The Mexican consensus on the detection and treatment of early gastric cancer. / Consenso mexicano sobre detección y tratamiento del cáncer gástrico incipiente.

Gastric cancer is one of the most frequent neoplasias in the digestive tract and is the result of premalignant lesion progression in the majority of cases. Opportune detection of those lesions is relevant, given that timely treatment offers the possibility of cure. There is no consensus in Mexico on the early detection of gastric cancer, and therefore, the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología brought together a group of experts and produced the "Mexican consensus on the detection and treatment of early gastric cancer" to establish useful recommendations for the medical community. The Delphi methodology was employed, and 38 recommendations related to early gastric cancer were formulated. The consensus defines early gastric cancer as that which at diagnosis is limited to the mucosa and submucosa, irrespective of lymph node metástasis. In Mexico, as in other parts of the world, factors associated with early gastric cancer include Helicobacter pylori infection, a family history of the disease, smoking, and diet. Chromoendoscopy, magnification endoscopy, and equipment-based image-enhanced endoscopy are recommended for making the diagnosis, and accurate histopathologic diagnosis is invaluable for making therapeutic decisions. The endoscopic treatment of early gastric cancer, whether dissection or resection of the mucosa, should be preferred to surgical management, when similar oncologic cure results can be obtained. Endoscopic surveillance should be individualized.

The fourth Mexican consensus on Helicobacter pylori. / IV consenso mexicano sobre Helicobacter pylori.

Important advances have been made since the last Mexican consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection was published in 2007. Therefore, the Asociación Mexicana de Gastroenterología summoned 20 experts to produce "The Fourth Mexican Consensus on Helicobacter pylori". From February to June 2017, 4 working groups were organized, a literature review was performed, and 3 voting rounds were carried out, resulting in the formulation of 32 statements for discussion and consensus. From the ensuing recommendations, it was striking that Mexico is a country with an intermediate-to-low risk for gastric cancer, despite having a high prevalence of H. pylori infection. It was also corroborated that peptic ulcer disease, premalignant lesions, and histories of gastric cancer and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma should be considered clear indications for eradication. The relation of H. pylori to dyspeptic symptoms continues to be controversial. Eradication triple therapy with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and a proton pump inhibitor should no longer be considered first-line treatment, with the following 2 options proposed to take its place: quadruple therapy with bismuth (proton pump inhibitor, bismuth subcitrate, tetracycline, and metronidazole) and quadruple therapy without bismuth (proton pump inhibitor, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole). The need for antimicrobial sensitivity testing when 2 eradication treatments have failed was also established. Finally, the promotion of educational campaigns on the diagnosis and treatment of H. pylori for both primary care physicians and the general population were proposed.

Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in chronic kidney disease and acute kidney injury: a systematic review of the literature.

INTRODUCTION: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent proteinases involved in remodeling the extracellular matrix. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are a family of four proteins that act to limit the degradative actions of MMPs. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) are public health problems worldwide, the prevalence of which has been increasing. Recent concept considers MMPs and TIMPs as critical factors before the onset of microalbuminuria, as well as accelerating factors associated with the breakdown of the glomerular basement membrane, renal scarring, and fibrosis during the progression of kidney diseases. Here we reviewed studies of the expression of MMPs and TIMPs in humans, using as clinical samples serum, plasma, and urine, with a focus on their potential role as molecular markers in CKD and AKI, as non-invasive markers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used as data sources, studies at Medline database using combinations of the following keywords: CKD, AKI, MMP, TIMP, serum, plasma, and urine. RESULTS: Evidence suggests that MMPs/TIMPs could be potential targets for therapeutic intervention in kidney diseases; future studies should attempt to improve the diagnostic or prognostic power of these families. DISCUSSION: Considering published guides, such as biospecimen reporting for improved study quality (BRISQ), strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE), an updated list of essential items for reporting diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD), transparent reporting of a multivariate prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD), and on the studies reviewed here, we have adapted published recommendations and proposed other news in order to enhance the transparency and quality of MMPs/TIMPs research in CKD and AKI. This review reinforces the complexities of MMPs/TIMPs in the pathobiology of the kidney and the need for well-designed and transparent biomedical studies. HIPPOKRATIA 2018, 22(3): 99-104.

Mutations in rpoB and katG genes in Mycobacterium isolates from the Southeast of Mexico.

The most frequent mutations associated with rifampin and isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium are the substitutions at codons 531 and 315 in the rpoB and katG genes, respectively. Hence, the aim of this study was to characterize these mutations in Mycobacterium isolates from patients suspected to be infected with drug-resistant (DR) pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Veracruz, Mexico. Drug susceptibility testing of 25 clinical isolates revealed that five were susceptible while 20 (80%) were DR (15% of the annual prevalence for Veracruz). Of the DR isolates, 15 (75%) were resistant to rifampin, 17 (85%) to isoniazid and 15 (75%) were resistant to both drugs (MDR). Sequencing analysis performed in the isolates showed that 14 (93%) had mutations in the rpoB gene; seven of these (47%) exhibited a mutation at 531 (S-->L). Ten (58%) of the 20 resistant isolates showed mutations in katG; nine (52%) of these 10 exhibited a mutation at 315 (S-->T). In conclusion, the DR profile of the isolates suggests a significant number of different DR-TB strains with a low frequency of mutation at codons 531 and 315 in rpoB and katG, respectively. This result leads us to consider different regions of the same genes, as well as other genes for further analysis, which is important if a genetic-based diagnosis of DR-TB is to be developed for this region.

Mutations in rpoB and katG genes in Mycobacterium isolates from the Southeast of Mexico

The most frequent mutations associated with rifampin and isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium are the substitutions at codons 531 and 315 in the rpoB and katG genes, respectively. Hence, the aim of this study was to characterize these mutations in Mycobacterium isolates from patients suspected to be infected with drug-resistant (DR) pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Veracruz, Mexico. Drug susceptibility testing of 25 clinical isolates revealed that five were susceptible while 20 (80 percent) were DR (15 percent of the annual prevalence for Veracruz). Of the DR isolates, 15 (75 percent) were resistant to rifampin, 17 (85 percent) to isoniazid and 15 (75 percent) were resistant to both drugs (MDR). Sequencing analysis performed in the isolates showed that 14 (93 percent) had mutations in the rpoB gene; seven of these (47 percent) exhibited a mutation at 531 (S[L). Ten (58 percent) of the 20 resistant isolates showed mutations in katG; nine (52 percent) of these 10 exhibited a mutation at 315 (S[T). In conclusion, the DR profile of the isolates suggests a significant number of different DR-TB strains with a low frequency of mutation at codons 531 and 315 in rpoB and katG, respectively. This result leads us to consider different regions of the same genes, as well as other genes for further analysis, which is important if a genetic-based diagnosis of DR-TB is to be developed for this region.

Negative and positive regulation of the non-osmoregulated ompS1 porin gene in Salmonella typhi: a novel regulatory mechanism that involves OmpR.

The Salmonella typhi ompS1 gene codes for an outer membrane protein of the OmpC/OmpF porin family. It is expressed at very low levels, relative to the major porins. However, deletion analysis of the 5' regulatory region showed that the gradual removal of nucleotides -310 to -88, upstream from the P1 major transcriptional start-point, resulted in a stepwise increase in expression, reaching levels 10-fold above those for the ompC major porin gene. Hence, this 222 bp segment contains cis-acting regulatory elements involved in negative control. Primer extension analysis revealed the presence of three promoters: P1 activity was OmpR dependent; P2 was expressed at a lower level in the absence of OmpR; and P3 had a minor constitutive activity. OmpR bound preferentially to box II, an 18 bp F1/C1 canonical site, the removal (-88 to -66) of which resulted in a decrease in expression thus supporting its role in positive control. Expression of ompS1 was not induced by a set of stress conditions, including a shift in osmolarity, nor was the IHF regulator involved in negative control. An ompS1 homologue was found in E. coli K-12, which contains a nonsense codon and a shift in the reading frame, whereas Salmonella typhimurium contains an open reading frame in this region. Thus, S. typhi ompS1 provides novel features in OmpR regulation.