-cell lymphoma, as well as its acceptable toxicity profile.

Unrelated Donor Transplant Recipients Given Thymoglobuline Have Superior GRFS When Compared to Matched Related Donor Recipients Undergoing Transplantation without ATG.

Recipients of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from unrelated donors (URDs) and mismatched related donors (MMRDs) typically have a higher incidence of acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) compared with matched related donors (MRDs). Anti-T-cell globulins (ATGs) are often used to reduce GVHD in these recipients. We report the outcomes of 211 adult peripheral blood stem cell transplant recipients with myeloid malignancies who received a standardized transplant protocol, in which ATG (Thymoglobuline 4.5 mg/kg) was administered to recipients of URD and MMRD (n = 147) but not MRD (n = 64) transplant. For all patients, incidence of acute GVHD grades 2 to 4 was 21.4%, and chronic GVHD was 35.0%. Two-year overall survival was 63.2% (95% confidence interval, 55.8% to 71.5%), relapse-free survival was 55.3% (47.4% to 64.6%), and GVHD-free, relapse-free survival (GRFS) was 30.7% (23.2% to 40.8%). There were no differences between recipients of MRDs and other donors in relapse, nonrelapse mortality, and overall and relapse-free survival. However, compared with MRD, recipients from URDs and MMRDs had reduced moderate to severe chronic GVHD (10.4% versus 30.1%, P= .002), less chronic GVHD requiring systemic therapy (19.4% versus 38.9%, P = .006), and superior 2-year GRFS (35.5% versus 20.0%, P = .003). In this retrospective review of nonrandomized transplant groups, outcomes of HSCT performed using an URD with ATG during conditioning were superior to transplant from an MRD without ATG. The addition of Thymoglobuline to conditioning in HSCT from MRD should be further examined in prospective trials.

Pre- and post-bone marrow harvest anaemia is associated with lower CD34+ stem cell collection, high harvest volume and female gender.

BACKGROUND: Donor safety is paramount when performing bone marrow stem cell harvest. The incidence of full blood count (FBC) abnormalities among donors and variables associated with anaemia after marrow harvest are not well established. AIMS: To describe the frequency of FBC abnormalities prior to bone marrow stem cell harvest and to identify variables associated with post harvest anaemia. METHODS: Outcomes of 80 consecutive adult marrow harvests performed at our centre were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: FBC abnormalities were present in 28% of donors prior to marrow harvest with normocytic anaemia the most common abnormality in 13%. Reduced donor haemoglobin (Hb) was independently correlated with lower CD34+ cell count per kg of recipient body weight. Anaemia (Hb < 100 g/L) was seen in 20% of donors after harvest with median decrease in Hb of 19 g/L. Variables independently associated with anaemia after harvest included donor to recipient weight ratio (P = 0.011), high collection volume (P = 0.044) and female gender (P = 0.023). Total nucleated cell and CD34 concentration in the final collected product were associated with the inverse of harvested marrow volume (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Pre-harvest anaemia should be corrected where possible particularly in female donors. Marrow collection volume should be minimised to reduce post-harvest anaemia, optimise CD34+ cell number and improve nucleated and stem cell concentrations in the harvest product.

Rescue haploidentical peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for engraftment failure: a single-centre case series.

Graft failure affects approximately 5% of allogeneic stem cell transplants, with a poor prognosis. Salvage second allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT2) is limited by high rates of transplant-related mortality from infection and graft-versus-host disease. We report on five adult patients receiving rescue alloSCT2 using haploidentical peripheral blood stem cells. All patients achieved neutrophil engraftment, two subsequently died from sepsis and disease relapse, respectively. Three patients remain alive up to 2 years post-transplant. We suggest consideration of haploidentical alloSCT2 for patients with graft failure.