ABSTRACT
Las lesiones causadas por el tránsito (LCT) se encuentran dentro de las principales causas de mortalidad y discapacidad a nivel mundial, hecho reflejado en el puesto que ocupan dentro de las primeras diez causas de vida ajustados por discapacidad, con importantes costos e impacto económico y social para las sociedades que las padecen. En 2004, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) lanzó el primer informe sobre prevención de LCT. Sin embargo, en años posteriores esa situación no mejoró, por lo cual las Naciones Unidas lanzó la Década de Acción para la Seguridad Vial (2011-2020), donde se invitaba a los gobiernos a diseñar e implementar acciones para reducir la carga asociada a este problema; entre estas se encuentra diseño y mejoramiento de vías, atención oportuna pos siniestro, control de la velocidad, medidas de control administrativo, diseño y mejoramiento de estándares vehiculares, entre otras. Las medidas basadas en enfoque poblacional han demostrado ser más poderosas que las medidas que inducen cambios de comportamiento individual.
Injuries caused by traffic (ICT) are among the main causes of mortality and disability worldwide, reflected in the fact that they occupy the first ten causes of disability adjusted life years with economic and social cost impacts for the societies that suffer from them. In 2004, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the first Prevention Report about ICT. Nevertheless, in subsequent years this situation has not improved, motivating the United Nations to launch the Decade of Action for Road Safety (2011-2020), where governments were invited to design and implement actions to reduce the burden associated with this problem: designing and improving of roads, increasing timely post-crash care, speed control, administrative control measures, designing and improving vehicle safety standards, among others. Population-based measures have been shown to be more powerful than measures that induce individual behavior changes.
Subject(s)
Humans , Safety , Security Measures , Accidents, Traffic , Colombia , Wounds and Injuries , Disease PreventionABSTRACT
We used a mixed design study to analyze the inequalities and inequities in Maternal Mortality (MM) for Chocó (Colombia) between 2010-2018. The quantitative component consisted of an analytical ecological design, where proportions, ratios, measures of central tendency and rates ratios, rate difference, Gini and concentration indices were calculated to measure inequalities. The qualitative component had a phenomenological and interpretive approach. One hundred thirty-one women died in Choco between 2010-2018. The Maternal Mortality Ratio was 224/100.000 live births. The Gini coefficient was 0.35, indicating inequality in the distribution of the number of MM with respect to live births. The health service offers have been concentrated in the private sector in urban areas (77%). The exercise of midwifery has played an important role in maternal and perinatal care processes, especially in territories where the State has been absent. Nevertheless, it occurs in complex circumstances such as the armed conflict, lack of transportation routes, and income deficits, affecting the timelines and care quality for these vulnerable groups. MM in Chocó has been a consequence of deficiencies in the health system and weaknesses in its infrastructure (absence of a high level of maternal-perinatal care). This is in addition to the territory's geographical characteristics, which increase vulnerability and health risks for women and their newborns. In Colombia, as well as in other countries, many maternal and newborn deaths are preventable because their causes are due to social injustices.
Subject(s)
Maternal Health Services , Midwifery , Pregnancy , Humans , Infant, Newborn , Female , Maternal Mortality , Colombia/epidemiology , Income , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Introducción: La diabetes mellitus es un importante problema de salud pública que afecta de manera importante a varios países de América Latina, es para México y Colombia una de las principales causas de mortalidad. Objetivo: Analizar las tendencias y algunos factores de riesgo potencialmente asociados a la mortalidad por diabetes mellitus entre Colombia y México. Métodos: Estudio epidemiológico, observacional-analítico de fuentes secundarias, tipo ecológico, que compararon las tendencias de mortalidad entre Colombia y México entre 2000 a 2017. Se estimaron tasas de mortalidad por país, sexo y año de ocurrencia; mediante modelo de análisis múltiple se determinaron factores sociodemográficos potencialmente asociados a la mortalidad. Resultados: Para el período de estudio, hubo un incremento en el riesgo de mortalidad por diabetes mellitus en México. Se encontró un 28 por ciento más de posibilidad de muerte por diabetes mellitus en hombres mexicanos en comparación con los colombianos; un 45 por ciento más de riesgo de muerte en mexicanos de 40 a 59 años, en comparación con los colombianos. Según el área de residencia, los mexicanos del área rural tuvieron 4 veces más posibilidad de morir que aquellos que habitaban la zona urbana, en comparación con los colombianos; todas estas diferencias fueron estadísticamente significativas (p < 0,05). Conclusiones: Esta investigación brinda información relevante sobre la mortalidad por DM, al estimar la magnitud del fenómeno y realizar comparaciones durante cerca de dos décadas en dos países de América Latina. El impacto de la diabetes mellitus se observó, fundamentalmente, en México, donde actualmente es la principal causa de mortalidad(AU)
Introduction: Diabetes mellitus, an important public health problem that significantly affects several Latin American countries, is one of the main causes of mortality for Mexico and Colombia. Objective: To analyze the trends and some risk factors potentially associated with mortality from diabetes mellitus between Colombia and Mexico. Methods: An epidemiological, observational-analytical study of secondary sources, ecological type, comparing mortality trends among Colombia and Mexico between 2000 and 2017. Mortality rates were estimated by country, sex, and year of occurrence; multiple analysis models were used to determine sociodemographic factors potentially associated with mortality. Results: During the study period, there was an increased risk of mortality from diabetes mellitus in Mexico. A 28percent higher chance of death from diabetes mellitus was found in Mexican men compared to Colombians; and a 45percent higher risk of death in Mexicans aged 40 to 59, compared to Colombians. According to the area of residence, Mexicans in rural areas were 4 times more likely to die than those who lived in urban areas, compared to Colombians. All these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions: This research provides relevant information on mortality from DM, by estimating the magnitude of the phenomenon and making comparisons over nearly two decades in two Latin American countries. The impact of diabetes mellitus was observed mainly in Mexico, where it is currently the leading cause of mortality(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Diabetes Mellitus/mortality , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , Colombia , Observational Study , MexicoABSTRACT
Objetivo: Presentar los resultados de una revisión sobre la investigación y metodología de Sistematización de Experiencias y su pertinencia en la salud pública. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión de literatura en dos etapas usando los siguientes operadores booleanos: "sistematización de experiencias" AND "metodología" OR "investigación" OR "salud" OR "educación popular" OR "trabajo social" OR "Latinoamérica" OR "Investigación Acción Participativa", en las bases de datos MedLine y Scielo, complementada con la búsqueda en el catálogo general de las bibliotecas de la Pontificia Universidad Javeriana y la Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Se dejó fecha e idioma abierto. Se empleó N-Vivo versión 12 para el procesamiento de la información. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 183 referencias, entre artículos, libros, literatura gris, tesis (pregrado, maestría o doctorado) y material audiovisual. De estos, se seleccionaron 88 para revisión de texto completo. Se generaron seis categorías relacionadas con la definición, metodología, instrumentos, objetivos, limites-tensiones y ventajas de la Sistematización de Experiencias. Conclusiones: La Sistematización de Experiencias es una metodología cualitativa surgida en el contexto latinoamericano que permite la reconstrucción de la historia y el conocimiento de las prácticas para fortalecer y transformar la realidad local. En el campo de la salud pública, la SE permite reinterpretar las nociones y problemáticas en salud de las personas y colectividades; comprender sus experiencias, necesidades y expectativas en salud; e identificar la agencia de las personas para mejorar e incidir en el bienestar y la calidad de vida de sus comunidades.
Objective: To show the results of a literature review about the investigation and methodology of Systematization of Experiences and its relevance in public health. Method: A literature review was carried out in two stages. The following Boolean operators were used: "systematization of experiences" AND "methodology" OR "research" OR "health" OR "popular education" OR "social work" OR "Latin America" OR "Participatory Action Research", in the MedLine and Scielo databases, was complemented by a search in the general catalog of the libraries of the Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and the Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Date and language were left open. N-Vivo version 12 was used for the processing and description of the information. Results: A total of 183 references were obtained from articles, books, gray literature, thesis (undergraduate, master's or doctorate) and audiovisual material. Of these, 88 were selected for full text review. Six categories were created related to the definition, methodology, instruments, objectives, limits-tensions and advantages of the Systematization of experiences. Conclusions: The Systematization of Experiences is a methodological strategy that contributes to qualitative research created within the context of Latin America, which allows us to recover the history and knowledge of practices while also strengthening and transforming the local reality. In the field of public health, it allows us to reinterpreting the notions and problems of individuals and communities; understanding their experiences, needs and expectations in health; and identify people's agency to improve and positively influence the well-being and quality of life of the community.
ABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: Datos de varios países del mundo sugieren que los niños con COVID-19 podrían presentar síntomas diferentes y menos graves que los adultos. Sin embargo, los patrones epidemiológicos y clínicos en este grupo poblacional son poco claros. Métodos: El presente es un estudio observacional, con una caracterización inicial transversal-analítica, y con un componente longitudinal o de seguimiento a un grupo de menores con sospecha y/o diagnóstico confirmado de COVID-19, que presentaron desenlaces como mejoría, traslado a un nivel superior de atención o defunción por sintomatología respiratoria. Los niños recibieron atención médica en el Hospital General Regional con Medicina Familiar N.° 1 (HGR C/MF N.° 1), y se les realizó prueba de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR). Resultados: Se estudiaron 98 niños como casos sospechosos para COVID-19, a quienes se les realizó RT-PCR. Del total, 24 resultaron positivos y 74 fueron negativos. La mediana de edad de los participantes fue 64,4 meses (0 a 203 meses), 55 menores eran de sexo masculino, 59 niños tuvieron manejo ambulatorio, y de estos, 14 presentaron resultado positivo. Entre los que requirieron manejo hospitalario (39), 10 niños dieron positivo para SARS-CoV-2, 84,7% alcanzaron mejoría y fueron dados de alta, 4 fueron trasladados a hospitales de nivel superior de atención. De los 98 niños en estudio, 11 fallecieron, 7 con resultado negativo y 4 con resultado positivo para SARS-CoV-2. Conclusiones: Los principales síntomas de la población pediátrica en este estudio fueron fiebre, tos y malestar general. De los niños que fallecieron, 4 presentaron resultado positivo para SARS-CoV-2, no obstante, estos presentaban otras comorbilidades.
Abstract Introduction: Data from several countries around the world suggest that children with COVID-19 may present different and less severe symptoms than adults. However, the epidemiological and clinical patterns in this population group have been unclear. Methods: This is an observational study, with an initial cross-analytical characterization, and with a longitudinal or follow-up component in a group of minors with suspected and or confirmed case of COVID-19, which have outcomes such as improvement, transfer to a higher level of care or death due to respiratory symptoms. The children received medical attention at the Regional General Hospital with Family Medicine No 1 (HGR C / MF No 1), and underwent a Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction test (RT-PCR). Results: 98 children were studied as suspected cases for COVID-19, who underwent RT-PCR. Of the total 24 were positive and 74 were negatives. The median age was 64.4 months (0 to 203 months), 55 minors were male, 59 children had outpatient management, and of these, 14 had a positive result. Among those who required hospital management (39), 10 children were positive for SARS-CoV-2, 84.7% achieved improvement and were discharged, and four were transferred to a higher level of care hospital. Of the 98 children in the study, 11 died, seven had a negative result and four a positive result for SARS-CoV-2. Conclusions: The main symptoms of the pediatric population in this study were fever, cough and general discomfort. Four of those who died had a positive result for SARS-CoV-2, however, they had other comorbidities.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Child , Mortality , Multimorbidity , COVID-19 , MexicoABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: La Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2) es una enfermedad crónica cuya prevalencia elevada hace que sea un importante problema de salud pública, social y económico en los países. Objetivo: Identificar factores de riesgo potencialmente asociados al control glucémico y Síndrome Metabólico (SM) de pacientes con DMT2 de una Institución prestadora de Servicios de Salud (IPS) de Villavicencio. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico transversal a partir de información secundaria. Se establecieron modelos multivariados basados en regresiones binomiales para analizar razones de prevalencia ajustadas en dos variables: síndrome metabólico y control glucémico. Resultados: Más del 90% de los individuos eran mayores de 49 años; 50,6% hombres; 46,6% presentó cifras de la prueba de hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c) mayor a 7%; 64,5% tenían SM. Los individuos con hiperglicemia tuvieron 3,1 veces más riesgo de tener inadecuado control glucémico (IC 95%:2,28-4,25, p<0,05); aquellos con hipotiroidismo presentaron 1,2 veces más riesgo de desarrollar SM (IC 95%:1,01-1,35; p<0,05) y aquellos con cardiopatía tuvieron 1,3 veces más riesgo de desarrollar SM. Conclusiones: A pesar de ser una población controlada y en proceso de monitoreo, alto porcentaje de pacientes presentó inadecuado control metabólico, aumentando el riesgo cardiovascular, esto sugiere optimizar procesos de seguimiento institucional.
Abstract Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic disease whose high prevalence makes it an important public, social and economic health problem in countries. Objective: To identify risk factors potentially associated with glycemic control and metabolic syndrome (MS) of patients with T2DM of a Health Services Institution (IPS) in Villavicencio, Colombia. Materials and methods: A transverse analytical study from secondary information was made. Multivariate models based on binomial regressions were established to analyze reasons of prevalence adjusted in two variables: metabolic syndrome and glycemic control. Results: More than 90% of individuals were over 49 years old; 50.6% were men; 46.6% showed the glycosylated hemoglobin test (HbA1c) figures greater than 7%; 64.5% had MS. Individuals with hyperglycemia had 3.1 times the risk of inadequate glycemic control (95% CI: 2,28-4,25, p<0.05); Those with hypothyroidism presented 1.2 times more risk of developing MS (95% CI: 1,01-1,35; p < 0.05) and those with heart disease had 1.3 times the risk of developing MS. Conclusions: Despite being a controlled population and in the process of monitoring, high percentage of patients presented inadequate metabolic control which increases cardiovascular risk. This suggests optimizing institutional follow-up processes.
Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Glycated Hemoglobin , Metabolic SyndromeABSTRACT
The scope of this article is to analyze the risk of death by suicide in Colombia based on the covariables of sex, age group, year, region and/or department from 2000 to 2013. The databases of deaths by suicide and population projections of DANE were used. A longitudinal and analytical study was conducted. From 2000 to 2013, annual trends of deaths by suicide by means of modeling of covariables were established and risk estimates were collected. The Poisson regression model (PRM) was used. IRR was used according to the MRP with a level of significance of (P <0.05). Colombians between the years 2000-2013, male, 15 to 34 years old, from the Central and Eastern regions and from the Departments of Vaupés, Huila and Quindío were those with the highest risk of death by suicide. The suicide rate decreased slightly as the years went by. The highest risk of suicide occurred among men of productive age, older adults, and in underdeveloped regions. Colombia requires a mental health policy that implements strategies for primary care, health promotion and disease prevention, aimed at promoting the quality of life, detection of suicidal ideation, treatment and rehabilitation of these people from a comprehensive rights and care approach.
Analizar el riesgo de muerte por suicidio en Colombia, a partir de covariables sexo, grupo etario, año, región y/o departamento de 2000 a 2013. Se utilizaron las bases de datos de muertes por suicidio y proyecciones poblacionales del DANE. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal y analítico. De 2000 a 2013, se establecieron las tendencias anuales de muertes por suicidio por covariables mediante modelación y se recogieron estimaciones de riegos Se utilizó el modelo de regresión de Poisson (MRP). Se emplearon IRR según el MRP con nivel de significancia (P < 0,05). Los colombianos entre los años 2000-2013, de sexo masculino, de 15 a 34 años, de las regiones Central y Oriental y de los Departamentos de Vaupés, Huila y Quindío fueron los que mayor riesgo tuvieron de morir por suicidio. La tasa de suicidios fue levemente decreciente conforme pasaron los años. El mayor riesgo de suicidio ocurrió en hombres en edad productiva, adultos mayores y en regiones poco desarrolladas. Colombia requiere una política de salud mental que implemente estrategias de atención primaria, promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad, orientadas a fomentar la calidad de vida, detección de ideación suicida, tratamiento y rehabilitación a estas personas desde el enfoque de derechos y atención integral.
Subject(s)
Quality of Life , Suicidal Ideation , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Adolescent , Adult , Age Factors , Aged , Colombia/epidemiology , Databases, Factual , Female , Humans , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Middle Aged , Poisson Distribution , Regression Analysis , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Young Adult , Suicide PreventionABSTRACT
Chagas disease is the leading cause of nonischemic cardiomyopathy in Latin America. Timely access to diagnosis and trypanocidal treatment and preventive tools for millions of infected people continues to be a challenge. The purpose of this study was to identify potential barriers for the diagnosis of Chagas disease in Colombia from the perspective of healthcare providers. Using a simultaneous mixed-methods study design, we analyzed trends in access to screening and diagnosis for Chagas disease in Colombia and assessed the national barriers to access. The main barriers to access at the national level included a limited governmental public health infrastructure for the diagnosis of Chagas disease and limited physician awareness and knowledge of the disease. Data indicate that 1.5% of total expected cases based on national prevalence estimates were reported. Few public health laboratories have the capacity to perform complementary tests for the diagnosis of Chagas disease and almost 6 months elapse between the requests of the tests and the confirmation of the disease. This study shows that infected people must overcome a number of barriers to achieve diagnosis. Reducing barriers to early diagnosis of Chagas disease is an important goal in the fight against the disease.
ABSTRACT
La Dirección de Investigación en Salud Pública (DISP), del Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), está comprometida con la generación de evidencias en Salud Pública con el objeto de contribuir al diseño e implementación de Políticas Públicas en el Sector Salud, el cual lidera el Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social de Colombia. A partir de los Decretos 4109 de 2011 y 2774 de 2012, el Instituto Nacional de Salud fue reestructurado (1,2) y la DISP asumió entre otras funciones fundamentales, investigar y orientar la gestión de conocimiento en Salud Pública y Biomedicina de acuerdo con las prioridades y necesidades del país. El INS a través de sus 100 años de historia, ha adquirido un gran conocimiento, experiencia y rigor metodológico en diversas áreas del conocimiento, hoy es un Centro de Investigación reconocido por Colciencias y de acuerdo con los resultados de la última Convocatoria (781) (3) de Grupos e Investigadores, cuenta con 13 grupos de investigación clasificados como A y B; además de tener el Comité de Ética y Metodologías de Investigación (CEMIN) (4) que desarrolla un proceso de revisión técnico y ético riguroso y cuando corresponde, con análisis de pares para garantizar la idoneidad, pertinencia y factibilidad de los proyectos que se formulan según las necesidades detectadas y/o solicitadas a nivel sectorial. El INS, como parte de su plan estratégico misional cuenta con nueve líneas de investigación institucionales, relacionadas con biología celular y molecular de enfermedades crónicas; biología celular y molecular de los agentes causantes de enfermedades transmisibles y de sus vectores; desarrollo e implementación de metodologías diagnósticas; epidemiología clásica y molecular y control de los agentes causantes de enfermedades transmisibles de importancia en salud pública y de sus vectores; resistencia a antibióticos, medicamentos y plaguicidas; riesgo e impacto de contaminantes ambientales en salud; vigilancia y control de enfermedades no transmisibles y nutrición, alimentación y seguridad alimentaria (5). En el marco del proceso de Investigación en Salud Pública, el INS hace parte de redes de conocimiento, alianzas estratégicas para generar y transferir conocimiento y participa de diversas convocatorias de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación incluida la de Colciencias, dirigidas a alianzas entre actores del Sistema de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SCTeI). (3,6).
The Public Health Research (DISP) directorate of the National Institute of Health (INS) is committed to the generation of evidence in public health with the aim of contributing to the design and implementation of public policies in the health sector, with the leadership of the Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Colombia. As of Decrees 4109 of 2011 and 2774 of 2012, INS was restructured and the DISP assumed, among other fundamental functions, to investigate and guide knowledge management in public health and biomedicine according to the priorities and needs of the country. Through its 100 years history, INS has acquired great expertise, knowledge, experience and methodological rigor in various areas of knowledge. It currently is a research center recognized by Colciencias; according to results of the last Groups and Researchers Call (781), it has 13 research groups classified as A and B. In addition, it has a Committee of Ethics and Research Methodologies (CEMIN) that develops a rigorous technical and ethical review process and when appropriate, with peer review to guarantee suitability, pertinence and feasibility of the projects that are formulated according to the needs detected and / or requested at a sectorial level. The INS, as part of its strategic mission plan, has nine institutional research lines related to cellular and molecular biology of chronic diseases; cellular and molecular biology of the causative agents of communicable diseases and their vectors; development and implementation of diagnostic methodologies; classical and molecular epidemiology and control of causative agents of communicable diseases of importance in public health and their vectors; resistance to antibiotics, medicines and pesticides; risk and impact of environmental contaminants in health; surveillance and control of non-communicable diseases and nutrition, food and food security. Within the framework of the public health research process, INS is part of knowledge networks, has strategic alliances to generate and transfer knowledge and participates in various calls for Research, Development and Innovation, including Colciencias, aimed at alliances between actors of the System of Science, Technology and Innovation (SCTeI).
Subject(s)
Health Policy , Public HealthABSTRACT
Resumen Analizar el riesgo de muerte por suicidio en Colombia, a partir de covariables sexo, grupo etario, año, región y/o departamento de 2000 a 2013. Se utilizaron las bases de datos de muertes por suicidio y proyecciones poblacionales del DANE. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal y analítico. De 2000 a 2013, se establecieron las tendencias anuales de muertes por suicidio por covariables mediante modelación y se recogieron estimaciones de riegos Se utilizó el modelo de regresión de Poisson (MRP). Se emplearon IRR según el MRP con nivel de significancia (P < 0,05). Los colombianos entre los años 2000-2013, de sexo masculino, de 15 a 34 años, de las regiones Central y Oriental y de los Departamentos de Vaupés, Huila y Quindío fueron los que mayor riesgo tuvieron de morir por suicidio. La tasa de suicidios fue levemente decreciente conforme pasaron los años. El mayor riesgo de suicidio ocurrió en hombres en edad productiva, adultos mayores y en regiones poco desarrolladas. Colombia requiere una política de salud mental que implemente estrategias de atención primaria, promoción de la salud y prevención de la enfermedad, orientadas a fomentar la calidad de vida, detección de ideación suicida, tratamiento y rehabilitación a estas personas desde el enfoque de derechos y atención integral.
Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze the risk of death by suicide in Colombia based on the covariables of sex, age group, year, region and/or department from 2000 to 2013. The databases of deaths by suicide and population projections of DANE were used. A longitudinal and analytical study was conducted. From 2000 to 2013, annual trends of deaths by suicide by means of modeling of covariables were established and risk estimates were collected. The Poisson regression model (PRM) was used. IRR was used according to the MRP with a level of significance of (P <0.05). Colombians between the years 2000-2013, male, 15 to 34 years old, from the Central and Eastern regions and from the Departments of Vaupés, Huila and Quindío were those with the highest risk of death by suicide. The suicide rate decreased slightly as the years went by. The highest risk of suicide occurred among men of productive age, older adults, and in underdeveloped regions. Colombia requires a mental health policy that implements strategies for primary care, health promotion and disease prevention, aimed at promoting the quality of life, detection of suicidal ideation, treatment and rehabilitation of these people from a comprehensive rights and care approach.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Young Adult , Quality of Life , Suicide/statistics & numerical data , Suicidal Ideation , Suicide/prevention & control , Poisson Distribution , Sex Factors , Regression Analysis , Risk Factors , Longitudinal Studies , Databases, Factual , Age Factors , Colombia/epidemiology , Middle AgedABSTRACT
Los accidentes del tránsito representan una de las principales causas de mortalidad, lesiones y discapacidad en personas a nivel mundial. Este fenómeno no es ajeno al contexto colombiano, con la particularidad del aumento del parque automotor durante las últimas dos décadas con mayor número de motocicletas, que representan más del 50 por ciento de las lesiones y muertes en los accidentes de tránsito. El trabajo fue autorizado por el comité de ética e investigación, su propósito es identificar las estrategias más efectivas que contribuyan a la prevención y control de las lesiones causadas por el tránsito de motocicletas. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura que incluyó estudios observacionales, investigación cualitativa y estudios econométricos. Se recopilaron 30 artículos publicados entre el 2002 y el 2013. Estos estudios muestran la implementación del uso del casco, de medidas de visibilidad, control de comportamientos de riesgo y la aplicación de leyes donde se restringe la ingesta de alcohol, como las principales prácticas orientadas a la prevención de accidentes en los motociclistas. El presente estudio resalta la robustez del uso del casco como la principal medida para la prevención y control de estos accidentes, reconoce la complejidad del fenómeno y la necesidad en consecuencia de la sinergia entre métodos cualitativos y cuantitativos para darleuna mayor explicación; supone una base conceptual sólida para la generación de políticas públicas pertinentes que busquen la disminución de la morbilidad, mortalidad y discapacidad asociada a este tipo de siniestros viales(AU).
Traffic accidents represent one of the main causes of mortality, injuries and disabilities worldwide. This phenomenon is also present in the Colombian setting where its main feature is related to the significant increase of the car fleet over the past two decades, with greater number of motorcycles, accounting for more than 50 percent of the lesions and deaths from road traffic accidents. The ethics and research committee authorized the presentation of this paper. Its objective was to identify the more effective strategies that will contribute to the prevention and control of injures from motorcycle traffic accidents. A systematic literature review including observational, qualitative and econometric studies was made. Thirty studies published from 2002 to 2013 were gathered. These studies showed the implementation of the use of helmet provisions, visibility measures, control of risky behaviors and application of laws on alcohol consumption as the main practices aimed at the prevention of motorcycle accidents. The present study underlined the soundness of the helmet use as the main measure for the prevention and control of accidents. It also recognized the complexity of this phenomenon and the need of synergy between qualitative and quantitative methods to provide broader explanation. This paper represents a sound conceptual basis for the generation of relevant public policies in search of the reduction of morbidity, mortality and disability associated to this type of road disasters(AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Motorcycles , Accidents, Traffic/prevention & controlABSTRACT
Comparar el nivel de implementación del Modelo de Vigilancia de la Morbilidad Materna Extrema (MVMME) y las principales barreras y facilitadores respecto de la implementación en dos grupos de instituciones prestadoras de servicios de salud (IPS) de Colombia.Materiales y métodos: estudio mixto, que emplea técnicas de información cuantitativa (instrumento semiestructurado) y cualitativa (entrevista a profundidad). Las IPS en las que se inició el modelo IPS piloto (IPSP) fueron comparadas con otro grupo de IPS que no participó en la inserción inicial del mismo, las que se denominarán IPS control (IPSC). Ambas fueron seleccionadas por conveniencia en conjunto con el Ministerio de Salud. El nivel de implementación se presenta como proporción por institución. La información se trianguló para complementar la información de los diferentes componentes de la implementación del MVMME.Resultados: hubo diferencias en la implementación según el grupo de IPS, en IPSP hubo mayor difusión de protocolos, detección, notificación, flujo de la información, análisis y toma de decisiones. En IPSC hubo más dificultades con la asignación de la causa principal, definir criterios de evitabilidad e identificar demoras. El volumen de profesionales, las horas promedio mes y los perfiles eran mayores en IPSP que en IPSC. El rango del nivel de implementación entre las IPSP varió entre el 73 y el 94 %; en el grupo de IPSC el rango estuvo entre 41 y 90 %. En las IPSP había mayor claridad sobre el papel del MVMME como herramienta para mejorar la calidad en la atención de las gestantes. En IPSC, si bien consideraban que el modelo ayudaba a mejorar la calidad, era interpretado como una sobrecarga de trabajo.Conclusiones: el mayor desarrollo en IPSP podría estar asociado a un mayor acompañamiento por parte del MS-UNFPA, y una mayor voluntad política e institucional para su implementación...
To compare the level of implementation of the Extreme Maternal Morbidity Surveillance Model (EMMSM). and the main barriers and facilitators to the implementation in two groups of Healthcare Service Providers (HSP) in Colombia.Materials and methods: Mixed study using quantitative (semi-structured tool) and qualitative (In-depth interview) information techniques. The healthcare service providers in which the pilot model was implemented (pHSP) were compared with another group of healthcare institutions that did not participate in the initial implementation, hereinafter called control HSP (cHSP). They were are all selected jointly with the Ministry of Health (MoH) based on convenience. The level of implementation is presented in terms of proportions for each healthcare institution. The information was crossed-referenced in order to supplement the data of the various components of the EMMSM implementation.Results: Differences in implementation were found for each IPS group. In the IPSP there was greater dissemination of the protocols, detection, notification, information flows and decision-making.In the IPSC group there were more difficulties in determining main causes, defining avoidability criteria, and identifying delays. The numbers of professional staff, mean monthly hours and profiles were higher among the IPSP when compared with the IPSC...
Subject(s)
Adult , Female , Colombia , Maternal Mortality , Morbidity , Pregnant WomenABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: High blood pressure (HBP) is a risk factor for chronic diseases. Worldwide, 20-25% of adults have hypertension, with 70% of them living in developing countries. Hypertensive renal disease (HRD) is a complication of insufficiently controlled hypertension. This study aims to analyze the behavior of HRD mortality in Mexico between 1998 and 2009. METHODS: Longitudinal study with secondary analysis of HRD records from the databases provided by INEGI, which analyzes the specific rates by age and sex and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) by states and regions. Georeferencing methods are used statewide. RESULTS: In Mexico from 1998 to 2009 there were 48,823 deaths from HRD. The standardized mortality rate rose from 3.35/100,000 inhabitants to 6.74 (p < 0.01). The specific rates by age and sex showed an increase in incidence after 50 years of age. States with higher SMR by HDR were DF, Estado de Mexico, Morelos, Jalisco, and Colima. CONCLUSIONS: HRD is a major microvascular complication of hypertension and its prevalence is increasing. We should strengthen the processes of early detection, care, and appropriate follow-up of people with hypertension to control this potentially preventable complication.
Subject(s)
Hypertension/epidemiology , Kidney Diseases/epidemiology , Aged , Female , Humans , Hypertension/complications , Kidney Diseases/complications , Longitudinal Studies , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Time FactorsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze the main characteristics associated with pedestrian injuries mortality in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A crossectional design was done using the mortality database related with pedestrian fatality during the periods 1994-1997 and 2004-2007. Variables as sex, age, residence, education and place of evento ccurrence were analyzed. Standardized mortality ratios by delegation were used to the analysis. RESULTS: There was a reduction during 2004-2007 at least 17.5% in deaths by pedestrian injuries and mortality rate of 1.9/100.000 inhabitants on the first period.The high decrease was in men (4,6/100.000) than in women (1,2/100.000). (p<0,05). Four delegations presented the highest risk of pedestrian injuries death during both periods. CONCLUSIONS: Results show significant changes among both periods. Differences by sex pointed out the need of a differential analysis of the problem. Contribute to elaborate new research questions to be addressed in the future to work on the prevention of this public health problem.
Subject(s)
Accidents, Traffic/mortality , Wounds and Injuries/mortality , Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Sectional Studies , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Mexico/epidemiology , Middle Aged , Urban Health , Walking , Young AdultABSTRACT
There are few social epidemiologic studies on chickenpox outbreaks, although previous findings suggested the important role of social determinants. This study describes the context of a large outbreak of chickenpox in the Cauca Valley region, Colombia (2003 to 2007), with an emphasis on macro-determinants. We explored the temporal trends in chickenpox incidence in 42 municipalities to identify the places with higher occurrences. We analyzed municipal characteristics (education quality, vaccination coverage, performance of health care services, violence-related immigration, and area size of planted sugar cane) through analyses based on set theory. Edwards-Venn diagrams were used to present the main findings. The results indicated that three municipalities had higher incidences and that poor quality education was the attribute most prone to a higher incidence. Potential use of set theory for exploratory outbreak analyses is discussed. It is a tool potentially useful to contrast units when only small sample sizes are available.
Subject(s)
Chickenpox/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination/statistics & numerical data , Colombia/epidemiology , Delivery of Health Care/standards , Educational Status , Humans , Incidence , Rural Population , Saccharum , Transients and Migrants , Violence/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Comparar y analizar las principales características de los peatones asociadas con muertes por atropellamiento en la Ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Diseño transversal comparativo que emplea registros de muertes por atropellamiento en la Ciudad de México durante dos periodos iguales 1994-1997 y 2004-2007.Variables analizadas: sexo, edad, lugar de residencia y de ocurrencia,escolaridad y cohorte de nacimiento.Se elaboraron razones estandarizadas de mortalidad por delegación. RESULTADOS: La mortalidad por atropellamientos en 2004-2007 desciende 17.5 por ciento y la tasa en 1.9/100.000 habitantes respecto del primer periodo. El descenso es mayor en hombres (4,6/100.000) que en mujeres (1,2/100,000). El riesgo se concentra en cuatro delegaciones, para ambos períodos. CONCLUSIONES: La metodología permite observar cambios significativos entre los periodos analizados y genera la necesidad del análisis por sexo. Los resultados plantean nuevas preguntas a resolver con otros diseños encaminados a la prevención de este problema de salud pública.
OBJECTIVE: To compare and analyze the main characteristics associated with pedestrian injuries mortality in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A crossectional design was done using the mortality database related with pedestrian fatality during the periods 1994-1997 and 2004-2007. Variables as sex, age, residence, education and place of evento ccurrence were analyzed. Standardized mortality ratios by delegation were used to the analysis. RESULTS: There was a reduction during 2004-2007 at least 17.5 percent in deaths by pedestrian injuries and mortality rate of 1.9/100.000 inhabitants on the first period.The high decrease was in men (4,6/100.000) than in women (1,2/100.000). (p<0,05). Four delegations presented the highest risk of pedestrian injuries death during both periods. CONCLUSIONS: Results show significant changes among both periods. Differences by sex pointed out the need of a differential analysis of the problem. Contribute to elaborate new research questions to be addressed in the future to work on the prevention of this public health problem.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , Accidents, Traffic/mortality , Wounds and Injuries/mortality , Cross-Sectional Studies , Mexico/epidemiology , Urban Health , WalkingABSTRACT
There are few social epidemiologic studies on chickenpox outbreaks, although previous findings suggested the important role of social determinants. This study describes the context of a large outbreak of chickenpox in the Cauca Valley region, Colombia (2003 to 2007), with an emphasis on macro-determinants. We explored the temporal trends in chickenpox incidence in 42 municipalities to identify the places with higher occurrences. We analyzed municipal characteristics (education quality, vaccination coverage, performance of health care services, violence-related immigration, and area size of planted sugar cane) through analyses based on set theory. Edwards-Venn diagrams were used to present the main findings. The results indicated that three municipalities had higher incidences and that poor quality education was the attribute most prone to a higher incidence. Potential use of set theory for exploratory outbreak analyses is discussed. It is a tool potentially useful to contrast units when only small sample sizes are available.
Hay pocos estudios de epidemiología social sobre epidemias de varicela, aunque resultados previos sugieren un importante rol de los determinantes sociales. Este estudio describe el contexto de una gran epidemia de varicela en la región del Valle del Cauca, Colombia (2003 a 2007), con énfasis en algunos macro-determinantes. Exploramos las tendencias temporales de la incidencia de varicela en 42 municipios para identificar los lugares con mayor ocurrencia. Analizamos las características municipales (calidad de educación, cobertura de vacunación, desempeño de los servicios de salud, inmigración relacionada con violencia, y área cultivada con caña de azúcar) mediante análisis basados en teoría de conjuntos. Diagramas de Venn de Edward fueron usados para presentar los principales hallazgos. Los resultados indicaron que tres municipios tuvieron las mayores incidencias y que la educación de pobre calidad fue el atributo más propenso a mayor incidencia. El uso de la teoría de conjuntos para análisis exploratorio de epidemias con pocas unidades de análisis es discutido.
Subject(s)
Humans , Chickenpox , Disease Outbreaks/statistics & numerical data , Vaccination , Colombia , Delivery of Health Care , Educational Status , Incidence , Rural Population , Saccharum , Transients and Migrants , Violence/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Introducción: La varicela es una enfermedad viral aguda altamente contagiosa, de comienzo repentino, con fiebre moderada, síntomas generales, erupción cutánea de tipo maculopapular y vesicular; afecta principalmente a menores de 10 años. Objetivos: Describir el comportamiento de la varicela entre 2003/2007 en Pradera (Valle del Cauca). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo producto de los registros del Sistema de Vigilancia en Salud Pública de Pradera, secundarios a la recolección de casos de varicela notificados por los prestadores de servicios de salud municipales semanalmente. Resultados: Se observó un incremento de 10 veces las tasas de varicela en 2006 respecto a 2003; afectó principalmente a menores de 1 a 4 años (14 veces), seguido de adultos jóvenes entre 15 a 44 años (13 veces) y de 45 a 59 años (9 veces); se enfermaron también personas de edades extremas (menores de un año - mayores de 60). Conclusiones: Por su alto poder epidémico la varicela requiere para su control y prevención la movilización de diferentes sectores poblacionales: salud, social y educación; es un evento que al no controlarse adecuadamente afecta a grupos poblacionales inhabituales (mayores de 15 años y menores de 1 año). Las estrategias de control y prevención implementadas entre las secretarías de Salud Municipal de Pradera y Departamental del Valle al parecer contribuyeron a mitigar la diseminación de este evento durante 2007.
Introduction: Chickenpox is a acute viral illness highly contagious of sudden onset with mild fever, general symptoms, maculopapular rash and vesicular type, affecting mainly children under 10 years. Objectives: To describe the behavior of chickenpox between 2003 /2007 in Padrera. (Valle del Cauca). Methods: A descriptive study was made of the records product Surveillance System in Public Health in Pradera secondary to the collection of cases of chickenpox reported by providers of municipal health services weekly. Results: We observed an increase of 10 times the rates for chickenpox in 2006 compared to 2003; this mainly affected children from 1 to 4 years (14 times), followed by young adults between 15 and 44 years (13 times) and 45 to 59 years (9 times); there were also people ill in extreme age (under one year - over 60). Conclusions: The Chickenpox by a high epidemic power required for control and prevention mobilization of different sectors of the population: health, social and education; it is an event that when not controlling properly affects unusual population groups (older than 15 years and less than 1 year). The prevention and control strategies implemented between the Secretaries Local Health in Pradera and Department of Valle helped to mitigate further spread of this event in 2007.
ABSTRACT
Objetivos: Identificar los factores predictores del consumo de tabaco entre los adolescentes del Colegio Santiago de Cali. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal con una muestra de 286 adolescentes matriculados y activos de grado 6 a 9 en el año lectivo 2005. A partir de la prevalencia del consumo de tabaco, se estimaron diferencias para las variables independientes con Ji2 y valores P. Los factores predictores fueron establecidos con un modelo logístico no condicional, previa evaluación de confusión y colinearidad. Resultados: La prevalencia del consumo fue 40,5% [IC: 34,8-46,4]. En los tres modelos, el consumo de amigos tuvo un OR 2,31, IC 95% [1,06-5,04]; el fumar si un amigo se lo brinda, presentó un OR 7,45, [IC 95% 3,9-14,0] y la exposición al humo de cigarrillo explican el consumo de tabaco con un OR 2,18, [IC 95% 1,23-3,87]; Test Hosmer-Lemes-how, Ji2=10,6 y P=0,2253. Conclusión: En este grupo de adolescentes solo los amigos se encontraron como posibles predictores del consumo de tabaco; aunque hubo cierto consumo por parte de los padres, no fue estadísticamente significativo, pero sí lo fue para la exposición al humo fuera del hogar. No hubo asociación con alcohol o sustancias psicoactivas...
Objectives: Identify strong predictors of smoke consumption by teenagers of high school Santiago of Cali. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 286 adolescents enrolled and assets from 6 to 9 degree in school year 2005. From the prevalence of smoke consumption was estimated to differences with the independent variables with Ji2 and P values. The predictive factors were established with a logistic model not conditional upon assessment of confusion and colineality. Results: The prevalence of consumption was 40,5% [CI: 34,8-46,4]. In all three models, consumption of friends had an OR 2,31, 95% [CI: 1,06-5,04]; smoking if a friend is what gives was OR 7,45, 95% [CI 3,9-14,0] and exposure to cigarette smoke explain consumption with an OR 2,18 95% [CI:1,23-3,87]; Hosmer Lemeshow Ji2 Test =10,60 and P Value=0,2253. Conclusions: In this group of teenagers just as friends were possible predictors of the consumption of tobacco, although there was some consumption by parents was not statistically significant, if it was for exposure to smoke outside the home. There were no associations with alcohol or psychoactive substances...