Effects of seasonal management programs on PM2.5 in Seoul and Beijing using DN-PMF: Collaborative efforts from the Korea-China joint research.

South Korea and China have implemented increasingly stringent mitigation measures to reduce the health risks from PM2.5 exposure, jointly conducting a ground-based air quality observation study in Northeast Asia. Dispersion normalized positive matrix factorization (DN-PMF) was used to identify PM2.5 sources in Seoul and Beijing and assess the effectiveness of the seasonal management programs (SMPs) through a comparative study. Samples were collected during three periods: January-December 2019, September 2020-May 2021, and July 2021-March 2022. In Seoul, ten sources were resolved (Secondary nitrate: 8.67 µg/m3, 34 %, Secondary sulfate: 5.67 µg/m3, 22 %, Motor vehicle: 1.83 µg/m3, 7.2 %, Biomass burning: 2.30 µg/m3, 9.1 %, Residual oil combustion: 1.66 µg/m3, 6.5 %, Industry: 2.15 µg/m3, 8.5 %, Incinerator: 1.39 µg/m3, 5.5 %, Coal combustion: 0.363 µg/m3, 1.4 %, Road dust/soil: 0.941 µg/m3, 3.7 %, Aged sea salt: 0.356 µg/m3, 1.4 %). The SMP significantly decreased PM2.5 mass concentrations and source contributions of motor vehicle, residual oil combustion, industry, coal combustion, and biomass burning sources (p-value < 0.05). For Seoul, the reduction effects of the SMPs were evident even considering the influence of the natural meteorological variations and the responses to COVID-19. In Beijing, nine sources were resolved (Secondary nitrate: 12.6 µg/m3, 28 %, Sulfate: 8.27 µg/m3, 18 %, Motor vehicle: 3.77 µg/m3, 8.4 %, Biomass burning: 2.70 µg/m3, 6.0 %, Incinerator: 4.50 µg/m3, 10 %, Coal combustion: 3.52 µg/m3, 7.8 %, Industry: 5.01 µg/m3, 11 %, Road dust/soil: 2.92 µg/m3, 6.5 %, Aged sea salt: 1.63 µg/m3, 3.6 %). Significant reductions in PM2.5 mass concentrations and source contributions of industry, coal combustion, and incinerator (p-value < 0.05) were observed, attributed to the SMP and additional measures enforced before the 2022 Beijing Winter Olympics. Unlike comparing PM2.5 mass concentration variations using conventional methods, investigation of the source contribution variations of PM2.5 by using DN-PMF can provide a deeper understanding of the effectiveness of the air quality management policies.

Universal health coverage saves more lives among severely ill COVID-19 patients: A difference-in-differences analysis of individual patient data in South Korea.

BACKGROUND: Universal health coverage (UHC) ensures affordability of a variety of essential health services for the general population. Although UHC could mitigate the harmful effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on patients and their socioeconomic position, the debate on UHC's scope and ability to improve health outcomes is ongoing. This study aimed to identify the impact of UHC policy withdrawal on the health outcomes of South Korea's severely ill COVID-19 patients. METHODS: We used a propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences combined model. This study's subjects were 44,552 hospitalized COVID-19 patients contributing towards health insurance claims data, COVID-19 notifications and vaccination data extracted from the National Health Information Database and the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency from 1 December 2020 to 30 April 2022. After PSM, 2460 patients were included. This study's exposures were severity of illness and UHC policy change. The primary outcome was the case fatality rate (CFR) for COVID-19, which was defined as death within 30 days of a COVID-19 diagnosis. There were four secondary outcomes, including time interval between diagnosis and hospitalization (days), length of stay (days), total medical expenses (USD) and the time interval between diagnosis and death (days). RESULTS: After the UHC policy's withdrawal, the severely ill patients' CFR increased to 284 per 1000 patients [95% confidence interval (CI) 229.1-338.4], hospitalization days decreased to 9.61 days (95% CI -11.20 to -8.03) and total medical expenses decreased to 5702.73 USD (95% CI -7128.41 to -4202.01) compared with those who were not severely ill. CONCLUSIONS: During the pandemic, UHC may have saved the lives of severely ill COVID-19 patients; therefore, expanding services and financial coverage could be a crucial strategy during public health crises.

Cysteine-rich 61 inhibition attenuates hepatic insulin resistance and improves lipid metabolism in high-fat diet fed mice and HepG2 cells.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is strongly associated with insulin resistance development. Hepatic lipid accumulation and inflammation are considered the main drivers of hepatic insulin resistance in MASLD. Cysteine-rich 61 (Cyr61 also called CCN1), a novel secretory matricellular protein, is implicated in liver inflammation, and its role in MASLD is not clearly understood. Therefore, we investigated the role of Cyr61 in hepatic insulin resistance and lipid metabolism as major factors in MASLD pathogenesis. In high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL/6J mice, Cyr61 was downregulated or upregulated via viral transduction. Measurements of glucose homeostasis, histological assessment of liver tissues, and gene expression and signaling pathways of lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and inflammation were performed using liver samples from these mice. Cyr61 levels in HepG2 cells were reduced using RNAi-mediated gene knockdown. Inflammation and insulin resistance were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. HFD/AAV-shCyr61 mice exhibited enhanced glucose tolerance via the protein kinase B pathway, reduced hepatic inflammation, decreased lipogenesis, and increased fatty acid oxidation. Notably, HFD/AAV-shCyr61 mice showed elevated protein expression of sirtuin 6 and phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase. In vitro experiments demonstrated that inhibition of Cyr61 downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha via the nuclear factor kappa B/c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway, and alleviated insulin resistance. Cyr61 affected hepatic inflammation, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance. Inhibition of Cyr61 reduced inflammation, recovered insulin resistance, and altered lipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro. Therefore, Cyr61 is a potential therapeutic target in MASLD.

White matter microstructural integrity as a key to effective propagation of gamma entrainment in humans.

Gamma entrainment through sensory stimulation has the potential to reduce the pathology of Alzheimer's disease in mouse models. However, clinical trials in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have yielded inconsistent results, necessitating further investigation. This single-center pre-post intervention study aims to explore the influence of white matter microstructural integrity on gamma rhythm propagation from the visual cortex to AD-affected regions in 31 cognitively normal volunteers aged ≥ 65. Gamma rhythm propagation induced by optimal FLS was measured. Diffusion tensor imaging was employed to assess the integrity of white matter tracts of interest. After excluding 5 participants with a deficit in steady-state visually evoked potentials, 26 participants were included in the final analysis. In the linear regression analyses, gamma entrainment was identified as a significant predictor of gamma propagation (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the study identified white matter microstructural integrity as a significant predictor of gamma propagation by flickering light stimulation (p < 0.05), which was specific to tracts that connect occipital and temporal or frontal regions. These findings indicate that, despite robust entrainment of gamma rhythms in the visual cortex, their propagation to other regions may be impaired if the microstructural integrity of the white matter tracts connecting the visual cortex to other areas is compromised. Consequently, our findings have expanded our understanding of the prerequisites for effective gamma entrainment and suggest that future clinical trials utilizing visual stimulation for gamma entrainment should consider white matter tract microstructural integrity for candidate selection and outcome analysis.

The tidyomics ecosystem: Enhancing omic data analyses.

The growth of omic data presents evolving challenges in data manipulation, analysis, and integration. Addressing these challenges, Bioconductor1 provides an extensive community-driven biological data analysis platform. Meanwhile, tidy R programming2 offers a revolutionary standard for data organisation and manipulation. Here, we present the tidyomics software ecosystem, bridging Bioconductor to the tidy R paradigm. This ecosystem aims to streamline omic analysis, ease learning, and encourage cross-disciplinary collaborations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of tidyomics by analysing 7.5 million peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the Human Cell Atlas3, spanning six data frameworks and ten analysis tools.

The tidyomics ecosystem: enhancing omic data analyses.

The growth of omic data presents evolving challenges in data manipulation, analysis and integration. Addressing these challenges, Bioconductor provides an extensive community-driven biological data analysis platform. Meanwhile, tidy R programming offers a revolutionary data organization and manipulation standard. Here we present the tidyomics software ecosystem, bridging Bioconductor to the tidy R paradigm. This ecosystem aims to streamline omic analysis, ease learning and encourage cross-disciplinary collaborations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of tidyomics by analyzing 7.5 million peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the Human Cell Atlas, spanning six data frameworks and ten analysis tools.

[MR Imaging Features of Pediatric Bone Marrow]. / 소아 골수의 MR 영상 소견.

MRI plays a crucial role in bone marrow (BM) assessment, and has very high sensitivity in diagnosing marrow disorders. However, for radiologists who may not frequently encounter pediatric imaging, distinguishing pathologic BM lesion from normal BM can be challenging. Conditions involving the BM in pediatric patients, such as leukemia and metastatic neuroblastoma, often manifest with diverse musculoskeletal symptoms and may be diagnosed using musculoskeletal MRI examinations. Accurate interpretation of pediatric MRI requires not only an understanding of the normal composition of BM but also an awareness of agerelated developmental changes in the marrow and familiarity with conditions that commonly involve pediatric BM. We aim to describe the composition of normal BM and outline the normal and abnormal MRI findings in pediatric BM. Additionally, we aim to present clinical cases of malignant BM disorders including leukemia, neuroblastoma metastasis, and other malignant BM disorders.

The Analysis of in vitro Fertilization Outcomes after Fertility-Preserving Therapy for Endometrial Hyperplasia or Carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of fertility-preserving therapy through in vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures in women who were pathologically diagnosed with endometrial hyperplasia or carcinoma. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study on fertility-preserving therapy was conducted. Participants/Materials, Setting: A total of 82 women were enrolled who had simple endometrial hyperplasia (SH), complex hyperplasia (CH), complex atypical hyperplasia (CAH), and endometrioid endometrial carcinoma stage IA (EC IA) and underwent IVF at Gangnam CHA fertility center between January 2008 and December 2020. METHODS: The primary endpoints were oncologic outcomes and subsequent reproductive outcomes of patients who underwent fertility-preserving treatments analyzed by χ2 test or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Of the 82 patients, 33 had a cumulative clinical pregnancy (40.2%), and 25 had a cumulative live birth (30.5%) through IVF procedures following pathologic confirmation of complete remission or non-progressive status. The cumulative clinical pregnancy rates and live birth rates for SH were 50.0% and 30.0%, for CH were 37.8% and 28.9%, for CAH were 25.0% and 25.0%, and for EC were 38.5% and 38.5%, respectively. There were no significant differences in cumulative clinical pregnancy rates or live birth rates when comparing the four groups. There was a difference in endometrial thickness between medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) treatment group and intrauterine device (IUD) group (p = 0.036); however, there were no significant differences in clinical pregnancy rates among MPA, IUD, and MPA+IUD groups. LIMITATIONS: Because of the retrospective nature of the study, many factors relevant to the treatment decision were not strictly controlled. CONCLUSIONS: All endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma groups had competent cumulative live birth rates by IVF procedures. There may be differences in endometrial thickness depending on the treatment methods, but this does not affect clinical pregnancy rates. Therefore, the fertility-preserving treatment for endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma is a safe and feasible method that results in good IVF outcomes.

Detection of EGFR exon 20 insertion mutations in non-small cell lung cancer: implications for consistent nomenclature in precision medicine.

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) exon 20 insertion mutations (E20ins) are the third most frequent mutations observed in non-small cell lung cancer, accounting for approximately 1-10% of all EGFR mutations. In the era of precision medicine and targeted therapies, consistent naming of genetic alterations is crucial to avoid confusion and errors. However, the annotation of EGFR E20ins mutations has been inconsistent, leading to confusion in the scientific literature and product documentation. In this study, our primary objective was to investigate the usage of different annotation related to EGFR E20ins in independent studies. Additionally, we assessed the distribution of EGFR E20ins mutations and estimated the detection coverage expected from each available EGFR E20ins detection assay. A total of 1,418 EGFR E20ins mutations were collected from six studies (FoundationInsights, Geneseeq Technology Inc, mobocertinib phase I/II trial, poziotinib phase II trial, sunvozertinib phase I trial, and Samsung Medical Center) and reorganised according to Human Genome Variation Society (HGVS) nomenclature. Our analysis revealed that the majority of EGFR E20ins mutations requiring correction were 'insertion' or 'deletion-insertion', which should be appropriately designated as 'duplication'. Additionally, duplicated variants were reported using different annotations in each study, and furthermore, even identical variant sequences were annotated differently within the same study. In all six studies, p.A767_V769dup and p.S768_D770dup were the most frequently observed EGFR E20ins. The Oncomine Dx Target Test showed the highest patient coverage at 77.2%, followed by the Droplex EGFR Mutation Test v2 with a patient coverage of 70.5% for EGFR E20ins patients. To ensure comprehensive coverage in real-world settings, it is essential to standardise the annotations for each variant, for example using the HGVS nomenclature. The accurate classification and analysis of drug responsiveness in EGFR E20ins necessitate consideration of the nomenclature, particularly with respect to the locations where the actual mutations occur.

The Association between Low Fetal Fraction of Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes for Placental Compromise.

(1) Background: Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) is a screening test for fetal aneuploidy using cell-free fetal DNA. The fetal fragments (FF) of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) are derived from apoptotic trophoblast of the placenta. The level of fetal cfDNA is known to be influenced by gestational age, multiple pregnancies, maternal weight, and height. (2) Methods: This study is a single-center retrospective observational study which examines the relationship between the fetal fraction (FF) of cell-free DNA in non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and adverse pregnancy outcomes in singleton pregnancies. A total of 1393 samples were collected between 10 weeks and 6 days, and 25 weeks and 3 days of gestation. (3) Results: Hypertensive disease of pregnancy (HDP) occurred more frequently in the low FF group than the normal FF group (5.17% vs. 1.91%, p = 0.001). Although the rates of small for gestational age (SGA) and placental abruption did not significantly differ between groups, the composite outcome was significantly higher in the low FF group (7.76% vs. 3.64%, p = 0.002). Furthermore, women who later experienced complications such as HDP or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) had significantly lower plasma FF levels compared to those without complications (p < 0.001). After adjustments, the low FF group exhibited a significantly higher likelihood of placental compromise (adjusted odds ratio: 1.946). (4) Conclusions: Low FF in NIPT during the first and early second trimesters is associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, particularly HDP, suggesting its potential as a predictive marker for such outcomes.

Phased ERK-responsiveness and developmental robustness regulate teleost skin morphogenesis.

Elongation of the vertebrate embryonic axis necessitates rapid expansion of the epidermis to accommodate the growth of underlying tissues. Here, we generated a toolkit to visualize and quantify signaling in entire cell populations of periderm, the outermost layer of the epidermis, in live developing zebrafish. We find that oriented cell divisions facilitate growth of the early periderm during axial elongation rather than cell addition from the basal layer. Activity levels of ERK, a downstream effector of MAPK pathway, gauged by a live biosensor, predicts cell cycle entry, and optogenetic ERK activation controls proliferation dynamics. As development proceeds, rates of peridermal cell proliferation decrease, ERK activity becomes more pulsatile and functionally transitions to promote hypertrophic cell growth. Targeted genetic blockade of cell division generates animals with oversized periderm cells, yet, unexpectedly, development to adulthood is not impaired. Our findings reveal stage-dependent differential responsiveness to ERK signaling and marked developmental robustness in growing teleost skin.

Advanced Immunomodulatory Biomaterials for Therapeutic Applications.

The multifaceted biological defense system modulating complex immune responses against pathogens and foreign materials plays a critical role in tissue homeostasis and disease progression. Recently developed biomaterials that can specifically regulate immune responses, nanoparticles, graphene, and functional hydrogels have contributed to the advancement of tissue engineering as well as disease treatment. The interaction between innate and adaptive immunity, collectively determining immune responses, can be regulated by mechanobiological recognition and adaptation of immune cells to the extracellular microenvironment. Therefore, applying immunomodulation to tissue regeneration and cancer therapy involves manipulating the properties of biomaterials by tailoring their composition in the context of the immune system. This review provides a comprehensive overview of how the physicochemical attributes of biomaterials determine immune responses, focusing on the physical properties that influence innate and adaptive immunity. This review also underscores the critical aspect of biomaterial-based immune engineering for the development of novel therapeutics and emphasizes the importance of understanding the biomaterials-mediated immunological mechanisms and their role in modulating the immune system.

Is replacing missing values of PM2.5 constituents with estimates using machine learning better for source apportionment than exclusion or median replacement?

East Asian countries have been conducting source apportionment of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) by applying positive matrix factorization (PMF) to hourly constituent concentrations. However, some of the constituent data from the supersites in South Korea was missing due to instrument maintenance and calibration. Conventional preprocessing of missing values, such as exclusion or median replacement, causes biases in the estimated source contributions by changing the PMF input. Machine learning (ML) can estimate the missing values by training on constituent data, meteorological data, and gaseous pollutants. Complete data from the Seoul Supersite in 2018 was taken, and a random 20% was set as missing. PMF was performed by replacing missing values with estimates. Percent errors of the source contributions were calculated compared to those estimated from complete data. Missing values were estimated using a random forest analysis. Estimation accuracy (r2) was as high as 0.874 for missing carbon species and low at 0.631 when ionic species and trace elements were missing. For the seven highest contributing sources, replacing the missing values of carbon species with estimates minimized the percent errors to 2.0% on average. However, replacing the missing values of the other chemical species with estimates increased the percent errors to more than 9.7% on average. Percent errors were maximal at 37% on average when missing values of ionic species and trace elements were replaced with estimates. Missing values, except for carbon species, need to be excluded. This approach reduced the percent errors to 7.4% on average, which was lower than those due to median replacement. Our results show that reducing the biases in source apportionment is possible by replacing the missing values of carbon species with estimates. To improve the biases due to missing values of the other chemical species, the estimation accuracy of the ML needs to be improved.

Toxicology and safety study of L-tryptophan and its impurities for use in swine.

L-tryptophan, an essential amino acid for physiological processes, metabolism, development, and growth of organisms, is widely utilized in animal nutrition and human health as a feed additive and nutritional supplement, respectively. Despite its known benefits, safety concerns have arisen due to an eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) outbreak linked to L-tryptophan consumed by humans. Extensive research has established that the EMS outbreak was caused by an L-tryptophan product that contained certain impurities. Therefore, safety validations are imperative to endorse the use of L-tryptophan as a supplement or a feed additive. This study was conducted in tertiary hybrid [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] pigs to assess general toxicity and potential risks for EMS-related symptoms associated with L-tryptophan used as a feed additive. Our investigation elucidated the relationship between L-tryptophan and EMS in swine. No mortalities or clinical signs were observed in any animals during the administration period, and the test substance did not induce toxic effects. Hematological analysis and histopathological examination revealed no changes in EMS-related parameters, such as eosinophil counts, lung lesions, skin lesions, or muscle atrophy. Furthermore, no test substance-related changes occurred in other general toxicological parameters. Through analyzing the tissues and organs of swine, most of the L-tryptophan impurities that may cause EMS were not retained. Based on these findings, we concluded that incorporating L-tryptophan and its impurities into the diet does not induce EMS in swine. Consequently, L-tryptophan may be used as a feed additive throughout all growth stages of swine without safety concerns.

Plasmonic Annular Nanotrenches with 1 nm Nanogaps for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Using SERS-Based Immunoassay.

This study represents the synthesis of a novel class of nanoparticles denoted as annular Au nanotrenches (AANTs). AANTs are engineered to possess embedded, narrow circular nanogaps with dimensions of approximately 1 nm, facilitating near-field focusing for detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based immunoassay. Notably, AANTs exhibited an exceedingly low limit of detection (LOD) of 1 fg/mL for SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins, surpassing the commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) by 6 orders of magnitude (1 ng/mL from ELISA). To assess the real-world applicability, a study was conducted on 50 clinical samples using an SERS-based immunoassay with AANTs. The results revealed a sensitivity of 96% and a selectivity of 100%, demonstrating the significantly enhanced sensing capabilities of the proposed approach in comparison to ELISA and commercial lateral flow assay kits.

A facile method for separating fine water droplets dispersed in oil through a pre-wetted mesh membrane.

To achieve the successful separation of emulsions containing fine dispersed droplets and low volume fractions, a membrane with pore sizes comparable to or smaller than the droplet size is typically required. Although this approach is effective, its utilization is limited to the separation of emulsions with relatively large droplets. To overcome this limitation, a secondary membrane can be formed on the primary membrane to reduce pore size, but this can also be time-consuming and costly. Therefore, a facile and effective method is still required to be developed for separating emulsions with fine droplets. We introduce a pre-wetted mesh membrane with a pore size significantly larger than droplets, easily fabricated by wetting a hydrophilic stainless-steel mesh with water. Applying this membrane to emulsion separation via gravity-driven flow confirms a high efficiency greater than 98%, even with droplets approximately 10 times smaller than the pore size.

Novel Amidine Derivative K1586 Sensitizes Colorectal Cancer Cells to Ionizing Radiation by Inducing Chk1 Instability.

Checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) is a key mediator of the DNA damage response that regulates cell cycle progression, DNA damage repair, and DNA replication. Small-molecule Chk1 inhibitors sensitize cancer cells to genotoxic agents and have shown preclinical activity as single agents in cancers characterized by high levels of replication stress. However, the underlying genetic determinants of Chk1-inhibitor sensitivity remain unclear. Although treatment options for advanced colorectal cancer are limited, radiotherapy is effective. Here, we report that exposure to a novel amidine derivative, K1586, leads to an initial reduction in the proliferative potential of colorectal cancer cells. Cell cycle analysis revealed that the length of the G2/M phase increased with K1586 exposure as a result of Chk1 instability. Exposure to K1586 enhanced the degradation of Chk1 in a time- and dose-dependent manner, increasing replication stress and sensitizing colorectal cancer cells to radiation. Taken together, the results suggest that a novel amidine derivative may have potential as a radiotherapy-sensitization agent that targets Chk1.

Inhibition of DAPK3 Suppresses Radiation-Induced Cellular Senescence by Activation of a PGC1α-Dependent Metabolism Pathway in Brain Endothelial Cells.

In the brain, environmental changes, such as neuroinflammation, can induce senescence, characterized by the decreased proliferation of neurons and dendrites and synaptic and vascular damage, resulting in cognitive decline. Senescence promotes neuroinflammatory disorders by senescence-associated secretory phenotypes and reactive oxygen species. In human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMVECs), we demonstrate that chronological aging and irradiation increase death-associated protein kinase 3 (DAPK3) expression. To confirm the role of DAPK3 in HBMVEC senescence, we disrupted DAPK3 activity using small interfering RNA (siRNA) or a dominant-negative mutant (DAPK3-P216S), which reduced cellular senescence phenotypes, as assessed by changes in tube formation, senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity, and cell proliferation. In endothelial cells, DAPK3 promotes cellular senescence by regulating the phosphorylation and inactivation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) via the protein kinase B pathway, resulting in the decreased expression of mitochondrial metabolism-associated genes, such as ATP5G1, BDNF, and COX5A. Our studies show that DAPK3 is involved in cellular senescence and PGC1α regulation, suggesting that DAPK3 regulation may be important for treating aging-related brain diseases or the response to radiation therapy.

Research Trends in Virtual Reality Music Concert Technology: A Systematic Literature Review.

Advances in virtual reality (VR) technology have sparked novel avenues of growth in the musical domain. Following the COVID-19 pandemic, the rise of VR technology has led to growing interest in VR music concerts as an alternative to traditional live concerts. These virtual settings can provide immersion like attending real concerts for physically distant audiences and performers, and also can offer new creative possibilities. VR music concert research is still in its infancy, and advances in technologies such as multimodal devices are rapidly expanding the diversity of research, requiring a unified understanding of the field. To identify trends in VR music concert technology, we conducted a PRISMA-based systematic literature review covering the period from 2018 to 2023. After a thorough screening process, a total of 27 papers were selected for review. The studies were classified and analyzed based on the research topic (audience, performer, concert venue), interaction type (user-environment, user-user), and hardware used (head-mounted display, additional hardware). Furthermore, we categorized the evaluation metrics into user experience, usability, and performance. Our review contributes to advancing the understanding of recent developments in VR music concert technology, shedding light on the diversification and potential of this emerging field.