A Simple Standard for Sharing Ontological Mappings (SSSOM).

Despite progress in the development of standards for describing and exchanging scientific information, the lack of easy-to-use standards for mapping between different representations of the same or similar objects in different databases poses a major impediment to data integration and interoperability. Mappings often lack the metadata needed to be correctly interpreted and applied. For example, are two terms equivalent or merely related? Are they narrow or broad matches? Or are they associated in some other way? Such relationships between the mapped terms are often not documented, which leads to incorrect assumptions and makes them hard to use in scenarios that require a high degree of precision (such as diagnostics or risk prediction). Furthermore, the lack of descriptions of how mappings were done makes it hard to combine and reconcile mappings, particularly curated and automated ones. We have developed the Simple Standard for Sharing Ontological Mappings (SSSOM) which addresses these problems by: (i) Introducing a machine-readable and extensible vocabulary to describe metadata that makes imprecision, inaccuracy and incompleteness in mappings explicit. (ii) Defining an easy-to-use simple table-based format that can be integrated into existing data science pipelines without the need to parse or query ontologies, and that integrates seamlessly with Linked Data principles. (iii) Implementing open and community-driven collaborative workflows that are designed to evolve the standard continuously to address changing requirements and mapping practices. (iv) Providing reference tools and software libraries for working with the standard. In this paper, we present the SSSOM standard, describe several use cases in detail and survey some of the existing work on standardizing the exchange of mappings, with the goal of making mappings Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR). The SSSOM specification can be found at http://w3id.org/sssom/spec. Database URL: http://w3id.org/sssom/spec.

Terapia nasal de alto flujo en insuficiencia respiratoria grave por SARS-CoV-2 / High-flow nasal therapy in severe respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2

Resumen El uso de terapia nasal de alto flujo (TNAFO) en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave (IRAG) por neumonía COVID-19 (NCOVID-19) es debatido. Ante la falta de camas en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos en el Sistema de Salud Pública de la Provincia del Neuquén, se implementó su uso en salas generales. Con el objetivo de describir la experiencia de uso de la TNAFO en pacientes con IRAG por NCOVID-19, se llevó a cabo este estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico. El resultado primario fue la frecuencia de destete exitoso de TNAFO y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria (MIH). Se analizaron 299 pacientes, de éstos, 120 (40.1%) fueron retirados con éxito de la TNAFO. Esta fracasó en 59.8% (179), 44.1% (132) requirió ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) y 15.7% (47) no eran candidatos a la intubación. Un índice ROX ≥ 5 a las 6 h después del inicio, se asoció con el éxito de la TNAFO (OR 0.26 [IC 95% 0.15-0.46] p<0.0001). La MIH general fue del 48.5% (145/299), 70.4% (93/132) en aquellos con VMI, 4.2% (5/120) falleció post destete exitoso de la TNAFO y 100% (47/47) en el grupo no candidatos a la intubación. Los pacientes con TNAFO tuvieron una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la MIH y en días de internación. El uso de TNAFO en salas generales logró una reducción en la utilización de VMI, con una reducción de la mortalidad y días de estada en los internados por NCOVID-19 con IRAG.

Abstract The use of high-flow nasal therapy (HFNT) in patients with severe acute respiratory failure (SARF) due to COVID-19 pneu monia (NCOVID-19) is debated. Given the lack of beds in Intensive Care Units in the Public Health System of the Province of Neuquén, their use was implemented in general wards. This restrospective multicenter study was carried out to describe the experience of using HNFT in patients with SARF due to NCOVID-19. The primary outcome was the frequency of successful weaning from HFNT and in-hospital mortality (IHM). Two hundred ninety-nine patients were analyzed; 120 (40.1%) were successfully withdrawn from HFNT. This failed in 59.8% (179), 44.1% (132) required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and 15.7% (47) was not candidates for intubation. A ROX index ≥ 5 at 6 h after initiation was associated with the success of HFNT (OR 0.26 [IC 95% 0.15-0.46] p<0.0001). The general IHM was 48.5% (145/299), 70.4% (93/132) in patients with IMV, 4.2% (5/120) died after successful weaning from HFNT and 100% (47/47) in the group not candidates for intubation. Patients with TNAFO had a statistically significant decrease in MIH and days of hospitalization. TNAFO in general wards achieved a decrease in the use of IMV, with a reduction in mortality and days of stay in hospitalized for NCOVID-19 with SARF.

[High-flow nasal therapy in severe respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2]. / Terapia nasal de alto flujo en insuficiencia respiratoria grave por SARS-CoV-2.

The use of high-flow nasal therapy (HFNT) in patients with severe acute respiratory failure (SARF) due to COVID-19 pneumonia (NCOVID-19) is debated. Given the lack of beds in Intensive Care Units in the Public Health System of the Province of Neuquén, their use was implemented in general wards. This restrospective multicenter study was carried out to describe the experience of using HNFT in patients with SARF due to NCOVID-19. The primary outcome was the frequency of successful weaning from HFNT and in-hospital mortality (IHM). Two hundred ninety-nine patients were analyzed; 120 (40.1%) were successfully withdrawn from HFNT. This failed in 59.8% (179), 44.1% (132) required invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV), and 15.7% (47) was not candidates for intubation. A ROX index = 5 at 6 h after initiation was associated with the success of HFNT (OR 0.26 [IC 95% 0.15-0.46] p < 0.0001). The general IHM was 48.5% (145/299), 70.4% (93/132) in patients with IMV, 4.2% (5/120) died after successful weaning from HFNT and 100% (47/47) in the group not candidates for intubation. Patients with TNAFO had a statistically significant decrease in MIH and days of hospitalization. TNAFO in general wards achieved a decrease in the use of IMV, with a reduction in mortality and days of stay in hospitalized for NCOVID-19 with SARF.

El uso de terapia nasal de alto flujo (TNAFO) en pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda grave (IRAG) por neumonía COVID-19 (NCOVID-19) es debatido. Ante la falta de camas en Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos en el Sistema de Salud Pública de la Provincia del Neuquén, se implementó su uso en salas generales. Con el objetivo de describir la experiencia de uso de la TNAFO en pacientes con IRAG por NCOVID-19, se llevó a cabo este estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico. El resultado primario fue la frecuencia de destete exitoso de TNAFO y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria (MIH). Se analizaron 299 pacientes, de éstos, 120 (40.1%) fueron retirados con éxito de la TNAFO. Esta fracasó en 59.8% (179), 44.1% (132) requirió ventilación mecánica invasiva (VMI) y 15.7% (47) no eran candidatos a la intubación. Un índice ROX = 5 a las 6 h después del inicio, se asoció con el éxito de la TNAFO (OR 0.26 [IC 95% 0.15-0.46] p < 0.0001). La MIH general fue del 48.5% (145/299), 70.4% (93/132) en aquellos con VMI, 4.2% (5/120) falleció post destete exitoso de la TNAFO y 100% (47/47) en el grupo no candidatos a la intubación. Los pacientes con TNAFO tuvieron una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la MIH y en días de internación. El uso de TNAFO en salas generales logró una reducción en la utilización de VMI, con una reducción de la mortalidad y días de estada en los internados por NCOVID-19 con IRAG.

Indicadores de desempeño de un programa de rastreo de cáncer colorrectal en la provincia del Neuquén, Argentina, 2015-2019 / Performance indicators of a colorectal cancer screening program in the province of Neuquén, Argentina, 2015-2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es una causa frecuente de mortalidad en adultos. El objetivo de este estudio fue mostrar resultados de la implementación del Programa de Rastreo de Cáncer Colorrectal (PRCCR) en la provincia del Neuquén, Argentina. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con análisis de resultados de sangre oculta en materia fecal (SOMF) y videocolonoscopía (VCC) en personas de 50-75 años, en efectores del sistema de salud pública en 2015-2019. Se determinó porcentaje de participación, resultados de SOMF, realización de colonoscopía en pacientes con SOMF positiva y sus hallazgos, y valor predictivo positivo (VPP) para detección de lesiones y de CCR. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 11 189 SOMF. La participación promedio fue 6,52% de la población objetivo. Tuvieron SOMF positiva el 24,6% de los participantes; de ellos, realizaron la VCC un 24%. Se encontró lesión significativa en el 24,8% (pólipos adenomatosos 21,9%, cáncer 2,9%), con un VPP para la detección de lesiones del 34,3%. Tuvieron adenomas avanzados el 7,4%. Repitieron la SOMF tras un resultado negativo (segunda o tercera ronda) el 17,6% de los pacientes, y realizaron una VCC de control tras el hallazgo de un pólipo adenomatoso el 13,7%. DISCUSIÓN: El PRCCR en Neuquén muestra algunos indicadores que deben mejorarse (cobertura, realización de VCC) y otros adecuados (frecuencia de lesiones). Ante las dificultades se pueden plantear medidas más focalizadas, como la aplicación de escalas de riesgo de CCR, rastreo bianual, etc.

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of mortality among adults. The objective of this study was to show results of the implementation of the colorectal cancer screening program (CRCSP) in the province of Neuquén, Argentina. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted, with analysis of fecal occult blood test (FOBT) results in people aged 50 to 75 years, in public hospitals between 2015- 2019. Participation rate, FOBT results, colonoscopy (CC) performance in patients with positive FOBT and their findings, and positive predictive value (PPV) for detection of lesions and CRC were determined. RESULTS: A total of 11,189 FOBT were requested. The average participation was 6.52% of the target population, 24.6% of the participants had positive FOBT, and 24% of them had a CC performed. A significant lesion was found in 24.8% (adenomatous polyps 21.9%, cancer 2.9%), with a PPV for the detection of lesions of 34.3%. Furthermore, 7.4% had advanced adenomas, 17.6% of the patients repeated the FOBT after a negative result (second or third round), and 13.7% had a control CC performed after the finding of an adenomatous polyp. DISCUSSION: The CRCSP in Neuquén shows some indicators that need to be improved (coverage, conduction of CC) and others that are adequate (frequency of findings). In view of these difficulties, some more focused screening measures can be considered, such as use of CRC risk scales, bi-annual screening, etc.

Rastreo de cáncer colorrectal Análisis de resultados en la provincia de Neuquén, Argentina, 2015-2019 / Colorectal cancer screening: analysis of results in the Province of Neuquén, Argentina, 2015-2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Programa de Prevención de Tumores de la Provincia del Neuquén recomienda la Sangre Oculta en Materia Fecal Inmunológica (SOMFi) como intervención de rastreo, con posterior confirmación por videocolonoscopía (VCC) en pacientes con resultado positivo. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer los resultados de la utilización de SOMFi, la realización de VCC confirmatoria y sus hallazgos. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, que analizó los resultados de SOMFi obtenidos en personas de 50 a 75 años en todos los efectores del Sistema de Salud Pública de Neuquén en el período 2015-2019 sobre la base de registros informáticos provinciales y de cada centro de endoscopía. Se determinó la frecuencia de resultados de SOMFi, de VCC en los pacientes con SOMFi positiva y sus hallazgos. RESULTADOS: De 9909 muestras analizadas, 23,1% fueron positivas. Se realizó VCC confirmatoria en 24,1% de los pacientes con SOMFi positiva; presentaron cáncer el 3,7% de los casos, pólipos el 35% y estudio normal el 61,3%. Los tipos histológicos de los pólipos fueron: tubular (49%), hiperplásico (21,3%), tubulovelloso (20%), aserrado (7,2%) y otros tipos (2,5%). DISCUSIÓN: La frecuencia de SOMFi positiva fue mayor a la publicada. Solo el 20% de los pacientes realizó VCC confirmatoria. La frecuencia de cáncer y pólipos encontrados fue similar a la de otros estudios publicados. Debe incrementarse la realización de VCC confirmatoria.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Neuquén Province Cancer Prevention Program recommends Fecal Immunochemical Test (FIT) as a screening intervention, with subsequent confirmation by video-colonoscopy (VCC) in patients with a positive result. The objective of the study was to know the results of the use of FIT, the performance of confirmatory VCC and its findings. METHODS: A retrospective study was carried out. It analyzed the results of FIT in people aged 50-75 years, considering tests conducted in all agents of the Neuquén Public Health System in 2015- 2019 based on provincial computer records and data from each endoscopy center. The frequency of FIT results, VCC in patients with positive FIT and findings was determined. RESULTS: Of 9909 samples analyzed, 23.1% were positive. Confirmatory VCC was performed in 24.1% of the patients with positive FIT, with 3.7% having cancer, 35% with polyps and 61.3% of normal studies. The histological types of the polyps were tubular (49%), hyperplastic (21.3%), tubulovillous (20%), serrated (7.2%) and other types (2.5%). DISCUSSION: The frequency of positive FIT was higher than published. Only one in five patients with positive FIT underwent confirmatory VCC. The frequency of cancer and polyps was similar to the one found in other published studies. It is necessary to increase the number of confirmatory VCC.AU)

Rastreo de cáncer colorrectal Análisis de resultados en la provincia de Neuquén Argentina, 2015-2019 / Colorectal cancer screening: analysis of results in the Province of Neuquén, Argentina, 2015-2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Programa de Prevención de Tumores de la Provincia del Neuquén recomienda la Sangre Oculta en Materia Fecal Inmunológica (SOMFi) como intervención de rastreo, con posterior confirmación por videocolonoscopía (VCC) en pacientes con resultado positivo. El objetivo del estudio fue conocer los resultados de la utilización de SOMFi, la realización de VCC confirmatoria y sus hallazgos. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, que analizó los resultados de SOMFi obtenidos en personas de 50 a 75 años en todos los efectores del Sistema de Salud Pública de Neuquén en el período 2015-2019 sobre la base de registros informáticos provinciales y de cada centro de endoscopía. Se determinó la frecuencia de resultados de SOMFi, de VCC en los pacientes con SOMFi positiva y sus hallazgos. RESULTADOS: De 9909 muestras analizadas, 23,1% fueron positivas. Se realizó VCC confirmatoria en 24,1% de los pacientes con SOMFi positiva; presentaron cáncer el 3,7% de los casos, pólipos el 35% y estudio normal el 61,3%. Los tipos histológicos de los pólipos fueron: tubular (49%), hiperplásico (21,3%), tubulovelloso (20%), aserrado (7,2%) y otros tipos (2,5%). DISCUSIÓN: La frecuencia de SOMFi positiva fue mayor a la publicada. Solo el 20% de los pacientes realizó VCC confirmatoria. La frecuencia de cáncer y pólipos encontrados fue similar a la de otros estudios publicados. Debe incrementarse la realización de VCC confirmatoria.

Pain in the Acute Aftermath of Stalking: Associations With Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, Depressive Symptoms, and Posttraumatic Cognitions.

This longitudinal study examined whether posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms, posttraumatic cognitions, and ongoing cyberstalking exposures were independently associated with changes in pain outcomes among 82 young adult women with recent exposure to stalking. Multilevel models indicated that higher sensory pain intensity and pain-related interference were associated with more negative cognitions about the self. Higher affective pain intensity was associated with higher posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Cyberstalking exposures were not associated with pain intensity or pain-related interference. Results reveal persistent pain complaints in recent stalking victims and highlight distinct psychological risk factors for pain intensity and pain-related interference.

Opioid prescription rates and risk for substantiated child abuse and neglect: A Bayesian spatiotemporal analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between opioid prescribing rates and substantiated abuse and neglect across Tennessee counties during an 11-year period. METHODS: We adopted a Bayesian spatiotemporal approach to determine the association between opioid prescribing and rates of substantiated child abuse and neglect over and above environmental and population-level covariates. Annual county-level data for Tennessee (2006-2016) included rates of substantiated child abuse and neglect, rates of drug and non-drug crime incidents, racial and Hispanic composition, per capita income, child poverty and teen birth rates, and vacant housing. RESULTS: Higher opioid prescribing rates were associated with greater risk for substantiated child abuse and neglect across Tennessee counties. Risk for substantiated child abuse and neglect was positively associated with vacant housing, child poverty, teen birth rates, and rates of both drug and non-drug criminal incidents - including stimulant arrests. Risk for substantiated child abuse and neglect was negatively associated with percentages of African Americans. CONCLUSIONS: Results underscore the importance of opioid prescribing and crime rates as independent determinants of spatial and temporal variation in risk for substantiated child abuse and neglect. Policies that regulate and reduce opioid prescribing have the potential to reduce risk for child abuse and neglect.

Improving Translation and Cultural Appropriateness of Spanish-Language Consent Materials for Biobanks.

A growing proportion of prospective research participants in the United States speak limited or no English. We conducted cognitive interviews with native Spanish speakers to test Spanish-language translations of simplified and traditional biobank consent forms. Comprehension was generally high and did not differ by form. Most of those who received the simplified form felt it contained the right amount of information, compared with fewer than half of those who received the traditional form. Qualitative results allowed us to identify overarching issues related to tone, formality, and voice that may affect prospective participants' trust and willingness to participate. Certain characteristics of written Spanish are seemingly at odds with recommended actions to simplify consent forms; thus, even when significant empirical effort has been expended to develop simplified consent materials in English, additional work is needed to ensure the accuracy, comprehensibility, and cultural-congruence of Spanish-language translations.

Ontology mapping for semantically enabled applications.

In this review, we provide a summary of recent progress in ontology mapping (OM) at a crucial time when biomedical research is under a deluge of an increasing amount and variety of data. This is particularly important for realising the full potential of semantically enabled or enriched applications and for meaningful insights, such as drug discovery, using machine-learning technologies. We discuss challenges and solutions for better ontology mappings, as well as how to select ontologies before their application. In addition, we describe tools and algorithms for ontology mapping, including evaluation of tool capability and quality of mappings. Finally, we outline the requirements for an ontology mapping service (OMS) and the progress being made towards implementation of such sustainable services.

Aminas cuaternarias para desinfección hospitalaria / Quaternary amines for hospital disinfection

INTRODUCCIÓN: La limpieza de superficies duras en las habitaciones de los hospitales es fundamental para reducir las infecciones asociadas con la atención médica. La descontaminación es uno o más procedimientos que resultan en una falta de patógenos residuales. Si bien la desinfección no elimina completamente el número de microorganismos, los reduce de forma significativa, de manera que es poco probable que el objeto cause infección cuando es usado. LA TECNOLOGÍA: El desinfectante marca Surfanios ® contiene N-(3-aminopropil)-N-dodecilpropano-1,3-diamina (NoCAS 2372-82-9: 51 mg/g), cloruro de didecildimetilamonio (NoCAS 7173-51-5: 25 mg/g). Las aminas cuaternarias son sólidos que se disuelven en soluciones líquidas. METODOLOGÍA: Para responder a las preguntas de eficacia y seguridad se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica no sistemática a cargo de dos investigadores en forma independiente. Se priorizó la búsqueda de revisiones sistemáticas, meta-análisis, Informes de evaluación de Tecnologías Sanitarias y Guías de Práctica Clínica basadas en la evidencia. Se buscó en Cochrane, Medline, Lilacs, Tripdatabase, Epistemonikus, la base de datos de la OMS y sitios específicos de agencias de evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias. METODOLOGÍA DE COSTOS: Si se considera el uso de la amina cuaternaria para la desinfección de camas hospitalarias y que el sistema cuenta con 1100 camas, el consumo promedio estimado sería de 150 l, 30 bidones de 5 l, cada uno con un costo unitario de alrededor de $6000, el costo anual de compra sería de alrededor de $200.000, con alta dependencia de valor de la divisa estadounidense, dado que se trata de un produto importado. Es importante considerar que la experiencia muestra que una vez aceptada la incorporación de uma tecnología, es común su progresiva ampliación de uso para otras finalidades. En este caso, por ejemplo, podría expandirse su utilización a la desinfección de superficies generales, como pisos y mamparas, lo que incrementaría mucho la estimación de cantidades utilizadas. También es de destacar, que existen en el mercado otros desinfectantes hospitala rios de un solo passo (lauril éter sulfato de sodio o SLES (sodium lauryl ether sulfate), peróxido de hidrogeno con alcohol, otras aminas cuaternarias), que podrían ser considerados como alternativas al hipoclorito de sodio. RESULTADOS: No se encontró bibliografía o recomendaciones técnicas que i ndiquen una eficacia superior de la aminas cuaternarias por sobre el hipoclorito de sodio u otros desinfectantes hospitalarios, como tampoco evaluaciones de impacto organizacional respecto a mejoras en los tiempos de disponibilidad de camas o disminución de la carga horaria del trabajo de desinfección. Numerosos artículos de revisión no sistemática enfatizan el hecho que en desinfección hospitalaria, las decisiones sobre que producto usar están más basadas en opinión que en evidencia. RECOMENDACIÓN FINAL: Amina cuaternaria marca Surfanios® para desinfección de unidad del paciente Sentido de la Recomendación: No se recomienda su incorporación Fuerza de la Recomendación: Débil. Se recomienda que se desarrolle una guía de desinfección hospitalaria a nivel provincia l, a fin de optimizar los procedimientos, el personal que de los debe realizar y los productos a utilizar en cada caso.

Connecting Child Maltreatment Risk With Crime and Neighborhood Disadvantage Across Time and Place: A Bayesian Spatiotemporal Analysis.

Child maltreatment is a major public health problem. Although maltreatment rates vary over time and are influenced by neighborhood characteristics, the unique effects of crime and disadvantage on risk are not well understood. This study utilized a Bayesian spatiotemporal approach to examine risk factors for substantiated child abuse and neglect over a 9-year period across zip codes in Davidson County, TN. Risk of child sexual and physical abuse decreased from 2008 to 2016. In contrast, risk of child neglect increased from 2011 to 2014, followed by a rapid decrease in risk. Whereas higher percentages of families living in poverty were associated with higher risk of all maltreatment subtypes, higher unemployment rates were uniquely associated with risk of child neglect. Crime rates were positively associated with risk of child physical and sexual abuse but not neglect. Results have implications for tailoring prevention strategies according to geographic area and maltreatment subtype.

Developing informed consent materials for non-English-speaking participants: An analysis of four professional firm translations from English to Spanish.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: An increasing body of research is being conducted with non-English-speaking subjects. Study-related materials, including those essential for obtaining informed consent, must often be translated from English into other languages. In this study, we sought to examine the types of issues that may arise when consent materials are translated from English to Spanish. METHODS: Drawing on expertise from five individuals associated with our research team, four of whom are native Spanish speakers of different dialects of Spanish, we crafted translations of our own consent materials for biobanking using a rigorous, multi-step process involving both forward and back translation. We then systematically compared our translations to those produced by four professional translation firms to identify potential concerns in our own and the professional translations. RESULTS: We identified three primary types of problems of relevance for researchers conducting studies where translation of written information is required. These included nonequivalent registers (in particular, the introduction of more complicated language), errors of omission (reducing the clarity of the information), and changes that altered the substantive meaning of the information. CONCLUSION: Our findings highlight the importance of working with translators who not only possess "textbook" knowledge of both languages but also an appreciation of the sociocultural factors that affect how people interpret and understand meaning. Moreover, translators who have a basic understanding of research are more likely to accurately convey essential research concepts. We describe a series of steps researchers can take that may help to improve the quality of translated materials.

Supporting shared hypothesis testing in the biomedical domain.

BACKGROUND: Pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases can be tracked by studying the causality relationships among the factors contributing to its development. We could, for instance, hypothesize on the connections of the pathogenesis outcomes to the observed conditions. And to prove such causal hypotheses we would need to have the full understanding of the causal relationships, and we would have to provide all the necessary evidences to support our claims. In practice, however, we might not possess all the background knowledge on the causality relationships, and we might be unable to collect all the evidence to prove our hypotheses. RESULTS: In this work we propose a methodology for the translation of biological knowledge on causality relationships of biological processes and their effects on conditions to a computational framework for hypothesis testing. The methodology consists of two main points: hypothesis graph construction from the formalization of the background knowledge on causality relationships, and confidence measurement in a causality hypothesis as a normalized weighted path computation in the hypothesis graph. In this framework, we can simulate collection of evidences and assess confidence in a causality hypothesis by measuring it proportionally to the amount of available knowledge and collected evidences. CONCLUSIONS: We evaluate our methodology on a hypothesis graph that represents both contributing factors which may cause cartilage degradation and the factors which might be caused by the cartilage degradation during osteoarthritis. Hypothesis graph construction has proven to be robust to the addition of potentially contradictory information on the simultaneously positive and negative effects. The obtained confidence measures for the specific causality hypotheses have been validated by our domain experts, and, correspond closely to their subjective assessments of confidences in investigated hypotheses. Overall, our methodology for a shared hypothesis testing framework exhibits important properties that researchers will find useful in literature review for their experimental studies, planning and prioritizing evidence collection acquisition procedures, and testing their hypotheses with different depths of knowledge on causal dependencies of biological processes and their effects on the observed conditions.

Matching disease and phenotype ontologies in the ontology alignment evaluation initiative.

BACKGROUND: The disease and phenotype track was designed to evaluate the relative performance of ontology matching systems that generate mappings between source ontologies. Disease and phenotype ontologies are important for applications such as data mining, data integration and knowledge management to support translational science in drug discovery and understanding the genetics of disease. RESULTS: Eleven systems (out of 21 OAEI participating systems) were able to cope with at least one of the tasks in the Disease and Phenotype track. AML, FCA-Map, LogMap(Bio) and PhenoMF systems produced the top results for ontology matching in comparison to consensus alignments. The results against manually curated mappings proved to be more difficult most likely because these mapping sets comprised mostly subsumption relationships rather than equivalence. Manual assessment of unique equivalence mappings showed that AML, LogMap(Bio) and PhenoMF systems have the highest precision results. CONCLUSIONS: Four systems gave the highest performance for matching disease and phenotype ontologies. These systems coped well with the detection of equivalence matches, but struggled to detect semantic similarity. This deserves more attention in the future development of ontology matching systems. The findings of this evaluation show that such systems could help to automate equivalence matching in the workflow of curators, who maintain ontology mapping services in numerous domains such as disease and phenotype.

Informe rápido del impacto en la salud de la telefonía celular 4 G / Rapid report of the impact on the health of cellular telephony 4 G

TECNOLOGÍA: Antenas y telefonía celular 4 G. CARACTERÍSTICAS DE LA TECNOLOGÍA: Los celulares, los teléfonos inalámbricos y las antenas (estaciones base de telefonía móvil) son fuentes de radiación no ionizante, la cual no tiene la capacidad de provocar la ruptura de los enlaces electromagnéticos de los átomos y en teoría no serían nocivas para la salud. Sin embargo, el uso extensivo de la telefonía móvil ha generado preocupación por sus posibles efectos en la salud. PREGUNTA: ¿Cuál es el impacto en la salud humana de las antenas y telefonía celular 4 G? BÚSQUEDA Y ANÁLISIS DE LA EVIDENCIA CIENTÍFICA: Dos investigadores realizaron en forma independiente una búsqueda bibliográfica en buscadores, bases de datos, agencias de evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias, agencias regulatorias de telecomunicaciones, registros de ensayos clínicos en marcha y concluidos, y sitios de agencias especializadas en radiaciones no ionizantes, en telecomunicaciones y en cáncer. Se buscó especialmente la posición de la OMS y de la IARC, en la Colaboración Cochrane, así como los estudios de investigación con diseños más adecuados para establecer la existencia de causalidad entre telefonía celular y daño a la salud. Se realizó también una consulta a la ANMAT (Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica de la Argentina) y a la Red de Evaluación de Tecnologías de las Américas (RedETSA) para conocer y obtener informes de otros países sobre este tema. RECOMENDACIONES: Al momento de realizar este informe, el Comité Provincial de Biotecnología de Neuquén no encuentra elementos contundentes que permitan establecer una asociación causal entre las antenas y la telefonía celular 4G y efectos nocivos para la salud. Fuerza de las recomendaciones: Débiles (futuras investigaciones podrían modificar estas recomendaciones).

Uso y gasto en medicamentos antihipertensivos en el subsector público de salud de la provincia del Neuquén en 2012-2014 / Use of and spending on antihypertensive drugs in the public health subsector of Neuquén province in 2012-2014

INTRODUCCIÓN: la hipertensión arterial es un factorde riesgo con alto impacto en la morbi-mortalidad cardiovascular. Laprescripción de antihipertensivos no siempre sigue las recomendacionesvigentes, lo que representa un uso ineficiente de los recursos.OBJETIVOS: Evaluar el uso de medicamentos antihipertensivos, costosasociados y grado de adecuación a las recomendaciones provinciales.MÉTODOS: Se analizaron las compras de medicamentosantihipertensivos de la Subsecretaría de Salud provincial y entregasdel Plan Remediar para 2012-2014. Los consumos se expresaron endosis diaria definida (DDD)/1000 habitantes. RESULTADOS: El gastoen medicamentos antihipertensivos representó un 1,14% del total delgasto anual en medicamentos. Las DDD/1000 habitantes provistasen los años sucesivos fueron 75,5; 86,7 y 73,8. El sistema público deSalud provincial financió dos terceras partes, y el Plan Remediar elresto. El costo de adquisición por compra directa fue, en promedio,un 79% mayor que el de licitación pública. Más de dos tercios de lasDDD correspondieron a enalapril e hidroclorotiazida. CONCLUSIONES:La erogación en antihipertensivos representa una mínima partedel gasto provincial en medicamentos. El patrón de prescripción nose adecua completamente a la Guía de Práctica Clínica provincial, conuna relación hidroclorotiacida-enalapril inversa a la recomendada.Pese a esto, el 80% de las DDD dispensadas corresponden a estosdos medicamentos, lo que se considera una forma de uso racional.

INTRODUCTION: hypertension is a risk factor withhigh impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The prescriptionof antihypertensive drugs does not always follow currentrecommendations, which represents an inefficient use of resources.OBJECTIVES: To assess the use of antihypertensive medications,costs and adequacy to provincial recommendations. METHODS:Information on antihypertensive medications purchase was obtainedfrom provincial Health Undersecretariat, and deliveries ofPlan Remediar for 2012-2014. Drug use was expressed as defineddaily doses (DDD) per 1000 inhabitants. RESULTS: Spending onantihypertensive medications accounted for 1.14% of total annualdrug spending. The DDD/1000 inhabitants provided were 75.5 in2012, 86.7 in 2013 and 73.8 in 2014. The provincial public healthsystem funded two thirds, and Plan Remediar the remaining third.The average cost of direct purchase was 79% higher than with publicauction purchase. More than two thirds of DDD corresponded toenalapril (EN) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT). CONCLUSIONS:Spending on antihypertensive drugs represents a minimum fractionof total provincial drug spending. The prescription pattern doesnot fully adhere to the clinical practice guidelines, with a HCT-ENrelationship that is inverse compared to the recommended one.In spite of this, 80% of the dispensed DDD correspond to thesetwo drugs, which is considered a rational use.

Salt lakes of La Mancha (Central Spain): A hot spot for tiger beetle (Carabidae, Cicindelinae) species diversity.

The tiger beetle assemblage of the wetlands of La Mancha (central Spain) comprises nine species: Calomera littoralis littoralis, Cephalota maura maura, Cephalota circumdata imperialis, Cephalota dulcinea, Cicindela campestris campestris, Cicindela maroccana, Cylindera paludosa, Lophyra flexuosa flexuosa, and Myriochila melancholica melancholica. This assemblage represents the largest concentration of tiger beetles in a single 1º latitude / longitude square in Europe. General patterns of spatial and temporal segregation among species are discussed based on observations of 1462 specimens registered during an observation period of one year, from April to August. The different species of Cicindelini appear to be distributed over space and time, with little overlapping among them. Three sets of species replace each other phenologically as the season goes on. Most of the species occupy drying or dried salt lakes and salt marshes, with sparse vegetation cover. Spatial segregation is marked in terms of substrate and vegetation use. Calomera littoralis and Myriochila melancholica have been observed mainly on wet soils; Cephalota circumdata on dry open saline flats; Cephalota dulcinea and Cylindera paludosa in granulated substrates with typical halophytic vegetation; Cephalota maura is often present in man-modified areas. Cephalota circumdata and Cephalota dulcinea are included as species of special interest in the list of protected species in Castilla-La Mancha. Conservation problems for the Cicindelini assemblage arise from agricultural activities and inadequate use of sport vehicles. Attempts at restoring the original habitat, supressing old semi-industrial structures, may affect the spatial heterogeneity of the lakes, and have an effect on Cicindelinae diversity.

Quiste sinovial de articulación temporomandibular: presentación de un caso / Synovial cyst of the temporomandibular joint: presentation of a case

El quiste sinovial localizado en la articulación temporomandibular es una entidad rara, con pocos casos reportados en la literatura médica. Gaisford et al. fueron los primeros autores que informaron de un caso de quiste sinovial, patología que afecta más frecuentemente a articulaciones como la muñeca o la rodilla. Estos quistes están delimitados por células sinoviales, y pueden estar comunicados o ser independientes de la cavidad articular. Se han propuesto varias teorías para explicar la etiología de esta patología, un incremento de la presión en la cavidad articular causado por una inflamación o traumatismo puede ser clave para producir una herniación de la membrana sinovial dando lugar a la entidad. Entre los diagnósticos que hay que considerar ante una tumoración preauricular se encuentran los tumores de parótida, los quistes sebáceos, los gangliones y los quistes sinoviales, entre otros. El tratamiento quirúrgico es el tratamiento frecuentemente propuesto por la literatura, logrando una escasa tasa de recurrencia (AU)

A synovial cyst located in the temporomandibular joint is rare, with few cases reported in the medical literature. Gaisford et al. were the first authors to report a case of a synovial cyst. This a condition that more frequently affects joints such as the wrist or knee. These cysts are delimited by synovial cells, and may be connected to, or be independent of, the joint cavity. Several theories have been proposed to explain the etiology of this disease: an increase in pressure in the joint cavity caused by inflammation or trauma may be the reason that a herniation of the synovial membrane could be produced. Among the diagnoses to be considered when faced with a tumor are pre-auricular parotid tumors, sebaceous cysts, ganglia and synovial cysts, among others. Surgery is the treatment most frequently proposed in the literature, achieving a low rate of recurrence (AU)

Caracterización de reacciones adversas a la Medicina Tradicional y Natural / Characterization of Natural and Traditional Medicine adverse reactions

Introducción: los productos y las técnicas de la Medicina Tradicional y Natural son empleados desde tiempos inmemorables. Los partidarios de esta modalidad terapéutica la reconocen como segura e inocua. Su uso requiere de profundas investigaciones que no se limitan al campo de la experimentación. Cobran relevancia los estudios de farmacovigilancia. Objetivo: caracterizar las reacciones adversas asociadas al uso de la Medicina Tradicional y Natural. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo transversal de una muestra de 72 pacientes en los que se notificaron reacciones adversas a la Medicina Tradicional y Natural de una población de 10 428 pacientes en los que se informaron sospechas de reacciones adversas medicamentosas recibidas en la Unidad Coordinadora Provincial de Farmacovigilancia, de la Provincia de Villa Clara, en el período desde enero de 2011 a octubre de 2014. Resultados: en 14 pacientes se notificaron reacciones adversas al ajo, seguidas de las provocadas por la acupuntura y las técnicas afines; los efectos adversos fueron leves en 43 pacientes y no se informaron reacciones severas; se notificaron 57 reacciones adversas en adultos; 50 pacientes eran féminas; las reacciones adversas raras se presentaron en 26 pacientes; en cuanto a causalidad fueron probables en 54 de ellos; las reacciones adversas afectaron en 34 pacientes el sistema de órganos digestivo. Conclusiones: los fitofármacos, sobre todo el ajo, figuran como los productos de la Medicina Tradicional y Natural con una notable incidencia de reacciones adversas, las que resultan moderadas de acuerdo a la severidad, en una cantidad considerable raras según la frecuencia y, en cuanto a la causalidad, en probables.