Morphological Analysis of the Adult Eustachian Tube: A Fresh-Frozen Human Cadaver Study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the dilated Eustachian tube (ET) anatomy configuration using fresh human cadavers. METHODS: Fourteen ears from human cadavers were used to identify the ET configuration. The cadaver head was cut in the sagittal plane parallel to the nasal septum, dividing it into right and left sides. Silicone was then inserted into the ET through the nasopharyngeal orifice (NO). The volume and length of the impression were measured using 3D computed tomography imaging. RESULTS: The ET lumen was found to narrow from the NO to the isthmus, and the ET surface was concave anteriorly and convex posteriorly. The lower portion of the ET lumen was the most dilated and displayed a narrow top. The average volume of the ET impression was 1.4 ±â€Š0.5 ml. The total length of the posterior side was 30.5 ±â€Š3.6 mm, and that of the anterior side was 26.3 ±â€Š3.4 mm. The widest ET area of the NO was 10.1 ±â€Š0.9 mm in height and 8.0 ±â€Š1.5 mm in width. The preisthmus was 2.4 ±â€Š0.4 mm in height and 1.3 ±â€Š0.5 mm in width. The height and width were 8.37 and 5.33 mm at the 5 mm point from the NO, and 5.51 and 1.94 mm at the 20 mm point from the NO, respectively. CONCLUSION: We evaluated the configuration of the cartilaginous ET lumen, which is the main target of balloon dilation, and our findings may give insights into this dilation process and assist with the further development of ET balloons and stents.

High-frequency Cochlear Nerve Deficit Region: Relationship With Deaf Duration and Cochlear Implantation Performance in Postlingual Deaf Adults.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the changes of cochlear nerve diameter and the presence of a cochlear nerve deficit at a high-frequency region and investigate their effects on cochlear implant (CI) performance in postlingual deaf adults. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Tertiary care academic center. PATIENTS: Eighty-three postlingual deaf adults with no labyrinthine anomalies or cognitive deficits who received a CI with perimodiolar electrodes from a single manufacturer. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: We evaluated the changes of cochlear nerve diameter and the presence of a "tail sign," defined as identifiable nerve fibers originating from the far basal turn of the cochlea, which represents the presence of cochlear nerve at a high-frequency region in magnetic resonance imaging, on monosyllabic word recognition scores. RESULTS: The cochlear nerve diameter showed a positive correlation with word recognition scores (maximum diameter, R2 = 0.26, p < 0.01; minimum diameter, R2 = 0.26, p < 0.01), but a negative correlation with deaf duration. Recipients with a positive tail sign performed better (73 ±â€Š19%) than those without (45 ±â€Š24%, p < 0.01). A positive tail sign was more commonly found in good performers (52 of 62, 84%) than in poor performers (5 of 21, 24%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Favorable outcomes could be anticipated in postlingual deaf adults with a large cochlear nerve diameter and positive tail sign. A presence of cochlear nerve at a high-frequency region may be an imaging marker for predicting good CI performance.

Comparison of long-term oncological outcomes of appendiceal cancer and colon cancer: A multicenter retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: There has been no comparative study of the long-term oncological outcomes of appendiceal cancer and colon cancer. We hypothesized that the oncological outcome is worse in appendiceal cancer because perforation is more frequent than in colon cancer. METHODS: Patients with stage I-III were selected from 5046 patients with appendiceal or colon cancer, between September 2001 and June 2010. The 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was the primary endpoint. Multivariate analyses with Cox proportional hazards model for DFS and logistic regression model for perforation were conducted. A matching model was used to compensate for the heterogeneity between groups. RESULTS: The perforation rate was 44.7% in appendiceal cancer (n = 47), but 1.1% in colon cancer (n = 2828) (p = 0.001). The 5-year DFS rate was lower in appendiceal cancer than in colon cancer (57.9% vs. 85.2%, p = 0.001; matching model, 54.2% vs. 78.4%, p = 0.038), with a higher rate of peritoneal seeding (25.5% vs. 2.5%, p = 0.001; matching model, 24.0% vs. 4.0%, p = 0.007). Multivariate Cox regression showed that appendiceal cancer was an independent prognostic factor for poor DFS (hazard ratio = 2.602, 95% confidence interval = 1.26-5.35, p = 0.009), and logistic regression confirmed that appendiceal cancer was the risk factor associated with perforation (odds ratio = 66.265, 95% confidence interval = 28.21-155.61, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study suggested that the long-term oncological outcomes are worse for appendiceal cancer than for colon cancer, attributed to higher perforation rate in appendiceal cancer.

Factors associated with failure of enhanced recovery programs after laparoscopic colon cancer surgery: a single-center retrospective study.

BACKGROUND: Although enhanced recovery programs (ERPs) have been proven to be beneficial after laparoscopic colon surgery, they may result in adverse clinical outcomes following failure. This study analyzed risk factors associated with ERP failure after laparoscopic colon cancer surgery. METHODS: We analyzed the outcomes of 208 patients who underwent ERPs following laparoscopic colon cancer surgery between June 2007 and April 2013. The ERP included early oral feeding, early ambulation, and regular laxative administration. ERP failure was defined as postoperative hospital stay of more than 5 days related to postoperative complications, unplanned readmission within 30 days of surgery, or death. RESULTS: Surgical procedures included anterior resection (n = 101), right hemicolectomy (n = 90), and left hemicolectomy (n = 17). The mean postoperative hospital stay was 6.5 ± 2.3 days (range 3-24 days). ERP failure occurred in 36 patients (17.3%), with no mortality; reasons included ileus (n = 14), wound infection (n = 4), chylous drainage (n = 3), anastomotic bleeding (n = 3), pneumonia (n = 1), or readmission (n = 11) owing to delayed complications. Univariable analysis showed that ERP failure was associated with proximal colon cancer, side-to-side anastomosis, longer operation time, increased blood loss, and longer resected specimen length. Multivariable analysis showed that side-to-side anastomosis [odds ratio (OR) 4.534; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.902-10.811; P = 0.001] and increased blood loss (OR 1.004; 95% CI 1.001-1.008; P = 0.041) were independent risk factors for ERP failure. CONCLUSIONS: We showed that increased blood loss and side-to-side anastomosis in comparison with end-to-end anastomosis were independent risk factors associated with ERP failure after laparoscopic colon cancer surgery. This suggests that intraoperative elements may be important determinants to obtain successful postoperative recovery in the era of ERP.

(18)F FDG PET/CT versus CT/MR Imaging and the Prognostic Value of Contralateral Neck Metastases in Patients with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether contralateral neck metastasis (CNM) from previously untreated head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) can be accurately detected at combined computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and fluorine 18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT and assess the prognostic value of CNM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was approved by the institutional review board, and written informed consent was obtained from all enrolled patients. In total, 160 patients with HNSCC were preoperatively evaluated with FDG PET/CT and CT/MR imaging. Histopathologic results of neck dissection samples served as the reference standard for all cases. McNemar test and logistic regression with generalized estimating equations were used to compare the diagnostic value of FDG PET/CT and CT/MR imaging, and Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to assess the prognostic value of CNM. RESULTS: Of the 160 enrolled patients, 94 (58.8%) had a neck metastasis on 231 sides and with 974 levels, and 20 patients (21.3%) had a contralateral neck metastasis. FDG PET/CT was significantly more sensitive than CT/MR imaging according to per-patient (91.5% vs 73.4%; P < .001), per-side (91.1% vs 69.6%; P < .001), and per-level analyses (78.9% vs 53.0%; P < .001). On the per-side basis, FDG PET/CT was also significantly more sensitive and accurate than CT/MR imaging when evaluating the contralateral neck (85.0% vs 45.0%, P = .008, and 91.6% vs 80.3%, P = .008, respectively). However, at univariate analysis, CNM was significantly associated only with cancer-specific death (P = .001) and overall survival (P = .015). CONCLUSION: CNM from HNSCC can be detected at FDG PET/CT with higher sensitivity and accuracy than at CT/MR imaging.

Cultural adaptation and validation of the Korean version of the EORTC QLQ-CR29 in patients with colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: We aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Korean version of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) Colorectal Cancer-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (QLQ-CR29), based on a sample of patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS: A total of 123 patients treated for colorectal cancer participated in the validation study. Test-retest reliability was assessed using intra-class correlations from a random sample. Internal consistency reliability was estimated using Cronbach's α coefficient. Convergent and discriminant validity was analyzed with multi-trait scaling. Clinical validity was assessed in terms of clinical differences using known-group comparisons. Concurrent validity was determined by correlations with the EORTC QLQ-C30, which was a generic core questionnaire to evaluate issues common to different cancer sites and treatments. RESULTS: The test-retest, administered to 35 patients, showed acceptable reproducibility (0.62-1.00) except the constipation scale of the QLQ-C30 (0.43). Cronbach's α coefficient (0.70-0.87) exceeded the 0.7 criterion. Multi-trait scaling analysis showed that multi-item scales met standards of convergent and discriminant validity. The known-group comparisons showed quality of life (QOL) differences between groups of patients based on tumor location, receipt of neoadjuvant therapy, and with/without a stoma. Correlations between the scales of the QLQ-CR29 and QLQ-C30 were low in most areas, whereas correlations in several areas with related content were higher. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the Korean version of the EORTC QLQ-CR29 is a reliable and valid tool for measuring QOL, as determined by application to a sample of Korean colorectal cancer patients.

Effects of Preoperative Chemoradiotherapy on the Likelihood of Sphincter Preservation Surgery in Locally Advanced Distal Rectal Cancer: A Longitudinal Study Based on Pelvic Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether preoperative chemoradiotherapy (pCRT) increases the rate of sphincter-preserving surgery (SPS), avoiding abdominoperineal resection (APR), for the treatment of distal rectal cancer. We examined whether pCRT increases the likelihood of SPS based on changes in tumor height using pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS: Between January 2009 and December 2013, 105 patients underwent long-course pCRT for locally advanced distal rectal cancer (≤5 cm from the anal verge) and were included in this study. The surgical procedures were analyzed in terms of radiologic findings, including the distance from the inferior margin of tumor to the superior margin of the anorectal ring (tumor height) measured by pelvic MRI before and after pCRT. RESULTS: Eighty-six (81.9 %) patients underwent SPS. Overall clinical downstaging occurred in 48 (45.7 %) patients. Tumor height increased significantly after pCRT (from 15.0 ± 15.3 to 18.1 ± 16.9 mm, change 3.1 ± 9.7 mm, p = 0.01). The mean change in tumor height was not significantly different between patients who underwent SPS or APR (mean change 3.3 ± 9.6 vs. 2.3 ± 10.5 mm, p = 0.68). The mean change was significantly greater in the double-stapled anastomosis group than in the handsewn anastomosis group (mean change 5.6 ± 9.9 vs. -0.6 ± 8.6 mm, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: This was the first MRI-based longitudinal study to show that pCRT does not appear to increase the likelihood of SPS in locally advanced distal rectal cancer, although it could improve the potential of double-stapled anastomoses.

Prognostic factors and oncological outcomes of 122 head and neck soft tissue sarcoma patients treated at a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Head and neck soft tissue sarcomas (HNSTS) are rare tumors with various histological types displaying different clinical behavior. As a result, prognostic factors of this disease remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the prognostic factors and oncological outcomes of HNSTS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 122 patients with HNSTS who were treated at our institution between 1995 and 2012. Univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards model were used to determine clinicopathologic characteristics associated with locoregional control (LRC), disease-specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Rhabdomyosarcoma was the most common tumor type (20 %), followed by dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance (13 %) and angiosarcoma (12 %). In a follow-up of 72 months, the 5-year LRC, DSS, and OS rates were 76, 77, and 75 %, respectively. Univariate analyses showed that age (>60 years), tumor size (>10 cm), nodal metastasis, and overall stage were significant prognostic factors for LRC, DSS, and OS (p < 0.05). Histological grade was also significantly associated with DSS (p = 0.012) and OS (p = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, tumor size and nodal metastasis were independent prognostic factors for LRC (p < 0.05), while age, histological grade, and nodal metastasis remained independent variables for both DSS and OS (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data support that surgical excision of HNSTS contributes to acceptable survival rates. Several factors at diagnosis may be independently associated with recurrence and survival outcomes, and identification of these factors may help in selecting at-risk patients.

Costal cartilage is a superior implant material than conchal cartilage in the treatment of empty nose syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of endonasal microplasty in treating empty nose syndrome by comparing the use of costal and conchal cartilage implants to construct neoturbinates. STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 31 patients who were diagnosed with empty nose syndrome and underwent endonasal microplasty with conchal cartilage (n = 17) or costal cartilage implants (n = 14) were included. Each patient's clinico-demographic profile was reviewed to compare the conchal cartilage group and the costal cartilage groups. Pre- and postoperative Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-25) scores were also compared. RESULTS: Both groups showed a significant improvement in SNOT-25 scores following surgery (P < .05). The group who received costal cartilage implants demonstrated more significant improvements than the conchal cartilage group in terms of the mean difference between pre- and postoperative SNOT-25 scores (P = .023). Symptom outcomes related to depression demonstrated significant improvements in the conchal cartilage group (P < .05), while in the costal cartilage group, in addition to these 3 variables, 7 items related to functional problems also demonstrated significant improvements (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Costal cartilage is a more useful material than conchal cartilage as implants for the treatment of empty nose syndrome patients.