Anxiety, emotions and threat perception in COVID-19 context: differences between Spanish teachers and students

Introduction: Our study compares the emotional impact of the first month of the lockdown on teachers and students due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain, focusing on the variables of generalized anxiety, emotions, and perceived threat. Method: A non experimental design was applied, the sample consists of 452 participants (teachers = 188, young adult students = 264. Correlation analyses, a between-group design and effect size were carried out. Results: The results indicated that in crises or emergencies such as COVID-19, teachers and students have different emotional reactions. Students showed more generalized anxiety symptoms, more negative emotions, and fewer positive emotions. Teachers showed a higher degree of existential anxiety. Conclusion: Specific action plans should be developed for teachers and students. In addition, educational policies and teacher training programs should take the gender perspective into account when studying and planning a resilient educational system.

Introducción: Nuestro estudio compara el impacto emocional, entre profesores y estudiantes, durante el primer mes de cuarentena en España debido a la COVID-19, centrándonos en la ansiedad generalizada, emociones y percepción de amenaza. Método: Se aplicó un diseño no experimental, donde participaron 452 personas (profesores = 188, estudiantes adultos jóvenes = 264). Se realizaron análisis de correlación, diseños entre-grupos y tamaño del efecto. Resultados: Los resultados indican que durante crisis o emergencias como la COVID-19, los profesores y estudiantes tienen diferentes reacciones emocionales. Los estudiantes mostraron mayores síntomas de ansiedad generalizada, más emociones negativas y menos emociones positivas. Los profesores mostraron tener un alto grado de ansiedad existencial. Conclusión: Planes de acción específica deberían desarrollarse por separado para profesores y estudiantes. Además, las políticas educativas y los programas de formación de profesorado, deberían tener una perspectiva de género al estudiar y planificar un sistema educativo resiliente.

Abandono universitario: predictores y mediadores en estudiantes universitarios chilenos de primer año / University Dropout: Predictors and Mediators in First-Year Chilean University Students

Resumen La integración social en los primeros años de universidad ha mostrado ser muy relevante para propiciar que los estudiantes participen de forma comprometida, obtengan buenos resultados académicos y permanezcan en sus estudios. La pandemia por COVID-19 ha impuesto barreras a la integración social de los estudiantes, cambiando las formas de la relación interpersonal. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue evaluar un modelo en que el aislamiento y el apoyo social percibidos (variables de integración social) son predictores de la intención de abandono y se encuentran mediados por el sentido de pertenencia. Se realizó un estudio con diseño transversal asociativo-predictivo, mediante la prueba de modelos de mediación, con 700 participantes de primer año de una universidad chilena. Los resultados mostraron un efecto indirecto estadísticamente significativo de las variables de integración social sobre la intención de abandono. A su vez, no se observaron efectos directos de dichas variables sobre la intención de abandono. Estos resultados permiten, primero, indicar que, durante la educación virtual de emergencia, con sus barreras para la interacción social y académica, las variables de integración logran predecir la intención de abandonar los estudios mediante su efecto sobre el sentido de pertenencia; además, orientan las preocupaciones de las instituciones de educación superior para poner atención sobre las condiciones en las que la integración social ocurre en los medios virtuales y con las restricciones de la interacción que le son propias.

Abstract Social integration in university freshmen has proven to be very relevant to encourage students to participate in an engaged way, obtain good academic results and continue with their university studies. The Covid-19 Pandemic imposed barriers to the social integration of students, changing the forms of interpersonal relationships. The objective of this research was to evaluate a predictive model in which perceived isolation and social support (social integration variables) are predictors of the intention to dropout mediated by the sense of belonging. A study with an associative-predictive cross-sectional design was carried out by testing mediation models with 700 first-year participants from a Chilean university. The results showed a statistically significant indirect effect of the social integration variables on dropout intention. In turn, no direct effects of these variables on the intention to quit were observed. These results indicate that, during emergency virtual education with its barriers to social and academic interaction, the integration variables can predict the intention to drop out of school through their effect on the sense of belonging. These results encourage higher education institutions to pay attention to the conditions in which social integration occurs in virtual media and with the interaction restrictions that are inherent to it.

COVID-19. Effect of Moral Messages to Persuade the Population to Stay at Home in Spain, Chile, and Colombia.

Analyze whether the content of three moral messages (deontological, ethical utilitarianism, ethical virtue) and a control message differentially affect the probability of engaging in four behaviors: Washing their hands, participating in public gatherings, staying at home/avoiding social contact, and forwarding the message to inform more people. In our study, the sender of the message is a university professor. These variables are measured in terms of their behavioral intentions and others' behavioral intentions (beliefs about others' behavior). Randomized Controlled Trial. Our study includes the analysis of the possible moderating effect of the country of residence (Spain n = 1,122, Chile n = 1,107, and Colombia n = 1,433). The message with content referring to ethical virtue and staying at home obtains statistically significant lower scores on the probability of carrying out public health behaviors and sharing the message received. Regarding beliefs about the behavior of others, the message of ethical virtue has the same negative effect, but only on the likelihood of other people washing their hands, staying at home, and sharing the public health message. Institutional messages aimed at promoting public health behaviors are necessary in a pandemic situation. Our recommendation is to use deontological and utilitarian, or non-moral, content.

Psychometric properties and factorial invariance of the satisfaction with life scale in Latino immigrants in Chile, Spain, and United States / Propiedades psicométricas e invarianza factorial de la escala de satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes latinos en Chile, España y EEUU

Abstract: Background: Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) is the most widely used instrument to assess subjective well-being in different populations. Aim: The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the psychometric properties and the factorial invariance of the SWLS in Latino immigrants living in Chile, Spain, and the United States. Method: A total of 663 participants over the age of 18 and who have lived in the host country for more than a year participated. Results: The results provide evidence of good internal consistency through Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega. Also, there is evidence for the unifactorial structure of the instrument through confirmatory factor analysis and its invariance at the configural, metric, and scalar. Conclusions: It is concluded that SWLS is an invariant and reliable measure to study life satisfaction in Latino immigrants in western countries.

Resumen: Antecedentes: La escala de Satisfacción con la Vida (SWLS) es el instrumento más utilizado para evaluar el bienestar subjetivo en distintas poblaciones. Objetivo: El propósito de la presente investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas y la invarianza factorial de la SWLS en inmigrantes latinos que viven en Chile, España y EEUU. Método: Participaron un total de 663 inmigrantes latinos mayores de 18 años y que llevan más de un año viviendo en el país de acogida. Resultados: Los resultados entregan evidencia de una buena consistencia interna a través del alfa de Cronbach y el omega de McDonald, también se provee soporte a la estructura unifactorial del instrumento mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio y finalmente se prueba que la escala es invariante a nivel configural, métrico y escalar. Conclusión: Se concluye que la SWLS es una medida invariante y fiable para estudiar la satisfacción con la vida en inmigrantes latinos en países occidentales.

Influence of protamine shell on nanoemulsions as a carrier for cyclosporine-A skin delivery.

Novel protamine-based nanosystems have been studied for cyclosporine-A (CsA) skin delivery. Core-shell structure systems have been developed to this end. These vehicles have particles sizes of 200-300 nm, a low polydispersity index and a zeta potential which varies between -16 mV and +35 mV. The resulting four nanosystems efficiently encapsulated CsA in their oily nucleus (60-80%) and released this drug in a controlled manner. These formulations have shown a high stability in aqueous suspension in storage conditions at 4 °C (for at least 21 months) and in acetate buffer at a physiological temperature of 37 °C (for at least 24 h). Ex vivo transdermal diffusion experiments using Franz diffusion cells and 2- to 3-day-old pig skin as a biological barrier were performed. All nanoformulations designed produced an increase in CsA transdermal delivery and two of these nanosystems presented a marked promoting effect; the more relevant parameters were smaller particle size (200 ± 7 nm) and negative superficial charge. Finally, the ability of these nanosystems to enhance retention of CsA in the skin was also studied. The protamine disposition in the shell influenced CsA skin retention. Therefore, the incorporation of CsA into the nanosystems studied here makes them suitable vehicles for CsA transdermal administration.

Clinical and hematological changes in sheep induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide / alterações clínicas e hematológicas induzidas pela administração de lipopolisscarídeo de Escherichia coli em ovelhas / Alteraciones clínicas y hematológicas inducidas por la administración de lipopoliscárido de Escherichia coli en ovejas

Organic response to infection is characterized by a systemic reaction known as acute phase response (APR). In order to know the effect of the administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on physiological, hematological and biochemical variables, 10 sheep weighing 45 ± 5 kg were divided in two groups: Experimental group treated with 3 doses of 1 µg.kg-1 LPS and control group treated with saline solution (SS) at the same frequency as experimental group. Body temperature (BT°), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were monitored. Blood samples for hemogram and enzyme activity for aspartate amino transferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were collected between 1 and 24 h post-LPS. LPS-treated sheep presented mean values of BT (41.2 ± 0.4°C), HR (132 ± 12.3 beats/min) and RR (107.2 ± 25 cycles/min) higher than those observed in control sheep (39.8 ± 0.2°C, 88.8 ± 8.7 beats/min and 53.6 ± 17.1 cycles/min respectively). Between 4 and 8 hours post-injection (hpi) of LPS the leukocyte count was associated with lymphopenia, followed by leukocytosis at 24 hours. No changes were observed in the activity of AST and GGT enzymes. The results characterize APR induced by LPS in sheep, representing a useful model to study cardiovascular, hematological and biochemical responses to infection. (AU)

A resposta orgânica à infecção é caracterizada por uma reação sistêmica conhecida como resposta de fase aguda (RFA). Para conhecer o efeito da administração de lipopolissacárideo (LPS) de Escherichia coli sobre as variáveis fisiológicas, hematológicas e bioquímicas, 10 carneiros pesando 45 ± 5 kg foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo experimental tratado com três doses de 1 µg.kg -1 de LPS e grupo controle tratado com solução salina (SS) na mesma frequência que o grupo experimental. Temperatura corporal (T°C), frequência cardíaca (FC) e frequência respiratória (FR) foram monitoradas. As amostras de sangue foram tomadas para hemograma e atividade da enzima aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e gama- -glutamiltransferase (GGT) entre uma e 24 h pós-LPS. Ovelhas tratadas com LPS apresentaram valores médios de T°C (41,2 ± 0,4°C), FC (132 ± 12,3 batimentos/min) e FR (107,2 ± 25 ciclos/min) acima dos observados em ovelhas do tratamento controle (39,8 ± 0,2°C, 88,8 ± 8,7 batimentos/min e 53,6 ± 17,1 ciclos/min, respectivamente). Entre 4 e 8 horas após a injeção de LPS, a contagem de leucocitos foi asociado com linfopenia, seguida de leucocitose as 24 horas. Nenhuma mudança na atividade das enzimas AST e GGT foi observada. Os resultados caracterizam uma resposta de fase aguda induzida por LPS em ovelhas, o que representa um modelo útil para estudar os sistemas cardiovascular, hematológico e bioquímico em resposta à infecção.(AU)

La respuesta orgánica a la infección se caracteriza por una reacción sistémica conocida como respuesta de fase aguda (RFA). Para conocer el efecto de la administración de lipopolisacárido (LPS) de Escherichia coli sobre las variables fisiológicas, hematológicas y bioquímicas, 10 ovejas con un peso de 45 ± 5 kg se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo experimental tratado con 3 dosis de 1 µg.kg-1de LPS y grupo control tratado con solución salina (SS) en la misma frecuencia que el grupo experimental. Temperatura corporal (T°C), frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y frecuencia respiratoria (FR) fueron monitoreadas. Se tomaron muestras de sangre para hemograma y actividad enzimática para el aspartato amino transferasa (AST) y gamma glutamil transferasa (GGT) entre 1 y 24 h post-LPS. Las ovejas tratadas con LPS presentaron valores medios de T°C (41.2 ± 0.4°C), FC (132 ± 12.3 latidos / min) y FR (107.2 ± 25 ciclos/min) por encima de los observados en ovinos controles (39.8 ± 0.2°C, 88.8 ± 8.7 latidos/min y 53.6 ± 17.1 ciclos/min respectivamente). Entre las 4 y 8 horas después de la inyección de LPS, el recuento de leucocitos se asoció a linfopenia, seguida de leucocitosis a las 24 horas. No se observaron cambios en la actividad de las enzimas AST y GGT. Los resultados caracterizan una respuesta de fase aguda inducida por LPS en ovinos, representando un modelo útil para estudiar los sistemas cardiovascular, hematológico y bioquímico en respuesta a la infección.(AU)

Clinical and hematological changes in sheep induced by Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide / alterações clínicas e hematológicas induzidas pela administração de lipopolisscarídeo de Escherichia coli em ovelhas / Alteraciones clínicas y hematológicas inducidas por la administración de lipopoliscárido de Escherichia coli en ovejas

Organic response to infection is characterized by a systemic reaction known as acute phase response (APR). In order to know the effect of the administration of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on physiological, hematological and biochemical variables, 10 sheep weighing 45 ± 5 kg were divided in two groups: Experimental group treated with 3 doses of 1 µg.kg-1 LPS and control group treated with saline solution (SS) at the same frequency as experimental group. Body temperature (BT°), heart rate (HR) and respiratory rate (RR) were monitored. Blood samples for hemogram and enzyme activity for aspartate amino transferase (AST) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) were collected between 1 and 24 h post-LPS. LPS-treated sheep presented mean values of BT (41.2 ± 0.4°C), HR (132 ± 12.3 beats/min) and RR (107.2 ± 25 cycles/min) higher than those observed in control sheep (39.8 ± 0.2°C, 88.8 ± 8.7 beats/min and 53.6 ± 17.1 cycles/min respectively). Between 4 and 8 hours post-injection (hpi) of LPS the leukocyte count was associated with lymphopenia, followed by leukocytosis at 24 hours. No changes were observed in the activity of AST and GGT enzymes. The results characterize APR induced by LPS in sheep, representing a useful model to study cardiovascular, hematological and biochemical responses to infection. (AU)

A resposta orgânica à infecção é caracterizada por uma reação sistêmica conhecida como resposta de fase aguda (RFA). Para conhecer o efeito da administração de lipopolissacárideo (LPS) de Escherichia coli sobre as variáveis fisiológicas, hematológicas e bioquímicas, 10 carneiros pesando 45 ± 5 kg foram divididos em dois grupos: o grupo experimental tratado com três doses de 1 µg.kg -1 de LPS e grupo controle tratado com solução salina (SS) na mesma frequência que o grupo experimental. Temperatura corporal (T°C), frequência cardíaca (FC) e frequência respiratória (FR) foram monitoradas. As amostras de sangue foram tomadas para hemograma e atividade da enzima aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e gama- -glutamiltransferase (GGT) entre uma e 24 h pós-LPS. Ovelhas tratadas com LPS apresentaram valores médios de T°C (41,2 ± 0,4°C), FC (132 ± 12,3 batimentos/min) e FR (107,2 ± 25 ciclos/min) acima dos observados em ovelhas do tratamento controle (39,8 ± 0,2°C, 88,8 ± 8,7 batimentos/min e 53,6 ± 17,1 ciclos/min, respectivamente). Entre 4 e 8 horas após a injeção de LPS, a contagem de leucocitos foi asociado com linfopenia, seguida de leucocitose as 24 horas. Nenhuma mudança na atividade das enzimas AST e GGT foi observada. Os resultados caracterizam uma resposta de fase aguda induzida por LPS em ovelhas, o que representa um modelo útil para estudar os sistemas cardiovascular, hematológico e bioquímico em resposta à infecção.(AU)

La respuesta orgánica a la infección se caracteriza por una reacción sistémica conocida como respuesta de fase aguda (RFA). Para conocer el efecto de la administración de lipopolisacárido (LPS) de Escherichia coli sobre las variables fisiológicas, hematológicas y bioquímicas, 10 ovejas con un peso de 45 ± 5 kg se dividieron en dos grupos: grupo experimental tratado con 3 dosis de 1 µg.kg-1de LPS y grupo control tratado con solución salina (SS) en la misma frecuencia que el grupo experimental. Temperatura corporal (T°C), frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y frecuencia respiratoria (FR) fueron monitoreadas. Se tomaron muestras de sangre para hemograma y actividad enzimática para el aspartato amino transferasa (AST) y gamma glutamil transferasa (GGT) entre 1 y 24 h post-LPS. Las ovejas tratadas con LPS presentaron valores medios de T°C (41.2 ± 0.4°C), FC (132 ± 12.3 latidos / min) y FR (107.2 ± 25 ciclos/min) por encima de los observados en ovinos controles (39.8 ± 0.2°C, 88.8 ± 8.7 latidos/min y 53.6 ± 17.1 ciclos/min respectivamente). Entre las 4 y 8 horas después de la inyección de LPS, el recuento de leucocitos se asoció a linfopenia, seguida de leucocitosis a las 24 horas. No se observaron cambios en la actividad de las enzimas AST y GGT. Los resultados caracterizan una respuesta de fase aguda inducida por LPS en ovinos, representando un modelo útil para estudiar los sistemas cardiovascular, hematológico y bioquímico en respuesta a la infección.(AU)

Necesidades educativas especiales y educación física: las actividades en la naturaleza como instrumento socializador / Special educatives needs and physical education: the activities in the nature as socialized instrument

El escrito que se presenta a continuación es el resultado de un trabajo indagativo relacionado con las actividades en contacto con la naturaleza (ACN) y personas con necesidades educativas especiales (NEE). El objetivo de este estudio ha sido identificar la influencia que este tipo de actividades ejerce sobre los estudiantes con NEE y de qué forma afecta su entorno cercano y las relaciones sociales que sostiene en su diario vivir. La investigación se enmarca en la metodología cualitativa toda vez que lo central es conocer el sentido que se le otorga a esta línea de trabajo desde la perspectiva de la actividad física. Los resultados permiten concluir que el acercamiento y relación de los estudiantes con NEE a los espacios naturales tiene una influencia positiva y colabora asimismo en su autoconocimiento, autoestima, mejora de las relaciones sociales, con su entorno y familia.

The article that follows is the result of a investigative work related outdoor activities and people with special educatives needs (SEN). The aim of this study was to identify the influence that these activities have on students with SEN and how it affects their immediate environment and social relations holding. The research is part of the qualitative methodology given that the core is known the sense that gives this line of work from the perspective of physical activity. Results show that the approach and relationship of students with SEN to natural areas, has a positive influence and also works in his self-knowledge, self-esteem and improved social relationships with their immediate surroundings and family.

Complicaçöes oculares na artrite reumatóide juvenil: nossas indicaçöes cirúrgicas / Ocular complications in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: ours surgical indications

Apresentamos nossas conductas cirúrgicas nas complicaçöes oculares em pacientes portadores de Artrite Reumatóide Juvenil (ARJ) de forma Pauciarticular. Estudando 16 olhos (9 pacientes), submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico em 2 etapas principais, ressaltamos a importância de um acompanhamento periódico e de uma terapêucia médica adequada. Os autores concluem que uma atitude inicial conservadora para estes pacientes, contribuiria para um melhor prognóstico visual a longo prazo

Distrofia corneal latice: revisäo e apresentaçäo de 10 casos / Corneal lattice dystrophy: review and report of 10 cases

Apresentam-se 10 casos de distrofia latice da córnea do tipo 1 (Biber-Haab-Dimmer), dos quais 3 casos näo apresentavam o aspecto biomicroscópico típico (figuras latice). Faz-se também uma ampla revisäo bibliográfica, expondo os aspectos históricos, etiológicos, o tipo de transmissäo, a controvérsia existente quanto a idade de apariçäo dos primeiros sintomas, a evoluçäo natural, características específicas, classificaçäo, histopatologia, diagnóstico, diagnóstico diferencial, terapêutica e recidivas em enxertos. Chama-se a atençäo para os problemas sociais e econômicos da patologia e conclue-se ressaltando os possíveis equívocos diagnósticos que podem ocorrer nos estágios mais avançados da enfermidade

Corneoescleroplastia penetrante de 16 mm / Penetrating corneoscleroplasty of 16 mm

Após efetuarem-se 26 corneoscleroplastias penetrantes de 16 mm em pacientes que padeciam grave comprometimento da superfície corneoscleral, obtiveram 84,6% de bons resultados reconstrutivos e 23% de bons resultados funcionais após a primeira intervençäo. Comentam-se as complicaçöes intra e pós operatórias, detalham-se os passos da ténica cirúrgica e concluem-se afirmando que em muitos casos esta é a única opçäo que viabiliza a preservaçäo do globo ocular após lesäo grave do polo anterior

Queratoplastias penetrantes en niños / Penetrating keratoplasties in children

Se analizan los resultados de 31 queratoplastias efectuadas en niños entre 0 y 15 años de edad. Se intenta determinar qué factores tuvieron influencia tanto en los resultados tectónicos como funcionales. El tipo de patología, la edad de aparición y las lesiones acompañantes serían los parámetros de mayor trascendencia. Finalmente se reflexiona sobre el criterio para decidir el momento quirúrgico oportuno

Queratoplastias penetrantes en niños / Penetrating keratoplasties in children

Se analizan los resultados de 31 queratoplastias efectuadas en niños entre 0 y 15 años de edad. Se intenta determinar qué factores tuvieron influencia tanto en los resultados tectónicos como funcionales. El tipo de patología, la edad de aparición y las lesiones acompañantes serían los parámetros de mayor trascendencia. Finalmente se reflexiona sobre el criterio para decidir el momento quirúrgico oportuno (AU)