Detección temprana de aneurismas de la aorta abdominal mediante escáner dúplex a color / Use of duplex scan color for the early detection of abdominal aortic aneurysms

Los métodos no invasivos, en especial el escáner dúplex a color, ocupan un lugar de gran importancia en el armamento diagnóstico del cirujano vascular. Su empleo, cada vez más frecuente, permite realizar diagnósticos más precoces, especialmente en patologías arteriales, disminuyendo riesgos, costos y tiempo. Debido a que la ruptura de aneurismas de la aorta abdominal continúa siendo una entidad de alta mortalidad, en especial en pacientes mayores de 65 años, resulta particularmente útil contar con un método que permita detectar esos aneurismas en forma temprana y realizar su manejo antes de que ocurra esta catástrofe vascular. Al respecto, presentamos nuestra experiencia en un estudio piloto realizado en veteranos de las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia, durante el mes de mayo de 2006 y en el cual se demostró la utilidad del escáner dúplex a color para la detección, en forma temprana, de aneurismas de la aorta abdominal con ausencia de síntomas y signos clínicos y sus ventajas respecto a su aplicación masiva por el tiempo requerido por examen, costos, sensibilidad y baja morbimortalidad

Neonatal sepsis and meningitis in a developing Latin American country.

In a retrospective study at Hospital del Niño in Panama City, Panama, 577 neonates with culture-proved sepsis and/or meningitis were identified during an 18-year period (1975 to 1992). Overall there was an incidence of 3.5 cases/1000 live births. Three hundred thirty-three patients (58%) were of low birth weight (< 2500 g) and 260 (45%) were premature. Gram-negative bacilli, particularly species of Klebsiella and Escherichia coli, were responsible for 61% of infections, whereas Gram-positive isolates (especially staphylococci) and Candida strains accounted for 37 and 2%, respectively. The patterns of predominance among bacterial pathogens, however, changed during the period of study. In the later years of this study the frequency of Gram-negative bacteria declined whereas those of staphylococci and Candida increased. Likewise systemic infections caused by Group B Streptococcus organisms appeared recently. The case-fatality rate was 32%. Mortality was greater in infants with early onset sepsis than in those with late infections (44% vs. 22%, P < 0.0001; odds ratio, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.9 to 4.1) and lesser in neonates infected by coagulase-negative staphylococci than in those infected by any other pathogen (12 vs. 39%, P < 0.001; odds ratio, 0.2; 95% confidence interval, 0.1 to 0.4). These findings provide guidelines for the selection of empiric antimicrobial agents in our country and possibly in other Latin American countries and suggest that a continued thorough epidemiologic evaluation is needed to anticipate bacteriologic changes over time.