Angiographic description of the anatomy and clinical aspects of the anterior interventricular artery in a group of Colombians individuals / Descripción angiográfica de los aspectos anatómicos y clínicos de la arteria interventricular anterior en un grupo de personas colombianas

Introduction: The anterior interventricular artery originates from the left coronary artery and irrigates the anterior surface of the ventricles, apex, and interventricular septum, making it the second most relevant artery of the heart. Objective: To describe the anatomical and clinical aspects of the anterior interventricular artery through angiography. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was conducted using 200 angiographic reports of Colombian individuals. The anterior interventricular artery's origin, course, patency, and coronary dominance were evaluated. Data related to chest pain, acute myocardial infarction, dyslipidemia, and electrocardiographic abnormalities were included. Statistical tests could not be performed due to this artery's low prevalence of anatomical variations. Results: One anterior interventricular artery was found to have originated from the left coronary sinus without a myocardial bridge, with no alteration in permeability, and with left dominance. The frequency of bridges was 2%, and the most frequent dominance was right in 86%; permeability alterations occurred in 43% mainly affecting S13. Twentyfive per cent presented chest pain; 40%, echocardiographic alterations; 5%, ischemic heart disease, and 59%, electrocardiographic alterations. Conclusions: Variations of origin of the anterior interventricular artery have a low prevalence according to reports from Chile, Colombia, and Spain. anterior interventricular artery myocardial bridges were scarce compared to other studies, suggesting better specificity of computed tomography angiography or direct dissection for these findings. The assessment of coronary permeability is graded with the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction scale; values 0 and 1 indicate occlusive lesion associated with ischemic heart disease. According to various techniques, the most frequent coronary dominance the right, followed by the left in men and balanced circulation in women.

Introducción: La arteria interventricular anterior se origina en la coronaria izquierda, irriga la cara anterior de los ventrículos, el ápex y el tabique interventricular; es la segunda arteria más relevante del corazón. OBJETIVO: Describir las características anatómicas y clínicas de la arteria interventricular anterior mediante angiografía. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con 200 reportes angiográficos de personas colombianas; se valoraron el origen, el trayecto y la permeabilidad de la arteria interventricular anterior, así como la dominancia coronaria. Se incluyeron datos relacionados con dolor precordial, infarto agudo de miocardio, dislipidemia y alteración electrocardiográfica. No fue posible hacer pruebas estadísticas, debido a la escasa prevalencia de variaciones anatómicas de dicha arteria. RESULTADOS: Se encontró una arteria interventricular anterior con su origen en el seno aórtico izquierdo, sin puente miocárdico, sin alteración de la permeabilidad y con dominancia izquierda. La frecuencia de los puentes fue del 2 % y la dominancia más frecuente fue la derecha en el 86 %. Se presentaron alteraciones de permeabilidad en el 43 % de los casos, las cuales afectaron principalmente al S13. El 25 % de los pacientes presentó dolor precordial; el 40 %, alteraciones ecocardiográficas; el 5 %, cardiopatía isquémica, y el 59 %, alguna alteración electrocardiográfica. CONCLUSIONES: Las variaciones en el origen de la arteria interventricular anterior son poco prevalentes, según reportes de Chile, Colombia y España. Los puentes miocárdicos de esta arteria fueron escasos respecto a otros estudios, lo cual sugiere mejor especificidad de los hallazgos de la angiotomografía o de la disección directa. La permeabilidad coronaria se valora con la escala TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction); puntajes de 0 y 1 indican una lesión oclusiva asociada con cardiopatía isquémica. La dominancia coronaria más frecuente, según diversas técnicas, es la derecha, seguida de la izquierda en hombres y de una circulación balanceada en mujeres.

Psychiatric beds and prison populations in 17 Latin American countries between 1991 and 2017: rates, trends and an inverse relationship between the two indicators.

BACKGROUND: In 1990, Latin American countries committed to psychiatric reforms including psychiatric bed removals. Aim of the study was to quantify changes in psychiatric bed numbers and prison population rates after the initiation of psychiatric reforms in Latin America. METHODS: We searched primary sources to collect numbers of psychiatric beds and prison population rates across Latin America between the years 1991 and 2017. Changes of psychiatric bed numbers were compared against trends of incarceration rates and tested for associations using fixed-effects regression of panel data. Economic variables were used as covariates. Reliable data were obtained from 17 Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Honduras, Guatemala, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, El Salvador, Uruguay and Venezuela. RESULTS: The number of psychiatric beds decreased in 15 out of 17 Latin American countries (median -35%) since 1991. Our findings indicate the total removal of 69 415 psychiatric beds. The prison population increased in all countries (median +181%). Panel data regression analyses showed a significant inverse relationship -2.70 (95% CI -4.28 to -1.11; p = 0.002) indicating that prison populations increased more when and where more psychiatric beds were removed. This relationship held up when introducing per capita income and income inequality as covariates -2.37 (95% CI -3.95 to -0.8; p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Important numbers of psychiatric beds have been removed in Latin America. Removals of psychiatric beds were related to increasing incarceration rates. Minimum numbers of psychiatric beds need to be defined and addressed in national policies.

Microplastic pollution on sandy beaches of Puerto Rico.

Caribbean islands, including Puerto Rico, are biodiversity hotspots threatened by microplastics (<5 mm). Little is known about the extent of microplastic pollution in coastal sandy beaches of Puerto Rico. Sand from six northern beaches was collected in the high tide line to determine microplastic abundance (0.3-4.75 mm). Península La Esperanza, the most polluted beach, exhibited higher average abundance (17 items/kg dw) and diversity. High urbanization, industrial/port activities, and riverine input are likely sources of plastic debris on this beach. The other beaches showed lower and similar average abundance (3 to 7 items/kg dw) despite having distinct potential point and non-point sources. Overall, fibers (40%), fragments (28%) and foams (27%) predominated (n = 102 particles). Results showed comparable levels to other world beaches, some classified as highly contaminated, but only when transforming units to items/m2. Preliminary ATR-FTIR analysis identified mainly polyethylene. It is imperative to have plastics source reduction through waste management.

Shielding features of seven types on natural quartz.

The shielding features of amethyst, chalcedony, crystal rock, milky, pink, flint, and jasper quartz were calculated. The seven varieties of quartz were collected within the territory of the state of Zacatecas in Mexico. Shielding characteristics include the linear attenuation coefficients, the effective atomic numbers and the mass interaction coefficients for 1 keV to 100 GeV photons. The interaction coefficients were calculated for the coherent scattering, the photoelectric absorption, the Compton scattering, and the pair production occurring in the electric field of the atomic nucleus and the electrons. The linear attenuation coefficients were compared with those of the Portland concrete widely used as radiation shielding. In the low energy region where the photoelectric absorption is dominant the mass interaction coefficients and the total linear attenuation coefficients have three resonances due to the Si, Ca and Fe concentration, these resonances are also noticed in the effective atomic number. For photons below 60 keV the shielding performance of quartz can be used to shield X-ray devices working with less than 60 kV.

Multirobot Heterogeneous Control Considering Secondary Objectives.

Cooperative robotics has considered tasks that are executed frequently, maintaining the shape and orientation of robotic systems when they fulfill a common objective, without taking advantage of the redundancy that the robotic group could present. This paper presents a proposal for controlling a group of terrestrial robots with heterogeneous characteristics, considering primary and secondary tasks thus that the group complies with the following of a path while modifying its shape and orientation at any time. The development of the proposal is achieved through the use of controllers based on linear algebra, propounding a low computational cost and high scalability algorithm. Likewise, the stability of the controller is analyzed to know the required features that have to be met by the control constants, that is, the correct values. Finally, experimental results are shown with different configurations and heterogeneous robots, where the graphics corroborate the expected operation of the proposal.

Doses in eye lens, thyroid, and gonads, due to scattered radiation, during a CT radiodiagnosis study.

X-ray images used for radio-diagnosis are very useful to evaluate the progress of a treatment or to have a better diagnosis. However, during the interaction between the incoming X-ray beam and the body surface, part of the radiation is scattered out reaching other parts of the body delivering an undesirable dose. In this work the dose in eye lenses, thyroid, and gonads of a solid water phantom was measured using thermoluminescent dosimeters, while a Computer Tomography of the torso was obtained. With the measured absorbed dose the effective dose was calculated. Thus, the effective dose in the eye lens, thyroid, and gonads is approximately 57, 214 and 9 µSv respectively. The largest effective dose was on that area located nearest to the region where the radiation is scattered.

Doses in eye lens, thyroid, salivary glands, mammary glands, and gonads, due to radiation scattered in dental orthopantomography.

In the aim to support treatments and diagnostics in Dentistry the most common radiographies are the periapical radiography and the dental panoramic. In the dental panoramic the X-ray beam is addressed into a large zone of the face obtaining the image of the upper and lower jaw. In this procedure part of the X-rays are scattered reaching some other parts of the patient body. In this work the absorbed dose in the eye lens, thyroid, salivary glands, mammary glands, and gonads, was measured in patients undergoing a dental orthopantomography. Measurements were carried out with thermolmuminiscent dosimeters. With the absorbed doses the Effective dose were calculated. The highest dose was obtained in the salivary glands (30.4 µSv) and the lowest dose was obtained in thyroid (3.8 µSv).

Técnica de diafanización para describir el desarrollo embrionario del sistema óseo. Revisión de la literatura / Diaphanization technique for the description of the embryonic development of the skeletal system. Systematic literature review

Introduction: The anatomic diaphanization technique consists in the transparency of soft tissues of vertebrate organisms (clearing), in order to dye the mineralized tissue and visualize bone and cartilage (staining). Objective: To review the reports available on specialized literature that describes the embryonic development of mammal ́s skeletal system through the diaphonization technique and simple staining or double staining processes. Materials and methods: A literature review was made on PubMed, Academic Google and SciELO, based on PRISMA, through the association of the term double staining with the health descriptors of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) alizarin red, alician blue, bone and cartilage , and the combination of the Boolean operators + and &. Results: There were included 22 articles that described the diaphanization technique and the simple staining or double staining technique used in the observation, registration and analysis of the embryonic development of mammal ́s skeletal system. Conclusion: The diaphanization technique and simple staining or double staining technique is an anatomic study technique­versatile and of low cost­of the embryonic development of mammal ́s skeletal system, which may be used in toxicology studies, discarding the possibility of developmental anomalies during the cartilage or bone formation (chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, respectively) associated to the exposure to a possible teratogenic agent.

Determinación de las características anatómicas de las arterias coronarias de cerdo mediante técnica de inyección con látex / Determination of the anatomical characteristics of the pig's coronary arteries by injection with latex

Objetivo: Determinar las características anatómicas de las arterias coronarias del cerdo, mediante inyección con látex. Materiales y métodos: Se usaron 100 corazones de cerdo. Se insertaron sondas Nelaton a través de las arterias coronarias y se les inyectó solución de látex y tinta china. Se determinó el diámetro y el punto de origen para la coronaria derecha, coronaria izquierda, interventricular paraconal y circunfleja. Se cuantificaron el número de ramas diagonales, marginales ventriculares izquierdas y postero laterales. Se determinó frecuencia de ramus intermedius y tipo de dominancia. Se realizó análisis estadístico con un error estándar del 5%, con el Epidat 3,1. Resultados: El 100% de los orígenes anatómicos de las arterias coronarias fueron normales. La dominancia mas frecuente fue la derecha, 73%. El promedio de número de ramas marginales izquierdas, diagonales y posterolaterales fue de 3. La frecuencia de ramus intermedius fue de 12%. El calculo de chi cuadrado de Pearson mostró significancia entre el ramus intermedius y número de ramas marginales izquierdas (p=0,0009). Conclusiones: Las características anatómicas de las arterias coronarias del cerdo son similares a las del humano. El ramus intermedius se comporta como una primera rama marginal izquierda y no como una primera rama diagonal como lo afirman algunos autores.

Objective: Determining the anatomical characteristics of pigs' coronary arteries by injection with latex. Materials and methods: 100 pigs' hearts were used. Nelaton catheters were inserted trough coronary arteries for injection of latex and Indian ink. Diameter and origin were determinated for righ coronary artery, left coronary artery, ramus interventricularis paraconalis and circumflex artery. It was quantified the number of diagonals, left marginals and lateral posteriors branches. Ramus intermedius and coronary dominance were determinated. Statical tests were applied with a standard error of 5% by Epidat 3,1. Results: Anatomical origins of coronary arteries were normal (100%). The most frequent coronary dominance was the right, 73%. The average of number of left marginals, diagonals and posterior laterals artery branches was three. The frequent for ramus intermedius was 12%. Pearson chi squared test was significant between ramus intermedius and number of left marginal (p=0,0009). Conclusions: Anatomical charasteristics of pigs' coronary arteries are similar as humans'. Ramus intermedius is similar to the first left marginal artery branch and it isn't similar first diagonal artery branch.

Psychiatric hospital beds and prison populations in South America since 1990: does the Penrose hypothesis apply?

IMPORTANCE: In 1939, English mathematician, geneticist, and psychiatrist Lionel Sharples Penrose hypothesized that the numbers of psychiatric hospital beds and the sizes of prison populations were inversely related; 75 years later, the question arises as to whether the hypothesis applies to recent developments in South America. OBJECTIVE: To explore the possible association of changes in the numbers of psychiatric hospital beds with changes in the sizes of prison populations in South America since 1990. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We searched primary sources for the numbers of psychiatric hospital beds in South American countries since 1990 (the year that the Latin American countries signed the Caracas Declaration) and compared these changes against the sizes of prison populations. The associations between the numbers of psychiatric beds and the sizes of prison populations were tested using fixed-effects regression of panel data. Economic variables were considered as covariates. Sufficiently reliable and complete data were obtained from 6 countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The numbers of psychiatric beds and the sizes of prison populations. RESULTS: Since 1990, the numbers of psychiatric beds decreased in all 6 countries (ranging from -2.0% to -71.9%), while the sizes of prison populations increased substantially (ranging from 16.1% to 273.0%). Panel data regression analysis across the 6 countries showed a significant inverse relationship between numbers of psychiatric beds and sizes of prison populations. On average, the removal of 1 bed was associated with 5.18 more prisoners (95% CI, 3.10-7.26; P = .001), which was reduced to 2.78 prisoners (95% CI, 2.59-2.97; P < .001) when economic growth was considered as a covariate. The association between the numbers of psychiatric beds and the sizes of prison populations remained practically unchanged when income inequality was considered as a covariate (-4.28 [95% CI, -5.21 to -3.36]; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Since 1990, the numbers of psychiatric beds have substantially decreased in South America, while the sizes of the prison populations have increased against a background of strong economic growth. The changes appear to be associated because the numbers of beds decreased more extensively when and where the sizes of prison populations increased. These findings are consistent with and specify the assumption of an association between the numbers of psychiatric beds and the sizes of prison populations. More research is needed to understand the drivers of the capacities of psychiatric hospitals and prisons and to explore reasons for their association.

Glándula parótida accesoria como una variación anatómica. Reporte de caso / Accessory parotid gland as an anatomical variation. Case report

La glándula parótida accesoria es una variación anatómica poco frecuente en población humana (20%). Se reporta un caso sobre glándula parótida accesoria durante una práctica de disección. Los tu- mores de glándula parótida accesoria tienen relevancia clínica por la relación existente entre esta estructura y el nervio bucal, el cual en casos de tumoración representa una vía aferente de diseminación tumoral perineural. La información aquí descrita puede ser de utilidad para los anatomistas, odontólogos y médicos al momento de valorar las estructuras faciales y las masas localizadas en la región bucal.

The accessory parotid gland is a rare anato - mical variation in human population (20%). This article presents a case report about the accessory parotid gland found during a dissection practice. Accessory parotid gland tumors have clinical importance for the relation with buccal nerve; also in tu- mor cases can be an afferent of perineural tumoral spread. This information may be important to anatomist, dentist and doctors interested in studying and exploring facial structures and tumor in oral region

Nervio trigémino: aspectos esenciales desdelas ciencias biomédicas / Trigeminal nerve: essential aspects from the biomedical sciences

El nervio trigémino equivale al V par cra- neal de los 12 identificados desde 1798, es el nervio del primer arco faríngeo y pro- porciona la sensibilidad somática general de muchas estructuras de la cabeza, con excepción del cuero cabelludo por debajo del vértex. Es el nervio más voluminoso de los pares craneales que constituyen el sis- tema nervioso periférico encefálico. Tiene su origen aparente en la región anterior y lateral de la protuberancia, cerca del pedún - culo cerebeloso medio y sus orígenes reales distribuidos en las neuronas pseudounipo- lares del ganglio trigeminal "De Gasser", ubicado en la fosa craneal media y en los núcleos sensoriales y motor localizados en diferentes niveles del tallo cerebral o tronco del encéfalo. De las tres divisiones periféricas del nervio trigémino, las divi- siones maxilar y mandibular proporcionan la inervación sensorial de las estructuras que constituyen la cavidad oral, además la división mandibular suple la inervación motora de los músculos masticatorios, convirtiéndolo en un referente anatómico esencial para la odontología...(AU)

The trigeminal nerve or V cranial pair of 12 cranial pairs identified since 1798, is the nerve of the first pharyngeal arch and pro - vides general somatic sensitivity of many structures of the head, except to the scalp below vertex. It is the most voluminous nerve of all cranial pairs of the encephalic peripheral nervous system. It has its appa- rent origin in the anterior and lateral region near the middle cerebellar peduncle and its true origins distributed in pseudounipolar neurons of trigeminal ganglion "Gasser" located in the middle cranial fossa and sen - sory and motor nuclei located at different levels of brain stem. Of the three peripheral divisions of the trigeminal nerve, maxillary and mandibular divisions provide the sensory innervation of the structures that constitute the oral cavity, and mandibular division also supplies motor innervation of the masticatory muscles, making it an essential anatomical reference for dentistry...(AU)

Three-dimensional echocardiography in congenital malformations of the mitral valve.

Three-dimensional echocardiography has proved to be valuable in congenital heart disease by enhancing the evaluation of morphologic abnormalities and increasing the understanding of complex relationships. This study was undertaken to determine how 3-dimensional echocardiography could be best used to study some of the congenital malformations of the mitral valve such as mitral arcade, double orifice mitral valve, accessory mitral tissue, cleft mitral valve, and unicuspid mitral valve. Five patients were studied. Three-dimensional echocardiography was found to be helpful in defining spatial location and extent of deformities.

Identificación intraoperatoria del glandulas paratiroides mediante tinción selectiva con azul de metileno

La identificación de las glándulas paratiróides durante la cirugía, reduce el riesgo de hipoparatiroidismo postoperatorio. Este riesgo paratiroideo aumenta a partir del momento en que la cirugía de la tiroides es bilateral, radical o cuando se trata de una reintervención. Historicamente se han realizado varios trabajos con el fin de facilitar la identificación de las paratiroides. El presente trabajo permite una nueva técnica de reconocimiento paratiroideo intraoperatorio con tinción mediante el uso de azul de metileno y que muestra resultados positivos, en cuento a localización de un 88 por ciento con un índice de confiabilidad de un 94.11 por ciento. Se reconocieron 43 glándulas paratiroides por tinción en 25 pacientes. Los efectos colaterales fueron mínimos. La mortalidad nula. Se sugiere que este método debería ser usado sistematicamente en las cirugías de tiroides, mas si ésta es bilateral, en cáncer de tiroides y en las reintervenciones.

The possible role of hormonal levels in fibromyalgia

Estudiamos los niveles hormonales en 18 enfermas con fibromialgia. Once de ellas en etapa premenopáusica y 7 en el periodo postmenopáusico. Medimos los niveles séricos de estradiol, progesterona, hormonas folículo estimulante y luteinizante. Todas las pacientes tuvieron niveles normales de hormona luteinizante, hormona folículo estimulante y progesterona. Interesantemente, tanto el grupo de pacientes pre como portmenopáusicas, mostraron niveles significativamente disminuidos de estradiol. Algunos pacientes en los que no se obtuvo respuesta a tratamiento con tricíclicos y benzodiacepinas mostraron una buena respuesta cuando se les trató con estrógenos. Sugerimos la posibilidad de que el hipoestrogenismo participe en la patogénesis de la fibromialgia

Un caso de hematoma subcapsular esplenico organizado / A case of hematoma subcapsular organized esplenico

Los autores presentan un caso de Hematoma Subcapsular Esplénico Organico, patologia poco frecuente en nuestro medio, al igual que en la literatura revisada. Se describe la historia clinica de la paciente, y los estudios complementarios a que fue sometida, relato operatoria y estudio anatomopatológico, concluyéndose con un comentario relativo al caso