Lower Humoral and Cellular Immunity Following Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection Compared to Symptomatic Infection in Education (The ACE Cohort).

PURPOSE: Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections were widely reported during the COVID-19 pandemic, acting as a hidden source of infection. Many existing studies investigating asymptomatic immunity failed to recruit true asymptomatic individuals. Thus, we conducted a longitudinal cohort study to evaluate humoral- and cell-mediated responses to infection and vaccination in well-defined asymptomatic young adults (the Asymptomatic COVID-19 in Education [ACE] cohort). METHODS: Asymptomatic testing services located at three UK universities identified asymptomatic young adults who were subsequently recruited with age- and sex-matched symptomatic and uninfected controls. Blood and saliva samples were collected after SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan infection, and again after vaccination. 51 participant's anti-spike antibody titres, neutralizing antibodies, and spike-specific T-cell responses were measured, against both Wuhan and Omicron B.1.1.529.1. RESULTS: Asymptomatic participants exhibited reduced Wuhan-specific neutralization antibodies pre- and post-vaccination, as well as fewer Omicron-specific neutralization antibodies post-vaccination, compared to symptomatic participants. Lower Wuhan and Omicron-specific IgG titres in asymptomatic individuals were also observed pre- and post-vaccination, compared to symptomatic participants. There were no differences in salivary IgA levels. Conventional flow cytometry analysis and multi-dimensional clustering analysis indicated unvaccinated asymptomatic participants had significantly fewer Wuhan-specific IL-2 secreting CD4+ CD45RA+ T cells and activated CD8+ T cells than symptomatic participants, though these differences dissipated after vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Asymptomatic infection results in decreased antibody and T cell responses to further exposure to SARS-CoV-2 variants, compared to symptomatic infection. Post-vaccination, antibody responses are still inferior, but T cell immunity increases to match symptomatic subjects, emphasising the importance of vaccination to help protect asymptomatic individuals against future variants.

Elastography of the Male Pelvic Region-Perspectives on Malignant Lesions.

Ultrasound elastography is widely used to assess tissue stiffness for lesion characterization, including differentiation between benign and malignant lesions. This study focuses on the use of elastography in the male pelvis, including the prostate, testicles, and rectum, by comparing elastography types (shear wave and strain). This article provides a summary of the existing literature on the use of elastography in the male pelvic region and outlines the clinical perspective. Ultrasound elastography is a good technique for evaluating and monitoring lesions in the male pelvic region.

The impact of a health promotion program on toddlers' socio-emotional development: a cluster randomized study.

BACKGROUND: The first 3 years of life are a critical period for the development of socio-emotional skills, highlighting the importance of socio-emotional development in early childhood. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a health promotion intervention program on the socio-emotional development of children aged 12 to 42 months during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: A total of 344 children from 15 childcare centers participated in this study, with six centers in the intervention group and nine in the control group. Childcare teachers in the intervention group received a 6-month training program aimed at promoting healthy lifestyles, including topics such as diet, sleep, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Sociodemographic and anthropometric measures were assessed at baseline, and socio-emotional development was assessed using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development - Third Edition (Bayley-III) at baseline and post-intervention. RESULTS: After the intervention, a significant difference in socio-emotional development was observed between children with mothers of varying education levels. Specifically, children whose mothers had lower education levels demonstrated significantly greater socio-emotional development (B = 19.000, p = 0.028) compared to the control group. In contrast, there was no significant difference in socio-emotional development among children with mothers from higher education levels. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that intervention programs for childcare teachers can effectively promote healthy socio-emotional development in children from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds. Future intervention programs should consider tailoring their approaches to target disadvantaged populations. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This cluster randomized controlled trial was registered in the Clinical Trials database/platform on 09/09/2019 (number NCT04082247).

Sleep duration and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents: Longitudinal analysis from the LabMed study.

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate longitudinal associations between sleep duration and cardiorespiratory fitness, in adolescents. METHODS: Sleep duration was self-reported and cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed by the 20 m shuttle run test, both at baseline and follow-up (2-year follow-up). Participants were 734 Northern Portuguese adolescents (349 girls), aged 14.6 ± 1.8 years, from the LabMed study. RESULTS: Significant decreases were found between baseline and follow-up for sleep duration, whereas for cardiorespiratory fitness there was an increase. Adolescents with short sleep duration at baseline had lower cardiorespiratory fitness at follow-up, comparing to those meeting the sleep guidelines (odds ratio [OR] = 0.506, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.326-0.785; p = .002 for whole week; OR = 0.597, 95% CI: 0.407-0.875; p = .008 for weekdays). Girls who were short sleepers at baseline had lower odds of having a healthy cardiorespiratory fitness at follow-up, comparing to those meeting the sleep guidelines (OR = 0.311, 95% CI: 0.158-0.613; p < .001 for whole week; OR = 0.469, 95% CI: 0.262-0.838; p = .011 for weekdays). No significant associations between sleep duration and cardiorespiratory fitness were found for boys. DISCUSSION: There was a significant longitudinal association between short sleep duration and lower cardiorespiratory fitness levels, particularly in girls. Future interventions targeting adolescents' sleep duration should acknowledge behavioral differences between genders, as well as different behaviors adopted by boys ang girls, specifically on weekends.

Designing an early selection morphological traits index for reproductive efficiency in Pura Raza Española mares.

The low rate of reproductive efficiency in horses may be linked to the equine industry's practice of maintaining breeding stock that stands out for its athletic or morphological performance but exhibits poor reproductive efficiency. In this study, the age at first foaling, age at last foaling, interval between first and second foaling, average interval between foaling, foaling number and reproductive efficiency, and their relationship with the morphological records in 19,758 Pura Raza Española (PRE) mares were analyzed. After a partial least squares analysis height at withers, lateral hock angle, dorsal-sternal diameter, perimeter of anterior cannon bone, angle of shoulder, thoracic perimeter, hip-stifle distance, and angle of croup were the most important traits related with reproductive traits in PRE mares. A multivariate animal model with both morphological and reproductive traits was applied, including age, geographical area, coat color, and average stud size in the decade of the mare's first foaling. The results indicate that reproductive selection is feasible, and is enhanced by the use of morphological traits, given the moderate to high magnitudes of heritability values in both types of traits, which oscillated between 0.1 (interval between first and second foaling) and 0.95 (height at withers). The resulting genetic parameters were used to develop a series of selection indexes based on morphological or morphological and reproductive combination traits to improve reproductive efficiency traits in PRE mares and thus compute the expected genetic response (EGR) for the different strategies. The increase in EGR, when comparing EGR using only reproductive traits as selection criteria vs. using a combined index of both morphological and reproductive traits, oscillated between 4.0% for the age at first foaling to 46.8% for the interval between first and second foaling. In addition, two precocity indexes showed positive EGR when the age at last foaling and the interval between first and second foaling, both with and without morphological traits, were used as selection criteria. Therefore, this analysis reveals that the preselection of reproductive traits based on morphological traits is possible in PRE mares. Ultimately, this knowledge will help breeders achieve genetic progress in reproductive traits, leading to healthier and more successful breeding outcomes in horses.

Historically in livestock production, employing combinations of traits as selection criteria for indirect selection of related traits has been a challenging task, particularly when this implies selection for reproductive traits based on the animal morphology. However, if the decision about animal selection is based on morphological traits that are quick and easy to obtain, in addition to early reproductive traits, selection responses can be improved and made earlier. This is particularly significant in sport horse breeds like the Pura Raza Española horse, which is primarily used for dressage competitions. Mares belonging to this breed commonly engage in several years of competition before transitioning to breeding, without the breeders having prior knowledge of their reproductive efficiency. Nonetheless, the availability of existing morphological information enables us to make informed decisions in this regard. While a selection index using morphology alone would not yield as good a response as direct selection for reproductive traits, there are cases, such as age at last foaling, where the correlated response can be very high. Our study further illustrates a substantial increase in selection response when morphological and reproductive traits are jointly included as selection criteria, with the aim of enhancing reproductive efficiency.

Is the association between sleep and socio-emotional development mediated by weight in toddlers aged 12 to 36 months?

Introduction: Childhood is an important stage for socio-emotional development. Understanding the associations of lifestyle habits with the healthy development of social and emotional skills is crucial for better interventions early in life. This study aims to analyze the association between sleep and socio-emotional development in toddlers aged 12 to 36 months and examine whether weight mediated these associations. Methods: This study is part of a cluster randomized controlled trial developed in Portuguese childcare centers. A sample of 344 children (176 females) enrolled in the study. Participants' anthropometrics were measured while at childcare centers using standardized procedures. Body mass index (BMI) was computed as the body weight/height2 (kg/m2) ratio. Sleep quality was collected with the Tayside Children's Sleep Questionnaire, a 10-item scale that evaluates the child's ability to initiate and maintain sleep. Two additional questions regarding sleep duration were added. Parental questionnaires assessed the child's sex and date of birth, socioeconomic status, and total energy intake (TEI). Motor (fine and gross) was assessed using Bayley-III scales and socio-emotional (SE) by the Greenspan Social-Emotional Growth Chart questionnaire. Linear regression models were used to examine the associations between sleep (duration and quality) and SE with adjustments for sex, age, BMI, mothers' education, motor development, and TEI. Mediation analysis was conducted using path analysis. Results: SE development was significantly associated with nighttime sleep duration even when adjusted for confounders (ß = 0.223; 95% CI: 0.001, 0.004 and ß = 0.168; 0.0003, 0.003; respectively). Sleep quality was not significantly associated with SE development, and the weight did not explain the associations between sleep and SE development. Conclusion: This study supports that sleep duration is directly associated with SE development in toddlers. From a public health perspective, sleep duration should be prioritized in intervention programs to improve socio-emotional development early in life.

Ultrasound as a Method for Early Diagnosis of Breast Pathology.

INTRODUCTION: Ultrasound is a non-invasive, low-cost technique that does not use ionising radiation and provides a "real-time" image, and for these reasons, this method is ideal in several situations. PURPOSE: To demonstrate breast ultrasound evaluation as a first-line diagnostic method and to evaluate the variation of breast characteristics with age. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 105 women with a mean age of 30 years participated and were divided into three age groups: 18-39, 40-59, and 60-79 years, excluding participants subject to mastectomy. After completing the informed consent, all participants answered personal and sociodemographic questions, such as personal and family history, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, ultrasound, and mammography, among others. They were then submitted to a bilateral breast ultrasound examination. Subsequently, all the images and their data were analysed, and a technical report of the examination was given to all the participants. RESULTS: A total of 105 women with a mean age of 30 years participated, 58 of whom underwent the examination for the first time. In 31, changes (of which only 7 were known) were diagnosed. It was verified that, according to age group, the density of the breast stroma varied; older women have less breast density. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasound is a good method for breast evaluation and can be considered important for the early evaluation of breast pathology and follow-up of the pathology.

Results from Portugal's 2022 report card on physical activity for children and youth.

Background: The purpose of this study is to update results of Portuguese's Report Card on Physical activity (PA) for Children and Adolescents. Methods: The grades were assigned by results derived from the PA and Fitness in Portugal 2021 Portuguese Report Card and corresponds to the third report for the Portuguese children and adolescents. It includes indicators of PA and sedentary behavior (SB) that are common to the GLOBAL matrix 4.0: Overall Physical Activity, Organized Sport and Physical Activity, Active Play, Active Transportation, Sedentary Behaviors, Family and Peers, School, Community and the Environment, Government and Physical Fitness. The search focused on published national evidence/data sources (academia, NGO, governmental) from end 2018 onwards excluding data obtained during the covid-19 pandemic. Results: The grades were assigned as follows: Overall PA (D-), Organized Sport Participation (C-), Active Play (D+), Active Transportation (D-), Sedentary behaviors (C+), Physical Fitness (C), Family and Peers (B), School (A), Community and Environment (B), and Government (B). Conclusion: In line with previous Portuguese Report Cards, a large proportion of Portuguese children and adolescents are not sufficiently active nor fit enough setting urgency for effective strategies. Particular attention should be given to Active play, Active transport and Organized Sports Participation has their grades have decreased. Some actions in selected indicators as Governmental and policy seems promising however results weren't seen yet. Despite the strong support of schools with mandatory curricula in PE no correspondent change is observed in fitness or PA, so more research is needed to find why.

Dose-response effect of a recreational team handball-based exercise programme on cardiometabolic health and physical fitness in inactive middle-aged-to-elderly males - a randomised controlled trial.

This study aimed at examining the dose-response of a recreational team handball (TH) exercise-based programme on cardiometabolic health and physical fitness in inactive middle-aged-to-elderly males without TH experience. Fifty-four inactive middle-aged-to-elderly men (67.5 ± 4.2 years; stature 168.8 ± 6.2 cm; body mass 78.4 ± 10.7 kg; fat mass 27.1 ± 5.3%; BMI 27.4 ± 2.9 kg/m2; VO2peak 27.3 ± 4.8 mL/min/kg) were randomised into three intervention groups performing 1 (TH1, n = 13), 2 (TH2, n = 15), or 3 (TH3, n = 12) 60-min weekly recreational TH-based training sessions, for 16 weeks, and a control group (CG, n = 14). A time x group interaction was observed for VO2peak, aerobic performance, fasting plasma insulin and body and fat mass (p ≤ 0.043) with TH3 showing the greatest overall effects. Post-intervention differences were observed in aerobic performance (TH3>CG, TH1 and TH2; TH2>CG), body mass (TH3>CG and TH1), fat mass (TH3>CG), VO2peak (TH3>CG) and plasma insulin (TH3>CG) (p ≤ 0.040). In conclusion, recreational TH performed for 60-min thrice and twice per week results in improved aerobic performance for middle-aged-to-elderly men. Moreover, it was observed that three weekly sessions were more effective in providing overall cardiometabolic benefits compared to training with a lower weekly frequency. ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT05295511.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05295511.Highlights: We observed high intensities and fun levels during recreational TH, organised as formal and small-sided games, for middle-aged-to-elderly men during a 16-week period, independently of the number of weekly training sessions.Marked positive effects on aerobic performance and cardiometabolic health were observed in the intervention group that performed 3 weekly sessions.The study results indicate that recreational TH training with low frequency and volume results in some beneficial effects on cardiometabolic fitness and health for middle-aged-to-elderly men, but future studies with more participants or longer intervention periods are warranted to explore this possibility.

Questionnaires Measuring 24-Hour Movement Behaviors in Childhood and Adolescence: Content Description and Measurement Properties-A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: We aim to systematically review the literature on measurement properties of self- and proxy-reported questionnaires measuring 24-hour movement behaviors in children and adolescents. METHODS: PubMed, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, and EMBASE were searched until June 2021. Studies were included if the sample size for validity studies had 50 participants (minimum) and included, at least, both validity and test-retest reliability results of questionnaires. The review followed an adaptation of the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments guidelines, to evaluate the quality of measurements properties of the questionnaires (content, convergent and criterion validity, reliability, measurement error, and responsiveness), as well as the risk of bias of each measurement property. RESULTS: This review included 29 studies, describing 37 questionnaires. Sixty-eight percent showed "adequate" content validity. None of the questionnaires showed overall "adequate" criterion validity, and the risk of bias was "very low" for 92%. One questionnaire showed "adequate" convergent validity, and 73% of the studies were classified with a "high risk of bias." Seven questionnaires showed "adequate" reliability, and 27.3% of the studies were rated with a "very low risk of bias." None of the questionnaires showed "adequate" criterion validity and reliability, simultaneously. CONCLUSIONS: Existing questionnaires have insufficient measurement properties, and none considered the 24-hour movement behavior paradigm. These results highlight the need for better questionnaires of movement behavior combinations, to improve the monitoring and surveillance systems of 24-hour movement behaviors in this population.

Avaliação do alfabetismo em saúde bucal dos responsáveis por crianças e adolescentes atendidos na clínica escola de odontologia Uninassau Recife / Evaluation of literacy in oral health of those responsible for children and adolescents attended at the Uninassau Recife dental school clinic / Evaluación del alfabetismo en la salud bucal de niños y adolescentes en la escuela de odontología clínica Uninassau Recife

Objetivo: Analisar a influência do nível de alfabetismo dos pais e/ou responsáveis na saúde bucal de crianças e adolescentes atendidos na Clínica Escola de Odontologia do Centro Universitário Maurício de Nassau, em Recife. Métodos: Estudo de campo de desenvolvimento transversal e natureza observacional realizado na Clínica Escola de Odontologia do Centro Universitário Maurício de Nassau, no período de janeiro a abril de 2023. A amostra foi composta por 32 pais e/ou responsáveis. Os instrumentos de coleta utilizados foram: ficha específica, Índice de Placa Visível (IPV) modificado e Índice de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (CPO-D)/ Índice de dentes cariados, extraídos e obturados (ceo-d), Critério de Classificação Econômica (CCEB) e Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry ­ Brazil (REALD-B). Resultados: Observou-se uma predominância do acompanhamento materno nas consultas odontológicas de suas crianças/adolescentes. Quanto a procura por atendimento odontológico para seus filhos, a maioria afirmou buscar em caso de prevenção, diferente do resultado para o atendimento próprio, que prevaleceu os casos de tratamento. Ademais, ao associar o resultado obtido pelo CCEB e teste REALD-B, obteve-se que dos 19 participantes classificados como "ruim", ao acertarem entre 0 a 18 palavras, 18 são da Classe "C-D,E", com nível econômico médio-baixo. A inspeção de saúde bucal das crianças/adolescentes foi considerada razoável, com a média de 2 a 3 dentes acometidos, no entanto a faixa etária predominante da amostra variou entre 3 e 10 anos, ratificando o ínicio precoce dos problemas de saúde bucal. Conclusão: Foi observado uma associação entre o nível de alfabetismo em saúde bucal dos pais e/ou responsáveis e as condições clínicas de saúde bucal de suas crianças/adolescentes.

Objective: To analyze the influence of the level of literacy of parents and/or guardians on the oral health of children and adolescents attended at the Clinical School of Dentistry of the Maurício de Nassau University Center, in Recife. Methods: Field study of cross-sectional development and observational nature conducted at the Clinical School of Dentistry of the University Center Maurício de Nassau, in the period from January to April 2023. The sample consisted of 32 parents and/or guardians. The collection instruments used were: specific token, Visible Plate Index (IPV) modified and Index of decayed, lost and filled teeth (CPO-D)/ Index of decayed, extracted and filled teeth (ceo-d), Economic Classification Criterion (CCEB) and Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry - Brazil (REALD-B). Results: A predominance of maternal follow- up was observed in the dental consultations of their children/adolescents. As for the search for dental care for their children, most said to seek in case of prevention, different from the result for the own care, which prevailed the cases of treatment. Furthermore, by associating the result obtained by the CCEB and the REALD-B test, it was obtained that of the 19 participants classified as "bad", when they hit between 0 to 18 words, 18 are of the Class "C-D,E", with medium-low economic level. Oral health inspection of children/adolescents was considered reasonable, with the average of 2 to 3 affected teeth, however the predominant age range of the sample ranged between 3 and 10 years, ratifying the early onset of oral health problems. Conclusion: An association was observed between the level of oral health literacy of parents and/or guardians and the clinical conditions of oral health of their children/adolescents.

Propósito: analizar la influencia del nivel de alfabetización de padres y/o funcionarios en la salud oral de niños y adolescentes atendidos en la Clínica de Odontología del Centro Universitario Maurício de Nassau de Recife. Métodos: estudio de campo sobre el desarrollo transversal y el carácter observacional realizado en la Facultad de Odontología del Centro Universitario de Mauricio Nassau, en el período comprendido entre enero y abril de 2023. La muestra consistió en 32 padres y/o funcionarios. Los instrumentos de recolección utilizados fueron: token específico, Índice de Tarjeta Viewable Modificado (IAB) y Índice de Dientes Muertos, Perdidos y Obturados (CPO-D)/ Índice de Dientes Recubierto, Extraídos y Obtuados (CCEB), Criterio de Clasificación Económica (CCEB) y Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry - Brazil (REALD-B). Resultados: Se observó un predominio del acompañamiento materno en las consultas dentales de sus niños/adolescentes. En cuanto a la búsqueda de atención dental para sus hijos, la mayoría declaró que lo buscarían en caso de prevención, diferente del resultado de su propia atención, que prevalecía en los casos de tratamiento. Además, al asociar el resultado obtenido por la CCEB y la prueba REALD-B, se encontró que de los 19 participantes clasificados como "malos", al alcanzar entre 0 y 18 palabras, 18 pertenecen a la clase "C-D,E", con un nivel económico medio- bajo. La inspección de salud oral de los niños/adolescentes se consideró razonable, con un promedio de 2 a 3 pacientes afectados, pero el grupo de edad predominante de la muestra varió de 3 a 10 años, ratificando el inicio temprano de los problemas de salud oral. Conclusión: Se observó una asociación entre el nivel literario en la salud oral de los padres y/o responsables y las condiciones clínicas de salud oral de sus hijos/adolescentes. PALABRAS CLAVE: Alfabetización en Salud; Salud Bucal; Educación en Salud.

Cardiovascular health behavior and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents: a longitudinal study.

Cardiorespiratory fitness has been substantially associated with health status. However, longitudinal studies on cardiorespiratory fitness and ideal cardiovascular health behavior (ICHB) in adolescents are scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the longitudinal association between ICHB (at baseline) and cardiorespiratory fitness (at follow-up). This is a 2-year prospective analysis of 445 adolescents (232 girls) aged 12-18 years. The ICHB was developed by the American Heart Association as meeting the ideal health behaviors for a healthy diet, physical activity, smoking status, and body mass index. ANCOVAS adjusted by age, sex, pubertal stage, socioeconomic status, and cardiorespiratory fitness showed that the higher the number of ICHB metrics accumulated at baseline (from 1 to 4), the higher the cardiorespiratory fitness levels over a 2-year period (p = 0.038). In logistic regressions, after adjusting for potential confounders, the odds ratios for having high cardiorespiratory fitness at follow-up was 4.9 (95% CI, 1.2-20.1, p = 0.02) for those who accumulated all four metrics of ICHB, when compared to those with 1 or less metrics of ICHB. In addition, the higher the number of ICHB metrics accumulated, the higher the likelihood of having a high cardiorespiratory fitness level over a 2-year period (p for trend = 0.01). CONCLUSION:  We identified a significant association between ICBH and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents. Therefore, improving ICBH in adolescence is likely to benefit the cardiorespiratory fitness. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, and diet are associated to cardiorespiratory fitness in adulthood. • Lifestyle behaviors such as physical activity, smoking, body weight, and healthy diet are individually linked with cardiorespiratory fitness and, however, have not been examined jointly, as combined health behaviors. WHAT IS NEW: • Accumulation of cardiovascular health behavior metrics was positively associated with cardiorespiratory fitness at a 2-year follow-up, in adolescents. • Meeting all the four metrics of ideal cardiovascular health behavior seems important for healthy cardiorespiratory fitness during adolescence.

Is the Leptin/Adiponectin Ratio a Better Diagnostic Biomarker for Insulin Resistance than Leptin or Adiponectin Alone in Adolescents?

Background: Recently, the leptin/adiponectin (L/A) ratio has been suggested as a novel predictor of cardio-metabolic and other chronic diseases. Aim: To evaluate the ability of leptin (L), adiponectin (A), and the L/A ratio in identifying high risk of insulin resistance IR in adolescents, adjusted by cardiorespiratory fitness, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and body fat percentage. Subjects and methods: This is a cross-sectional analysis with 529 adolescents aged 12−18 years-old. Blood samples were taken to analyze glucose, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels. IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was estimated from fasting serum insulin and glucose). Results: Adiponectin, leptin, and L/A ratio were accurate to predict IR among adolescents. The optimal L/A cut-off value to indicate risk of IR development was >0.35 in boys and >0.97 in girls. Logistic analyses showed that the suggested cut-off points for adiponectin (girls: OR: 2.87 (1.26−6.53); p = 0.012); leptin (boys: OR: 5.23 (1.16−7.14) p = 0.006; girls: OR: 2.99 (1.10−8.09) p = 0.031), and the L/A ratio (boys: OR: 8.38 (2.6−26.8) p < 0.001; girls: OR: 6.1 (2.1−17.0) p < 0.001), were significant predictors of IR, after adjustments for age, pubertal stage, adherence to the Mediterranean diet, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body fat percentage. Conclusion: Leptin and L/A ratio were associated with IR risk, after adjustments for confounders in both sexes and adiponectin in girls. The L/A ratio seems to have a higher diagnostic accuracy to identify IR risk than adiponectin or leptin, in both sexes.

Associations of sleep characteristics with cognitive and gross motor development in toddlers.

OBJECTIVE: To examine cross-sectional associations of sleep characteristics (duration, consolidation, timing, variability) with cognitive and gross motor development in toddlers. METHODS: Participants were 205 toddlers (19.6 ± 4.3 months) from the GET-UP! STUDY: Nap/nighttime sleep onset and offset were measured using an accelerometer and used to calculate nap/nighttime sleep duration. Total sleep duration was calculated and classified as meeting or not meeting the sleep recommendation of the Australian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines (11-14 h/d). Nighttime sleep ratio (ie, nighttime sleep duration: total sleep duration), indicative of consolidation, was expressed as a percent value. Nighttime sleep midpoint (ie, the midpoint between nighttime sleep onset and offset), indicating the lateness of sleep schedules, was converted to a decimal hour. For sleep variability, the intraindividual standard deviation of nighttime sleep duration and nighttime sleep midpoint was calculated, respectively. Cognitive development (Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-III) and specific domains of gross motor development (Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd edition) were measured. RESULTS: Shorter nap duration (B = -0.87, 95%CI: -1.71, -0.02) and higher nighttime sleep ratio (B = 0.13, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.24) were associated with better cognitive development. Regarding gross motor development, positive associations were found for nighttime sleep duration (object manipulation: B = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.51; gross motor quotient: B = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.04, 2.38) and total sleep duration (object manipulation: B = 0.28, 95% CI: 0.03, 0.52); negative associations were found for nighttime sleep midpoint (stationary: B = -0.31; 95% CI: -0.58, -0.06) and nighttime sleep duration variability (stationary: B = -0.32, 95% CI: -0.64, -0.004). CONCLUSIONS: In toddlers, more consolidated sleep may be an indicator of better cognitive development. Promoting longer and more consistent nighttime sleep duration, as well as an earlier nighttime sleep schedule, may facilitate gross motor development. However, our findings for the associations of sleep characteristics with cognitive and gross motor development need to be confirmed in prospective studies.

Cardiovascular health behavior and blood pressure in adolescents: A longitudinal analysis.

BACKGROUND: The ideal cardiovascular health behaviors (ICHB) have been associated with a subsequent positive health status in adults. However, evidence regarding blood pressure (BP) and ICHB in adolescents is scarce. The aim of this prospective cohort was to evaluate the impact of accumulation of ICHB on BP values in adolescents over two years. METHODS: This is a longitudinal analysis with 445 adolescents (232 girls) aged 12-18 years old. Resting blood pressure was measured at baseline and 2 years later, and ICHBs at baseline according to standard procedures. Based on the American Heart Association definition, the ICHB index was defined as a sum of meeting the ICHBs (from 0 to 4, where 4 would be the healthiest profile of all ICHBs) for a healthy diet, physical activity, smoking status and body mass index. RESULTS: Adjusted means values (ANCOVA) of BP parameters through achievement of a greater number of (between 1-4) the ICHBs (adjusting for potential confounders, age, sex, pubertal stage and socioeconomic status) showed that, as increase the number of ICHB accumulated as a lower the BP levels [ICHB and SBP (F3.435) = 4.501, p = 0.004), DBP (F(3.435) = 2.725, p = 0.044), pulse pressure (F(3.435) = 4.004, p = 0.008), and rate pressure product (F(3.435) = 2.866, p = 0.036)] over two years. CONCLUSION: A lower number of ICHB (smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, and diet) during adolescence play a key role on blood pressure over two years. A higher number of ICHB is seen to be associated with a lower risk of short-term, hypertension.

Questionnaires measuring movement behaviours in adults and older adults: Content description and measurement properties. A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Sleep, sedentary behaviour and physical activity are constituent parts of a 24h period and there are several questionnaires to measure these movement behaviours, the objective was to systematically review the literature on content and measurement properties of self- and proxy-reported questionnaires measuring movement behaviours in adults and older adults. METHODS: The databases PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO and SPORTDiscus were systematically searched until April 2021. Articles were included if: the questionnaires were design for adults and older adults; the sample size for validity studies had at least 50 participants; at least, both validity and test-retest reliability results of questionnaire that were developed specifically to measure the amount of sleep, sedentary behaviour or physical activity, or their combination were reported; and articles had to be written in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, German, Italian or Chinese. FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS: Data extraction, results, studies' quality, and risk of bias were evaluated using the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines. Fifty-five articles were included in this review, describing 60 questionnaires. None of the questionnaires showed adequate criterion validity and adequate reliability, simultaneously; 68.3% showed adequate content validity. The risk of bias for criterion validity and reliability were very low in 72.2% and 23.6% of the studies, respectively. Existing questionnaires have insufficient measurement properties and frequent methodologic limitations, and none was developed considering the 24h movement behaviour paradigm. The lack of valid and reliable questionnaires assessing 24h movement behaviours in an integrated way, precludes accurate monitoring and surveillance systems of 24h movement behaviours.

A Questionnaire-Based Survey on the Long-Term Management of Canine Leishmaniosis by Veterinary Practitioners.

Canine Leishmaniosis (CanL) is a chronic and potentially fatal disease. In economically disadvantaged regions, costs associated with long-term patient monitoring may determine that some owners decline veterinary follow-up of their dogs. This online, questionnaire-based survey aimed to assess how Portuguese veterinary practitioners perform long-term patient monitoring and recognize relapses. More than 50% of respondents reported that 50-100% of dog owners declared financial restraints. Hence, in these circumstances, most veterinary practitioners only performed clinical examination and serology. However, when owners did not declare financial restriction, other tests were additionally performed, such as renal and hepatic profiles, hemogram, serum protein electrophoresis and urine protein creatinine ratio. The mean number of exams performed when owners presented financial restraints was significantly lower than the number of exams performed without economic limitations. Most veterinary practitioners prescribed allopurinol ad aeternum or until disease remission and domperidone. CanL relapses were recognized by more than half of respondents "Always", through the reappearance or worsening of clinical signs, whereas about a quarter detected an increase in anti-Leishmania antibody levels and identified abnormalities in the serum protein electrophoresis profile. The relapse rate was higher in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area and north, the most economically favored regions of Portugal. This study confirms that owner financial restraints negatively influence veterinary follow-up and relapse recognition, ultimately compromising clinical decision making and favoring the maintenance of Leishmania infantum infection endemicity.

Salivary cortisol and eye temperature changes during endurance competitions.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of salivary cortisol (SC) and eye temperature measured by infrared thermography (IRTET) as biomarkers to manage competitions more effectively and monitor horse welfare in endurance competitions. Based on previous studies, it was hypothesised that pre-exercise baseline SC and IRTET would be higher in younger or less experienced horses, and that post-exercise variation from baseline would be higher in the top finishers. RESULTS: Salivary cortisol measured in 61 competing at qualifier 40 km and 80 km rides showed an abrupt variation (93-256% rise) of the baseline SC levels [median ± interquartile range (IQR) = 0.27 ng/dl ± 0.36] obtained at the Pre-Inspection (PI) into Vet Gate (VG)1 independently of the covered distance, but modest or even lower in the subsequent Vet Gates, e.g. VG2 or VG3. The IRTET measured concomitantly in 16 horses showed significant (p < 0.05) higher levels at the PI in less experienced horses participating in the 40 km ride (median ± IQR = 35.7 °C ± 1.4) than their counterparts in the 80 km ride (median ± IQR = 35.0 °C ± 1.5), but not SC. Baseline SC levels at the PI of horses classifying in the Top5 in the 40 km ride category were significantly (p < 0.05) higher median ± IQR = 0.90 ng/ml ±0.61) when compared to horses positioned from 10th position on (median ± IQR = 0.16 ng/ml ±0.40). A lower IRTET in the PI was correlated with better placement (p < 0.05) and those in the Top5 (median ± IQR = 33.9 °C ± 0.0) had a significantly (p < 0.5) higher variation (+ 10.65%) into the last VG. CONCLUSION: Pre-exercise baseline IRTET levels, but not SC, were higher in less experienced horses in the 40 compared to their counterparts in the 80 km ride competitions. SC and IRTET showed different indications according to the competition. In the40 km ride competition, higher baseline pre-exercise SC levels seemed to be linked to a better classification outcome. In contrast, in the 80 km ride horses, the higher IRTET variation from pre-exercise into final Vet Gate was the parameter associated with a better performance. A more controlled environment and a larger sample are needed to confirm these results and monitor horse welfare in competitions.