ABSTRACT
The indolizidine alkaloid swainsonine, found in some Astragalus and Oxytropis (i.e., locoweed) species, is a potent cellular glycosidase inhibitor that often poisons livestock. Other toxic genera such as some Ipomoea species also contain swainsonine as well as calystegines which are similar polyhydroxy alkaloids. The toxicity of calystegines is poorly characterized; however, they are also potent glycoside inhibitors capable of intestinal and cellular glycoside dysfunction. The objective of this study was to directly compare A. lentiginosus and I. carnea poisoning in goats to better characterize the role of the calystegines. Three groups of four goats each were treated with ground alfalfa (control), I. carnea or A. lentiginosus to obtain daily doses of 0.0, 1.5, and 1.5â¯mg swainsonine/kg bw per day, respectively, for 45 days. Animals were observed daily and weekly body weights, serum enzyme activities, and serum swainsonine concentrations were determined. At day 45 all animals were euthanized and necropsied. Goats treated with A. lentiginosus and I. carnea developed clinical disease characterized by mild intention tremors and proprioceptive deficits. Goats treated with A. lentiginosus developed clinical disease sooner and with greater consistency. No differences in body weight, serum swainsonine concentrations and serum enzyme activity were observed between goats treated with A. lentiginosus and I. carnea. Additionally, there were no differences in the microscopic and histochemical studies of the visceral and neurologic lesions observed between goats treated with A. lentiginosus and I. carnea. These findings suggest that I. carnea-induced clinical signs and lesions are due to swainsonine and that calystegines contribute little or nothing to toxicity in goats in the presence of swainsonine.
Subject(s)
Astragalus Plant/poisoning , Goat Diseases/etiology , Ipomoea/poisoning , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Swainsonine/poisoning , Animals , Goat Diseases/enzymology , Goat Diseases/pathology , Goats , Male , Proprioception/drug effects , Swainsonine/blood , Tremor/veterinary , Tropanes/poisoningABSTRACT
Palicourea marcgravii (Rubiaceae) is considered the most important toxic plant affecting livestock farming in Brazil. This study describes an outbreak of spontaneous poisoning by P. marcgravii in sheep. Forty-nine sheep died while showing clinical signs of sudden death after having access to the plant. During the necropsy, P. marcgravii leaves were observed in the rumens of the animals. Histopathological analysis demonstrated hydropic degeneration of the kidneys. Monofluoracetate concentration obtained in Palicourea samples was 0.53% (5.3⯵g/mg). These findings collectively indicate that the affected animals died from poisoning due to P. marcgravii.
Subject(s)
Kidney Diseases/veterinary , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Rubiaceae/poisoning , Sheep Diseases/etiology , Animals , Brazil , Kidney Diseases/etiology , Livestock , Plant Leaves/poisoning , Plants, Toxic/poisoning , SheepABSTRACT
Toxic plants containing monofluoroacetate (MFA) cause sudden death in livestock in Australia, South Africa and Brazil, causing economic losses to producers. The objective of this study was to determine the amount of MFA present in young leaves, mature leaves, senescent leaves, and seeds of Amorimia pubiflora harvested at different times of the year and to determine their toxic effect on sheep. Samples of Amorimia pubiflora were collected during April, August and December of 2015 and March of 2016, separated according to the vegetative stage (young leaves, seeds, mature leaves, and senescent leaves), dried in an oven, and administered in daily doses of 5â¯g/kg/body weight (bw) of fresh leaves to sheep through ruminal cannulae. The experiment was divided into four stages according to the time of collection of the plant so that each sheep received a different vegetative stage of the plant (young leaves, mature leaves, and senescent leaves). Only in the second stage of the experiment was it possible to collect A. pubiflora seeds, which were administered using the same method used for the administration of the leaves. The sheep were dosed with the plant until they showed clinical signs of toxicosis or until the plant was no longer available. Aliquots of leaves and seeds of A. pubiflora were analyzed for MFA concentration. The seeds and young leaves had higher concentrations of MFA than did the mature (harvested in August and December) and senescent (harvested in December) leaves. However, all vegetative stages of the plant were toxic and caused fatal poisoning. The results of our study showed that A. pubiflora is toxic to sheep even when MFA concentrations are low, demonstrating that the presence of this substance is a risk factor for the occurrence of poisoning. Knowing the toxic principle and its variations allow us to determine the conditions for the occurrence of plant toxicosis as well as possible treatment, control, and prophylaxis methods, contributing significantly to the reduction of economic losses on farms due to plant poisoning.
Subject(s)
Fluoroacetates/analysis , Malpighiaceae/toxicity , Plants, Toxic/chemistry , Animals , Brazil , Malpighiaceae/chemistry , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Leaves/toxicity , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Plants, Toxic/toxicity , Seeds/chemistry , Seeds/toxicity , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/chemically induced , Sheep, DomesticABSTRACT
Esta revisão atualiza informações sobre plantas cardiotóxicas que afetam os ruminantes no Brasil. Atualmente, sabe-se que existem pelo menos 131 plantas tóxicas pertencentes a 79 gêneros. Vinte e cinco espécies afetam o funcionamento do coração. As plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio (Palicourea spp., Psychotria hoffmannseggiana, Amorimia spp., Niedenzuella spp., Tanaecium bilabiatum e Fridericia elegans) causam numerosos surtos de intoxicação, principalmente em bovinos, mas búfalos, ovinos e caprinos são ocasionalmente afetados. A intoxicação por Palicourea marcgravii continua a ser a mais importante devido à ampla distribuição desta planta no Brasil. Novas espécies do gênero Palicourea contendo monofluoracetato de sódio, como Palicourea amapaensis, Palicourea longiflora, Palicourea barraensis, Palicourea macarthurorum, Palicourea nigricans, Palicourea vacillans e Palicourea aff. juruana foram descritas na região amazônica. Na região nordeste, a planta tóxica mais importante para bovinos é Amorimia septentrionalis. No Centro-Oeste, surtos de intoxicação por Niedenzuella stannea foram relatados em bovinos na região do Araguaia e a doença precisa ser melhor investigada quanto à sua ocorrência e importância. Tetrapterys multiglandulosa e Tetrapterys acutifolia, duas plantas que causam fibrose cardíaca, também contêm monofluoracetato de sódio e foram reclassificadas para o gênero Niedenzuella. Essas duas espécies e Ateleia glazioveana, outra planta que causa fibrose cardíaca, continuam sendo importantes no Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Outras espécies menos importantes e que ocasionamente provocam surtos acidentais de intoxicação são as plantas que contém glicosídeos cardiotóxicos, tais como Nerium oleander e Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Recentemente, várias metodologias experimentais foram empregadas para evitar intoxicações por plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio. Estas metodologias incluem a indução de aversão condicionada utilizando cloreto de lítio, a utilização de doses repetidas não tóxicas de folhas para induzir resistência, o uso de acetamida para prevenir as intoxicações e a inoculação intraruminal de bactérias degradantes de monofluoroacetato de sódio.(AU)
This review updates information about cardiotoxic plants affecting ruminants in Brazil. Currently it is known that there are at least 131 toxic plants belonging to 79 genera. Twenty five species affect the heart function. Plants that contain sodium monofluoroacetate (Palicourea spp., Psychotria hoffmannseggiana, Amorimia spp., Niedenzuella spp., Tanaecium bilabiatum and Fridericia elegans) cause numerous outbreaks of poisoning, mainly in cattle, but buffaloes, sheep and goats are occasionally affected. Poisoning by Palicourea marcgravii remains the most important due to the wide distribution of this plant in Brazil. New species of the genus Palicourea containing sodium monofluoracetate, such as Palicourea amapaensis, Palicourea longiflora, Palicourea barraensis, Palicourea macarthurorum, Palicourea nigricans, Palicourea vacillans and Palicourea aff. juruana were described in the amazon region. In the northeast region, the most important toxic plant for cattle is Amorimia septentrionalis. In the midwest, outbreaks of Niedenzuella stannea poisoning have been reported in cattle in the Araguaia region and the disease needs to be better investigated for its occurrence and importance. Tetrapterys multiglandulosa and Tetrapterys acutifolia, two plants causing cardiac fibrosis also contain sodium monofluoroacetate and were reclassified to the genus Niedenzuella. These two plants and Ateleia glazioveana, other plant that causes cardiac fibrosis continues to be important in the southeastern and south of Brazil. Other less important are the plants that contain cardiotoxic glycosides, such as Nerium oleander and Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, in wich poisonings are generally accidental. Recently, several experimental methodologies were successfully employed to avoid poisonings by sodium monofluoroacetate containing plants. These methodologies include the induction of food avertion using lithium chloride, the ministration of repeatedly non-toxic doses of leaves to induce resistance, the use of acetamide to prevent poisonings and the intraruminal inoculation of sodium monofluoroacetate degrading bacteria.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Plants, Toxic/toxicity , Ruminants/physiology , CardiotoxinsABSTRACT
Esta revisão atualiza informações sobre plantas cardiotóxicas que afetam os ruminantes no Brasil. Atualmente, sabe-se que existem pelo menos 131 plantas tóxicas pertencentes a 79 gêneros. Vinte e cinco espécies afetam o funcionamento do coração. As plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio (Palicourea spp., Psychotria hoffmannseggiana, Amorimia spp., Niedenzuella spp., Tanaecium bilabiatum e Fridericia elegans) causam numerosos surtos de intoxicação, principalmente em bovinos, mas búfalos, ovinos e caprinos são ocasionalmente afetados. A intoxicação por Palicourea marcgravii continua a ser a mais importante devido à ampla distribuição desta planta no Brasil. Novas espécies do gênero Palicourea contendo monofluoracetato de sódio, como Palicourea amapaensis, Palicourea longiflora, Palicourea barraensis, Palicourea macarthurorum, Palicourea nigricans, Palicourea vacillans e Palicourea aff. juruana foram descritas na região amazônica. Na região nordeste, a planta tóxica mais importante para bovinos é Amorimia septentrionalis. No Centro-Oeste, surtos de intoxicação por Niedenzuella stannea foram relatados em bovinos na região do Araguaia e a doença precisa ser melhor investigada quanto à sua ocorrência e importância. Tetrapterys multiglandulosa e Tetrapterys acutifolia, duas plantas que causam fibrose cardíaca, também contêm monofluoracetato de sódio e foram reclassificadas para o gênero Niedenzuella. Essas duas espécies e Ateleia glazioveana, outra planta que causa fibrose cardíaca, continuam sendo importantes no Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Outras espécies menos importantes e que ocasionamente provocam surtos acidentais de intoxicação são as plantas que contém glicosídeos cardiotóxicos, tais como Nerium oleander e Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Recentemente, várias metodologias experimentais foram empregadas para evitar intoxicações por plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio. Estas metodologias incluem a indução de aversão condicionada utilizando cloreto de lítio, a utilização de doses repetidas não tóxicas de folhas para induzir resistência, o uso de acetamida para prevenir as intoxicações e a inoculação intraruminal de bactérias degradantes de monofluoroacetato de sódio.(AU)
This review updates information about cardiotoxic plants affecting ruminants in Brazil. Currently it is known that there are at least 131 toxic plants belonging to 79 genera. Twenty five species affect the heart function. Plants that contain sodium monofluoroacetate (Palicourea spp., Psychotria hoffmannseggiana, Amorimia spp., Niedenzuella spp., Tanaecium bilabiatum and Fridericia elegans) cause numerous outbreaks of poisoning, mainly in cattle, but buffaloes, sheep and goats are occasionally affected. Poisoning by Palicourea marcgravii remains the most important due to the wide distribution of this plant in Brazil. New species of the genus Palicourea containing sodium monofluoracetate, such as Palicourea amapaensis, Palicourea longiflora, Palicourea barraensis, Palicourea macarthurorum, Palicourea nigricans, Palicourea vacillans and Palicourea aff. juruana were described in the amazon region. In the northeast region, the most important toxic plant for cattle is Amorimia septentrionalis. In the midwest, outbreaks of Niedenzuella stannea poisoning have been reported in cattle in the Araguaia region and the disease needs to be better investigated for its occurrence and importance. Tetrapterys multiglandulosa and Tetrapterys acutifolia, two plants causing cardiac fibrosis also contain sodium monofluoroacetate and were reclassified to the genus Niedenzuella. These two plants and Ateleia glazioveana, other plant that causes cardiac fibrosis continues to be important in the southeastern and south of Brazil. Other less important are the plants that contain cardiotoxic glycosides, such as Nerium oleander and Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, in wich poisonings are generally accidental. Recently, several experimental methodologies were successfully employed to avoid poisonings by sodium monofluoroacetate containing plants. These methodologies include the induction of food avertion using lithium chloride, the ministration of repeatedly non-toxic doses of leaves to induce resistance, the use of acetamide to prevent poisonings and the intraruminal inoculation of sodium monofluoroacetate degrading bacteria.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Plants, Toxic/toxicity , Ruminants/physiology , CardiotoxinsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: This review updates information about cardiotoxic plants affecting ruminants in Brazil. Currently it is known that there are at least 131 toxic plants belonging to 79 genera. Twenty five species affect the heart function. Plants that contain sodium monofluoroacetate (Palicourea spp., Psychotria hoffmannseggiana, Amorimia spp., Niedenzuella spp., Tanaecium bilabiatum and Fridericia elegans) cause numerous outbreaks of poisoning, mainly in cattle, but buffaloes, sheep and goats are occasionally affected. Poisoning by Palicourea marcgravii remains the most important due to the wide distribution of this plant in Brazil. New species of the genus Palicourea containing sodium monofluoracetate, such as Palicourea amapaensis, Palicourea longiflora, Palicourea barraensis, Palicourea macarthurorum, Palicourea nigricans, Palicourea vacillans and Palicourea aff. juruana were described in the amazon region. In the northeast region, the most important toxic plant for cattle is Amorimia septentrionalis. In the midwest, outbreaks of Niedenzuella stannea poisoning have been reported in cattle in the Araguaia region and the disease needs to be better investigated for its occurrence and importance. Tetrapterys multiglandulosa and Tetrapterys acutifolia, two plants causing cardiac fibrosis also contain sodium monofluoroacetate and were reclassified to the genus Niedenzuella. These two plants and Ateleia glazioveana, other plant that causes cardiac fibrosis continues to be important in the southeastern and south of Brazil. Other less important are the plants that contain cardiotoxic glycosides, such as Nerium oleander and Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, in wich poisonings are generally accidental. Recently, several experimental methodologies were successfully employed to avoid poisonings by sodium monofluoroacetate containing plants. These methodologies include the induction of food avertion using lithium chloride, the ministration of repeatedly non-toxic doses of leaves to induce resistance, the use of acetamide to prevent poisonings and the intraruminal inoculation of sodium monofluoroacetate degrading bacteria.
RESUMO: Esta revisão atualiza informações sobre plantas cardiotóxicas que afetam os ruminantes no Brasil. Atualmente, sabe-se que existem pelo menos 131 plantas tóxicas pertencentes a 79 gêneros. Vinte e cinco espécies afetam o funcionamento do coração. As plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio (Palicourea spp., Psychotria hoffmannseggiana, Amorimia spp., Niedenzuella spp., Tanaecium bilabiatum e Fridericia elegans) causam numerosos surtos de intoxicação, principalmente em bovinos, mas búfalos, ovinos e caprinos são ocasionalmente afetados. A intoxicação por Palicourea marcgravii continua a ser a mais importante devido à ampla distribuição desta planta no Brasil. Novas espécies do gênero Palicourea contendo monofluoracetato de sódio, como Palicourea amapaensis, Palicourea longiflora, Palicourea barraensis, Palicourea macarthurorum, Palicourea nigricans, Palicourea vacillans e Palicourea aff. juruana foram descritas na região amazônica. Na região nordeste, a planta tóxica mais importante para bovinos é Amorimia septentrionalis. No Centro-Oeste, surtos de intoxicação por Niedenzuella stannea foram relatados em bovinos na região do Araguaia e a doença precisa ser melhor investigada quanto à sua ocorrência e importância. Tetrapterys multiglandulosa e Tetrapterys acutifolia, duas plantas que causam fibrose cardíaca, também contêm monofluoracetato de sódio e foram reclassificadas para o gênero Niedenzuella. Essas duas espécies e Ateleia glazioveana, outra planta que causa fibrose cardíaca, continuam sendo importantes no Sul e Sudeste do Brasil. Outras espécies menos importantes e que ocasionamente provocam surtos acidentais de intoxicação são as plantas que contém glicosídeos cardiotóxicos, tais como Nerium oleander e Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Recentemente, várias metodologias experimentais foram empregadas para evitar intoxicações por plantas que contêm monofluoroacetato de sódio. Estas metodologias incluem a indução de aversão condicionada utilizando cloreto de lítio, a utilização de doses repetidas não tóxicas de folhas para induzir resistência, o uso de acetamida para prevenir as intoxicações e a inoculação intraruminal de bactérias degradantes de monofluoroacetato de sódio.
ABSTRACT
This review updates information about neurotoxic plants affecting ruminants and equidae in Brazil. Currently in the country, there are at least 131 toxic plants belonging to 79 genera. Thirty one of these poisonous plants affect the nervous system. Swainsonine-containing plants (Ipomoea spp., Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia) cause numerous outbreaks of poisoning, mainly in goats, but cattle and horses are occasionally affected. The poisoning by Ipomoea asarifolia, a tremorgenic plant, is very common in sheep, goats and cattle in the Northeastern region and in the Marajo island. Poisoning by the pods of Prosopis juliflora are frequent in cattle in Northeastern Brazil; occasionally this poisoning affects goats and more rarely sheep. Some poisonings by plants, such as Hybanthus calceolaria, Ipomoea marcellia and Talisia esculenta in ruminants and Indigofera lespedezioides in horses were recently described and needs to be accurately investigated about its occurrence and importance. Other plants poisonings causing nervous signs in ruminants and equidae are less important, but should be considered for the differential diagnosis of neurologic diseases.(AU)
Esta revisão tem por objetivo atualizar as informações sobre plantas neurotóxicas que afetam ruminantes e equinos no Brasil. Atualmente sabe-se que existe no país pelo menos 131 plantas tóxicas pertencentes a 79 gêneros. Trinta e uma espécies afetam o sistema nervoso. As plantas quem contém swainsonina (Ipomoea spp., Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia) causam numerosos surtos de intoxicação, principalmente em caprinos, mas bovinos e cavalos são ocasionalmente afetados. A intoxicação por Ipomoea asarifolia, uma planta tremorgênica, é muito comum em ovinos, caprinos e bovinos na região Nordeste e na ilha de Marajó. A intoxicação pelas vagens de Prosopis juliflora é frequente em bovinos no Nordeste do Brasil; ocasionalmente são afetados caprinos e mais raramente ovinos. Algumas intoxicações por plantas, como Hybanthus calceolaria, Ipomoea marcellia e Talisia esculenta em ruminantes e Indigofera lespedezioides em equinos foram recentemente descritas e precisam ser investigadas com precisão sobre sua ocorrência e importância. Outras intoxicações por plantas que causam sinais nervosos em ruminantes e equídeos são menos importantes, todavia devem ser consideradas para o diagnóstico diferencial de doenças neurológicas.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Plant Poisoning/physiopathology , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Plants, Toxic , Ruminants , Nerve Agents/analysis , Horses , Nervous System , BrazilABSTRACT
This review updates information about neurotoxic plants affecting ruminants and equidae in Brazil. Currently in the country, there are at least 131 toxic plants belonging to 79 genera. Thirty one of these poisonous plants affect the nervous system. Swainsonine-containing plants (Ipomoea spp., Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia) cause numerous outbreaks of poisoning, mainly in goats, but cattle and horses are occasionally affected. The poisoning by Ipomoea asarifolia, a tremorgenic plant, is very common in sheep, goats and cattle in the Northeastern region and in the Marajo island. Poisoning by the pods of Prosopis juliflora are frequent in cattle in Northeastern Brazil; occasionally this poisoning affects goats and more rarely sheep. Some poisonings by plants, such as Hybanthus calceolaria, Ipomoea marcellia and Talisia esculenta in ruminants and Indigofera lespedezioides in horses were recently described and needs to be accurately investigated about its occurrence and importance. Other plants poisonings causing nervous signs in ruminants and equidae are less important, but should be considered for the differential diagnosis of neurologic diseases.(AU)
Esta revisão tem por objetivo atualizar as informações sobre plantas neurotóxicas que afetam ruminantes e equinos no Brasil. Atualmente sabe-se que existe no país pelo menos 131 plantas tóxicas pertencentes a 79 gêneros. Trinta e uma espécies afetam o sistema nervoso. As plantas quem contém swainsonina (Ipomoea spp., Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia) causam numerosos surtos de intoxicação, principalmente em caprinos, mas bovinos e cavalos são ocasionalmente afetados. A intoxicação por Ipomoea asarifolia, uma planta tremorgênica, é muito comum em ovinos, caprinos e bovinos na região Nordeste e na ilha de Marajó. A intoxicação pelas vagens de Prosopis juliflora é frequente em bovinos no Nordeste do Brasil; ocasionalmente são afetados caprinos e mais raramente ovinos. Algumas intoxicações por plantas, como Hybanthus calceolaria, Ipomoea marcellia e Talisia esculenta em ruminantes e Indigofera lespedezioides em equinos foram recentemente descritas e precisam ser investigadas com precisão sobre sua ocorrência e importância. Outras intoxicações por plantas que causam sinais nervosos em ruminantes e equídeos são menos importantes, todavia devem ser consideradas para o diagnóstico diferencial de doenças neurológicas.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Plant Poisoning/physiopathology , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Plants, Toxic , Ruminants , Nerve Agents/analysis , Horses , Nervous System , BrazilABSTRACT
Swainsonine is a toxic alkaloid found in several plant genera worldwide. The objective of this study was to screen several South American Astragalus species for the toxin swainsonine. Swainsonine was detected in 16 of 30 Astragalus species using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Information in regard to the swainsonine content of these species may provide important information on the risk of grazing these toxic species.
Subject(s)
Astragalus Plant/chemistry , Swainsonine/analysis , Astragalus Plant/classification , Chromatography, Liquid , Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry , Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry , South AmericaABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to describe the first report of spontaneous poisoning by Prosopis juliflora in sheep. From flock of 500 sheep at risk, four adult male sheep were affected. One died spontaneously and three other were examined, euthanized and necropsied. Neurologic examination focused particularly on motor and sensory-cranial nerve function, complete blood counts, serum biochemistry and urinalysis were done. The evolution of the disease was chronic and to present signs of poisoning, sheep had to ingest a diet containing at least 80% of P. juliflora pods during 21 months. The biochemistry revealed a substantial increase in creatine phosphokinase levels. Clinical signs included drooling of saliva, dropped jaw, tongue protrusion and loss of food from the mouth. Gross and histological lesions were similar to those previously reported in cattle and goats. Sheep are more resistant to poisoning by P. juliflora considering that it took 21 months of pod consumption to show clinical signs. There is no specific treatment for P. juliflora poisoning in ruminants.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o primeiro caso de intoxicação espontânea por Prosopis juliflora em ovinos. De um total de 500 ovinos sob risco, quatro ovinos machos adultos foram afetados. Um ovino morreu espontaneamente e os outros foram examinados, eutanasiados e necropsiados. Realizaram-se exames clínicos direcionados particularmente para funções de nervos motores e sensoriais-craniais. Avaliou-se hemograma, perfil bioquímico sérico e urinálise. A evolução da doença foi crônica e para apresentar sinais de intoxicação os ovinos tiveram que ingerir uma dieta contendo 80% das vagens de P. Juliflora durante 21 meses. Os níveis de creatinofosfoquinase estavam significativamente elevados. Os sinais clínicos consistiram em sialorreia, mandíbula pendulosa, protusão da língua e perda de alimento pela boca. As lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas foram similares àquelas reportadas previamente em bovinos e caprinos. Ovinos são mais resistentes à intoxicação por P. Juliflora, tendo em vista que foi necessário 21 meses de consumo das vagens para que os ovinos apresentassem sinais clínicos. Não há tratamento específico para a intoxicação por P. Juliflora em ruminantes.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Plants, Toxic/toxicity , Prosopis/toxicity , Sheep , Hematologic Tests/veterinaryABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to describe the first report of spontaneous poisoning by Prosopis juliflora in sheep. From flock of 500 sheep at risk, four adult male sheep were affected. One died spontaneously and three other were examined, euthanized and necropsied. Neurologic examination focused particularly on motor and sensory-cranial nerve function, complete blood counts, serum biochemistry and urinalysis were done. The evolution of the disease was chronic and to present signs of poisoning, sheep had to ingest a diet containing at least 80% of P. juliflora pods during 21 months. The biochemistry revealed a substantial increase in creatine phosphokinase levels. Clinical signs included drooling of saliva, dropped jaw, tongue protrusion and loss of food from the mouth. Gross and histological lesions were similar to those previously reported in cattle and goats. Sheep are more resistant to poisoning by P. juliflora considering that it took 21 months of pod consumption to show clinical signs. There is no specific treatment for P. juliflora poisoning in ruminants.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o primeiro caso de intoxicação espontânea por Prosopis juliflora em ovinos. De um total de 500 ovinos sob risco, quatro ovinos machos adultos foram afetados. Um ovino morreu espontaneamente e os outros foram examinados, eutanasiados e necropsiados. Realizaram-se exames clínicos direcionados particularmente para funções de nervos motores e sensoriais-craniais. Avaliou-se hemograma, perfil bioquímico sérico e urinálise. A evolução da doença foi crônica e para apresentar sinais de intoxicação os ovinos tiveram que ingerir uma dieta contendo 80% das vagens de P. Juliflora durante 21 meses. Os níveis de creatinofosfoquinase estavam significativamente elevados. Os sinais clínicos consistiram em sialorreia, mandíbula pendulosa, protusão da língua e perda de alimento pela boca. As lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas foram similares àquelas reportadas previamente em bovinos e caprinos. Ovinos são mais resistentes à intoxicação por P. Juliflora, tendo em vista que foi necessário 21 meses de consumo das vagens para que os ovinos apresentassem sinais clínicos. Não há tratamento específico para a intoxicação por P. Juliflora em ruminantes.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Sheep , Prosopis/toxicity , Plants, Toxic/toxicity , Hematologic Tests/veterinaryABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: The aim of this paper is to describe the first report of spontaneous poisoning by Prosopis juliflora in sheep. From flock of 500 sheep at risk, four adult male sheep were affected. One died spontaneously and three other were examined, euthanized and necropsied. Neurologic examination focused particularly on motor and sensory-cranial nerve function, complete blood counts, serum biochemistry and urinalysis were done. The evolution of the disease was chronic and to present signs of poisoning, sheep had to ingest a diet containing at least 80% of P. juliflora pods during 21 months. The biochemistry revealed a substantial increase in creatine phosphokinase levels. Clinical signs included drooling of saliva, dropped jaw, tongue protrusion and loss of food from the mouth. Gross and histological lesions were similar to those previously reported in cattle and goats. Sheep are more resistant to poisoning by P. juliflora considering that it took 21 months of pod consumption to show clinical signs. There is no specific treatment for P. juliflora poisoning in ruminants.
RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever o primeiro caso de intoxicação espontânea por Prosopis juliflora em ovinos. De um total de 500 ovinos sob risco, quatro ovinos machos adultos foram afetados. Um ovino morreu espontaneamente e os outros foram examinados, eutanasiados e necropsiados. Realizaram-se exames clínicos direcionados particularmente para funções de nervos motores e sensoriais-craniais. Avaliou-se hemograma, perfil bioquímico sérico e urinálise. A evolução da doença foi crônica e para apresentar sinais de intoxicação os ovinos tiveram que ingerir uma dieta contendo 80% das vagens de P. Juliflora durante 21 meses. Os níveis de creatinofosfoquinase estavam significativamente elevados. Os sinais clínicos consistiram em sialorreia, mandíbula pendulosa, protusão da língua e perda de alimento pela boca. As lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas foram similares àquelas reportadas previamente em bovinos e caprinos. Ovinos são mais resistentes à intoxicação por P. Juliflora, tendo em vista que foi necessário 21 meses de consumo das vagens para que os ovinos apresentassem sinais clínicos. Não há tratamento específico para a intoxicação por P. Juliflora em ruminantes.
ABSTRACT
Ipomoea carnea is a toxic plant found in Brazil and other tropical and subtropical countries and often causes poisoning of livestock. The plant contains the alkaloids swainsonine and calystegines, which inhibit key cellular enzymes and cause systematic cell death. This study evaluated the behavioral effects of prenatal ingestion of this plant on dams and their kids. Twenty-four pregnant goats were randomly allocated into four treatment groups and received the following doses (g/kg BW) of fresh I. carnea: 0 (control group), 1.0 (IC1), 3.0 (IC3), and 5.0 (IC5) from day 27 of gestation until parturition. Dam and kid bonding and behavior were evaluated by several tests, immediately after birth until six weeks of age. Dams from IC3 and IC5 groups spent less time paying attention to the newborn. There was a lack of maternal-infant bonding due to I. carnea intoxication. Kids from treated dams had difficulty in standing, suckling, and in recognizing their mother hours after birth. I. carnea can also compromise the kids' ability to learn and to retain spatial memory. We suggest that kids from pregnant goats given I. carnea during gestation have significant behavioral alterations and developmental delays that may compromise their survival.
Subject(s)
Ipomoea , Maternal-Fetal Exchange , Object Attachment , Plants, Toxic , Animals , Behavior, Animal , Eating , Female , Goats , Male , Maze Learning , Nortropanes/analysis , Pregnancy , Solanaceous Alkaloids/analysis , Swainsonine/analysisABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Ipomoea carnea is a toxic plant that grazing goats and cattle may learn to ingest with repeated exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding preferences of experienced and non-experienced (naïve) goats and sheep for I. carnea.The study used 3 groups of 5 goats (Group 1, experienced that were previously poisoned by the plant; group 2, naïve; Group 3, experienced eaters, composed of animals adapted to eat the fresh plant) and 2 groups of sheep (group 4, experienced that were previously poisoned by the plant; and group 5, naïve). For the test, the animals were placed daily for 10 minutes and 4 days in a rectangular stall (5x7m) with 4 feeders, each with 200g of a different food (Ipomoea carnea, commercial concentrate food, recently harvested green grass (mainly Brachiaria spp.), and Cynodon dactylonhay. The intake of concentrate food was significantly higher (P 0.05) than the consumption of green grass, hay and I. carnea. In a second 4 day trial, in which the commercial concentrate food was replaced by freshly harvested Amorimia septentrionalis, the ingestion of green grass (Brachiaria spp.) was significantly higher (P 0.05) than the consumption of other foods. In both trials there was no significant difference in food consumption between eaters and naïve animals. The results suggest that experienced or naïve sheep and goats do not prefer I. carnea when it is offered with other foods or forages, suggesting that animals will avoid the plant and not become poisoned if other food options are available.(AU)
Ipomoea carnea é uma planta tóxica para caprinos e bovinos, que podem desenvolver o hábito de ingeri-la de forma compulsiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de caprinos e ovinos habituados e não habituados a ingerir I. carnea. O estudo utilizou três grupos de cinco caprinos (Grupo 1, animais previamente intoxicados pela planta; Grupo 2, controle; Grupo 3, animais adaptados a ingerir a planta fresca) e dois grupos de cinco ovinos (Grupo 4, animais previamente intoxicados pela planta; e Grupo 5, controle). Para o teste, os animais foram introduzidos por 10 minutos, durante 4 dias consecutivos, em uma baia retangular (5x7m), com 4 caixas de alimentação, cada uma com 200g de um alimento diferente (Ipomoea carnea; concentrado comercial; capim verde recém colhido, principalmente Brachiaria spp.; e feno de Cynodon dactylon). A ingestão de concentrado foi significativamente maior (P 0,05) do que o consumo de capim verde, feno e I. carnea. Em um segundo ensaio de 4 dias, em que o concentrado foi substituído por Amorimia septentrionalis recém-colhida, a ingestão de capim verde (Brachiaria spp.) foi significativamente maior (P 0,05) do que o consumo dos outros alimentos. Em nenhuma das duas espécies, houve diferenças no comportamento ingestivo entre animais habituados e não habituados a ingerir I. carnea. Os resultados sugerem que ovinos e caprinos habituados e não habituados a ingerir I. carnea não preferem a planta quando é oferecida com outros alimentos ou forragens, o que sugere que os animais irão evitar a planta e não haverá intoxicação se outras opções de alimentos estão disponíveis.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Eating , Ipomoea , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Plants, ToxicABSTRACT
Ipomoea carnea is a toxic plant that grazing goats and cattle may learn to ingest with repeated exposure. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feeding preferences of experienced and non-experienced (naïve) goats and sheep for I. carnea.The study used 3 groups of 5 goats (Group 1, experienced that were previously poisoned by the plant; group 2, naïve; Group 3, experienced eaters, composed of animals adapted to eat the fresh plant) and 2 groups of sheep (group 4, experienced that were previously poisoned by the plant; and group 5, naïve). For the test, the animals were placed daily for 10 minutes and 4 days in a rectangular stall (5x7m) with 4 feeders, each with 200g of a different food (Ipomoea carnea, commercial concentrate food, recently harvested green grass (mainly Brachiaria spp.), and Cynodon dactylonhay. The intake of concentrate food was significantly higher (P 0.05) than the consumption of green grass, hay and I. carnea. In a second 4 day trial, in which the commercial concentrate food was replaced by freshly harvested Amorimia septentrionalis, the ingestion of green grass (Brachiaria spp.) was significantly higher (P 0.05) than the consumption of other foods. In both trials there was no significant difference in food consumption between eaters and naïve animals. The results suggest that experienced or naïve sheep and goats do not prefer I. carnea when it is offered with other foods or forages, suggesting that animals will avoid the plant and not become poisoned if other food options are available.
Ipomoea carnea é uma planta tóxica para caprinos e bovinos, que podem desenvolver o hábito de ingeri-la de forma compulsiva. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de caprinos e ovinos habituados e não habituados a ingerir I. carnea. O estudo utilizou três grupos de cinco caprinos (Grupo 1, animais previamente intoxicados pela planta; Grupo 2, controle; Grupo 3, animais adaptados a ingerir a planta fresca) e dois grupos de cinco ovinos (Grupo 4, animais previamente intoxicados pela planta; e Grupo 5, controle). Para o teste, os animais foram introduzidos por 10 minutos, durante 4 dias consecutivos, em uma baia retangular (5x7m), com 4 caixas de alimentação, cada uma com 200g de um alimento diferente (Ipomoea carnea; concentrado comercial; capim verde recém colhido, principalmente Brachiaria spp.; e feno de Cynodon dactylon). A ingestão de concentrado foi significativamente maior (P 0,05) do que o consumo de capim verde, feno e I. carnea. Em um segundo ensaio de 4 dias, em que o concentrado foi substituído por Amorimia septentrionalis recém-colhida, a ingestão de capim verde (Brachiaria spp.) foi significativamente maior (P 0,05) do que o consumo dos outros alimentos. Em nenhuma das duas espécies, houve diferenças no comportamento ingestivo entre animais habituados e não habituados a ingerir I. carnea. Os resultados sugerem que ovinos e caprinos habituados e não habituados a ingerir I. carnea não preferem a planta quando é oferecida com outros alimentos ou forragens, o que sugere que os animais irão evitar a planta e não haverá intoxicação se outras opções de alimentos estão disponíveis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Eating , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Ipomoea , Plants, ToxicABSTRACT
Ipomoea carnea, a swainsonine containing plant, is known to cause a neurologic disease in grazing livestock in Brazil and other parts of the world. To better understand the relative toxicity and nutritional content of I. carnea we investigated swainsonine, calystegine, and crude protein concentrations in leaves of I. carnea on a monthly basis for one year in northern and northeastern Brazil. Swainsonine concentrations were detected at concentrations that could potentially poison an animal throughout the year although there was some variation between months. At one location swainsonine concentrations were generally the highest during the rainy season or the months immediately following the rainy season. Total calystegine concentrations were similar to those reported previously while crude protein concentrations were similar to those found in other Ipomoea species and are such that they may explain why I. carnea becomes desirable to grazing livestock as forage becomes limited during the dry season.
Subject(s)
Ipomoea/chemistry , Nitrogen/isolation & purification , Swainsonine/isolation & purification , Tropanes/isolation & purification , Animal Feed/analysis , Animals , Brazil , Livestock , Plant Leaves/chemistry , Plant Proteins/isolation & purification , SeasonsABSTRACT
Two experiments, each with 10 pregnant ewes (8 treated and 2 controls) were performed to determine if nursing lambs of lactating ewes become intoxicated when the ewes ingest Ipomoea asarifolia but do not show clinical signs themselves. In the first experiment the sheep grazed I. asarifolia in the field while in the second, sheep were maintained in individual bays consuming dry I. asarifolia at 10% and 20% into their ration. In both experiments the lambs remained confined, consuming only their mother's milk. Four of 8 lambs in the grazing experiment and the 4 nursing lambs from the ewes given 20% I. asarifolia showed signs of I. asarifolia poisoning. These results confirm that the tremorgenic compound of I. asarifolia or its toxic metabolites are eliminated in milk and can intoxicate nursing lambs.
Subject(s)
Ipomoea/chemistry , Maternal-Fetal Exchange/physiology , Milk/chemistry , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/chemically induced , Tremor/veterinary , Animals , Brazil , Female , Ipomoea/toxicity , Pregnancy , Sheep , Tremor/chemically inducedABSTRACT
With the aim to determine if the tremorgenic toxin of Ipomoea asarifolia is eliminated in milk, three groups of Swiss female mice received, immediately after giving birth until weaning, a ration containing 20% or 30% of dry I. asarifolia. All the offspring of the females that received 20% or 30% I. asarifolia showed tremors 2-4 days after birth. The offspring of the females that received 20% I. asarifolia recovered 4-7 days after weaning. The offspring of the females that received 30% of the plant in the ration died while showing tremors before weaning or up to two days after weaning. It is concluded that the tremorgenic compound of I. asarifolia or its toxic metabolites are eliminated in milk, and that lactating mice may be used as a model for the determination of the toxic compound(s) in this plant.(AU)
Com o objetivo de determinar se a toxina tremorgênica da Ipomoea asarifolia é eliminada pelo leite, três grupos de camundongos fêmeas da linhagem Swiss receberam, imediatamente após o parto até o desmame, ração contendo 20% ou 30% de folhas secas de I. asarifolia. Todos os filhotes das fêmeas que receberam 20% ou 30% de I. asarifolia apresentaram tremores 2-4 dias após o nascimento. Os filhotes das fêmeas que receberam 20% de I. asarifolia se recuperam 4-7 dias após o desmame. Os filhotes das fêmeas que receberam 30% da planta na ração morreram antes do desmame ou até dois dias após o desmame, ainda apresentando tremores. Conclui-se que o componente tremorgênico de I. asarifolia ou seus metabólitos são eliminados no leite, e que camundongos fêmeas em lactação podem ser usados como um modelo para a determinação do(s) composto(s) tóxico(s) desta planta.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Cattle , Cattle , Sheep , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Ipomoea/poisoning , Inactivation, Metabolic , Milk , Toxicological Symptoms , Milk/chemistryABSTRACT
With the aim to determine if the tremorgenic toxin of Ipomoea asarifolia is eliminated in milk, three groups of Swiss female mice received, immediately after giving birth until weaning, a ration containing 20% or 30% of dry I. asarifolia. All the offspring of the females that received 20% or 30% I. asarifolia showed tremors 2-4 days after birth. The offspring of the females that received 20% I. asarifolia recovered 4-7 days after weaning. The offspring of the females that received 30% of the plant in the ration died while showing tremors before weaning or up to two days after weaning. It is concluded that the tremorgenic compound of I. asarifolia or its toxic metabolites are eliminated in milk, and that lactating mice may be used as a model for the determination of the toxic compound(s) in this plant.(AU)
Com o objetivo de determinar se a toxina tremorgênica da Ipomoea asarifolia é eliminada pelo leite, três grupos de camundongos fêmeas da linhagem Swiss receberam, imediatamente após o parto até o desmame, ração contendo 20% ou 30% de folhas secas de I. asarifolia. Todos os filhotes das fêmeas que receberam 20% ou 30% de I. asarifolia apresentaram tremores 2-4 dias após o nascimento. Os filhotes das fêmeas que receberam 20% de I. asarifolia se recuperam 4-7 dias após o desmame. Os filhotes das fêmeas que receberam 30% da planta na ração morreram antes do desmame ou até dois dias após o desmame, ainda apresentando tremores. Conclui-se que o componente tremorgênico de I. asarifolia ou seus metabólitos são eliminados no leite, e que camundongos fêmeas em lactação podem ser usados como um modelo para a determinação do(s) composto(s) tóxico(s) desta planta.(AU)