A scoping review of pain resulting from the endotracheal suctioning of paediatric intensive care patients.

BACKGROUND: This scoping review was conducted to summarise and map studies on pain resulting from endotracheal suctioning in paediatric intensive care patients. METHOD: This scoping review conducted in June 2022 was performed by screening articles published in English. Scopus, PubMed, Cochrane, Web of Science, MedLine and Ovid databases were used for screening. The keywords 'endotracheal suctioning', 'pain', 'paediatric intensive care' and their synonyms were used in the search. RESULTS: During the review, 280 articles were accessed, and the full texts of 14 articles were evaluated for suitability. After some of the articles were excluded from the study, abstracts of nine articles were given below. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that a greater number of randomised controlled studies should be conducted, because the number of studies with a high level of evidence on the effect of endotracheal suctioning on the pain levels of patients in the paediatric intensive care unit is very few.

The Fastest and Most Reliable Identification of True Hybrids in the Genus Pisum L.

After crosses, the identification of true hybrids is not only the most important step in the initiation of a breeding program but also plays a crucial role in the improvement of hybrid varieties. However, current morphological or molecular-based hybrid identification methods are time-consuming and costly approaches that require knowledge and skill, as well as specific lab equipment. In the current study, xenia, direct or immediate effect of pollen on seeds was used to identify true hybrids in the genus Pisum L. for the first time without growing F1 plants. The current study was therefore aimed to (i) elucidate the xenia effect on seeds in intra- and interspecific crosses between P. sativum L. subsp. sativum var. sativum or var. arvense L. Poir. and its wild relatives, including P. sativum subsp. elatius (M. Bieb.) Aschers & Graebn. and P. fulvum Sibth. & Sm., and (ii) illuminate the beneficialness of the xenia effect in a practical improvement of the genus Pisum L. The pea cultivars, including P. sativum subsp. sativum var. sativum and P. sativum subsp. sativum var. arvense, were therefore crossed with P. sativum subsp. elatius and P. fulvum, and the occurrence of the xenia effect was studied on the seeds of fertilized female plants immediately after the crosses. It was concluded that using the xenia effect for the early detection of true hybrid immediately after crossing was not only the fastest, most reliable, and least expensive option as early selection criteria, but that xenia also provided information about dominant seed and pod traits after double fertilization.

Genome-wide discovery of di-nucleotide SSR markers based on whole genome re-sequencing data of Cicer arietinum L. and Cicer reticulatum Ladiz.

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are valuable genetic markers due to their co-dominant inheritance, multi-allelic and reproducible nature. They have been largely used for exploiting genetic architecture of plant germplasms, phylogenetic analysis, and mapping studies. Among the SSRs, di-nucleotide repeats are the most frequent of the simple repeats distributed throughout the plant genomes. In present study, we aimed to discover and develop di-nucleotide SSR markers by using the whole genome re-sequencing (WGRS) data from Cicer arietinum L. and C. reticulatum Ladiz. A total of 35,329 InDels were obtained in C. arietinum, whereas 44,331 InDels in C. reticulatum. 3387 InDels with 2 bp length were detected in C. arietinum, there were 4704 in C. reticulatum. Among 8091 InDels, 58 di-nucleotide regions that were polymorphic between two species were selected and used for validation. We tested primers for evaluation of genetic diversity in 30 chickpea genotypes including C. arietinum, C. reticulatum, C. echinospermum P.H. Davis, C. anatolicum Alef., C. canariense A. Santos & G.P. Lewis, C. microphyllum Benth., C. multijugum Maesen, C. oxyodon Boiss. & Hohen. and C. songaricum Steph ex DC. A total of 244 alleles were obtained for 58 SSR markers giving an average of 2.36 alleles per locus. The observed heterozygosity was 0.08 while the expected heterozygosity was 0.345. Polymorphism information content was found to be 0.73 across all loci. Phylogenetic tree and principal coordinate analysis clearly divided the accessions into four groups. The SSR markers were also evaluated in 30 genotypes of a RIL population obtained from an interspecific cross between C. arietinum and C. reticulatum. Chi-square (χ2) test revealed an expected 1:1 segregation ratio in the population. These results demonstrated the success of SSR identification and marker development for chickpea with the use of WGRS data. The newly developed 58 SSR markers are expected to be useful for chickpea breeders.

Role of the systemic immune-inflammation index in threatened abortion patients and predicting of abortion.

PURPOSE: Our study aimed to compare the systemic immune inflammation index (SII), one of the hematological inflammation parameters, between pregnant women diagnosed with threatened abortion (TA) and healthy pregnant women, and to evaluate the prediction of abortion in pregnant women with TA. METHODS: This retrospective study compared 150 patients with TA group and 150 age- and gestational week-matched healthy pregnant women (control group). Complete blood count parameters were assessed. SII, white blood cells (WBC), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), red cell distribution width (RDW), plateletcrit (PCT), platelet distribution width and monocyte to lymphocyte ratio (MLR) values were calculated. The SII value was calculated as follows: platelet count × (neutrophil/lymphocyte). RESULTS: SII, NLR, MLR, WBC, RDW, and PCT values were significantly higher in the TA group compared to the control group (923 ± 683 vs. 579 ± 364 [p < 0.001], 3.3 ± 2.0 vs. 2.1 ± 1.1 [p < 0.001], 0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.2 [p < 0.001], 9.84 ± 2.87 vs. 8.6 ± 1.6 [p < 0.001], 13.9 ± 1.9 vs. 14.4 ± 2.3 [p = 0.032] and 0.3 ± 0.1 vs. 0.2 ± 0.0 [p < 0.001], respectively). Using receiver operating characteristics curve analysis to predict abortion in AI patients, the highest area under the curve was found for SII (0.727 for SII and 0.666 for NLR). CONCLUSION: SII, NLR, MLR, RDW, and platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) levels were significantly increased in patients with TA. This study supports the idea that several inflammatory pathways may play an important role in the pathogenesis of this disorder. SII may be a much better marker than NLR and PLR for predicting the inflammatory status of the disease and abortion in an ongoing pregnancy.

The popularisation of self-care: Tracing the dissemination of Orem's Self-Care Deficiency Nursing Theory into the scientific disciplines.

BACKGROUND: Bibliometric methods may be used to examine research trends, and information visualisation techniques are useful in illustrating the diffusion of knowledge and how theories are applied. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to illustrate how Orem's Self-Care Deficiency Nursing Theory (SCDNT) has been cited and applied in nursing science and beyond. METHODS: A bibliometric analysis examined scientific publications that cited Orem's nursing theory. In addition, the diffusion of SCDNT was assessed using data visualisation methods and integration scores of SCDNT versions were calculated to define trends in its theoretical usage in other scientific domains. RESULTS: The information visualisation demonstrated increased usage of SCDTN in different disciplines. Integration scores demonstrated that the scientific community still recognises and uses versions of SCDTN. DISCUSSION: Studying citation patterns helps to identify which publications are still cited and relevant, as well as illustrating the dissemination of theory. Findings may be used in the collection weeding of SCDTN book versions. CONCLUSIONS: Findings provided nursing scientists with a better conceptual understanding of SCDNT diffusion and development. For academic library managers, the findings identify which SCDNT should be retained for historical interest and curriculum needs.

Mapping QTLs for Super-Earliness and Agro-Morphological Traits in RILs Population Derived from Interspecific Crosses between Pisum sativum × P. fulvum.

Earliness in crop plants has a vital role in prevention of heat-induced drought stress and in combating global warming, which is predicted to exacerbate in the near future. Furthermore, earliness may expand production into northern areas or higher altitudes, having relatively shorter growing season and may also expand arable lands to meet global food demands. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for super-earliness and important agro-morphological traits in a recombinant inbred line (RIL) population derived from an interspecific cross. A population of 114 RILs developed through single-seed descent from an interspecific cross involving Pisum sativum L. and P. fulvum Sibth. et Sm. was evaluated to identify QTLs for super-earliness and important agro-morphological traits. A genetic map was constructed with 44 SSRs markers representing seven chromosomes with a total length of 262.6 cM. Of the 14 QTLs identified, two were for super-earliness on LG2, one for plant height on LG3, six for number of pods per plant on LG2, LG4, LG5 and LG6, one for number of seeds per pod on LG6, one for pod length on LG4 and three for harvest index on LG3, LG5, and LG6. AA205 and AA372-1 flanking markers for super-earliness QTLs were suggested for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in pea breeding programs due to high heritability of the trait. This is the first study to map QTLs originating from P. sativum and P. fulvum recently identified species with super-earliness character and the markers (AA205 and AA372-1) linked to QTLs were valuable molecular tools for pea breeding.

Determination of pain experienced by children during intravenous bolus treatments and its causes.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aimed to determine the pain experienced by children during intravenous bolus treatment and to identify what causes it. METHOD: In the first stage of the study, the first 40 observations were performed by two researchers. The study was continued by a single observer after the Kappa test was performed. In this study, 101 drug treatments were administered by intravenous bolus in patients aged between 1 month and 6 years. The pain experienced during treatment was assessed using pain scales according to the age group the patient was in. RESULTS: Pain was observed in 63.4% (n = 64) of the treatments. There was a significant relationship between the type of medication administered and pain experienced during drug administration. There was also a significant correlation between the age of the children and their pain experiences. Given the location of the catheter, there was no significant difference among the children who experienced pain during intravenous treatment. CONCLUSION: Intravenous drug therapy may cause pain in children. To minimize such pain, it is recommended to determine the drugs that cause pain during intravenous treatment and to develop application protocols to minimize pain caused by these drugs.

Influence of Fracture Reduction on the Functional Outcome after Intramedullary Nail Osteosynthesis in Proximal Humerus Fractures.

Background: Optimal treatment of proximal humeral fractures (PHF) is still controversial. Therefore, we aim to investigate the influence of fracture reduction after intramedullary nailing of a PHF on the clinical outcome. Methods: Patients treated with intramedullary nail for PHF from 2013−2018, (minimum follow-up 12 months) were retrospectively included. Constant Score (CS), DASH and Simple Shoulder Test (SST) were collected. Postoperative radiographs were used to determine head-shaft-alignment (HSA), head-shaft-displacement (HSD), integrity of the medial hinge and the cranialization of the greater tuberosity (CGT). The results of fracture reduction were categorized as either "anatomical", "acceptable" or as "malreduction". Malreduction exists when at least one of the following parameters are present: HSA > 150/< 110°, HSD >5 mm, CTM > 5 mm or lack of integrity of the medial hinge. Results: 42 patients (mean age 65.5 ± 14.1 years, 15 male, 27 female) with a mean follow-up time of 43 months were included. The average CS was 60 ± 30, DASH 49.8 ± 24.3 and SST 62.9 ± 26.9. There was an "anatomic" reduction in 9 (21.4%), "acceptable" in 7 (16.6%) and a "malreduction" in 26 (62%) patients. Comparing the combined "anatomical" and "acceptable" reduction group with the "malreduction" group, worse scores were observed in the "malreduction" group (CS 67.2 vs. 55.2, DASH 45.2 vs. 51.9, SST: 69.3 vs. 58.6) without statistical significance (CS: p = 0.095, DASH: p = 0.307, SST: p = 0.400). By means of multiple logistic regression analyses no statistically significant risk factors were identified for lower DASH, CS and SST scores. Conclusions: Anatomical fracture reduction using intramedullary nails has a positive effect on postoperative outcome for the 3 scores recorded, without reaching statistical significance.

[Examination of social media and technology use of mothers in breastfeeding period in a region of Turkey]. / Examen del uso de las redes sociales y la tecnología por parte de las madres en periodo de lactancia en una región de Turquía.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to examine the social media and technology use of mothers during breastfeeding. METHOD: Descriptive cross-sectional study. The study was carried out with mothers who brought their children for follow-up in the pediatric outpatient clinics of a public hospital, a university hospital and a private hospital located in Turkey. A questionnaire developed «ad hoc¼ was used for data collection. RESULTS: The total sample consisted of 275 mothers (n = 275). Mothers participating in the study 89.8% of the mothers used social media, 86.5% sought on the reliability of the information on the internet, 73.8% used the medical information on the internet to decide on any case about breastfeeding and 66.9% of them used cell phone or computer during breastfeeding. A statistically significant difference was determined between the education level of the mothers and social media use (p < 0.05). It was determined that the mothers who were secondary school graduate and those with three or more children talked on a cell phone while breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the mothers used social media and technology at a level limiting their interaction with their children. It is recommended to protect mothers from digital addiction and improve their digital literacy levels.

Complete chloroplast genome sequence of Lens ervoides and comparison to Lens culinaris.

Lens is a member of the Papilionoideae subfamily of Fabaceae and is generally used as a source of vegetable protein as part of human diets in many regions worldwide. Chloroplast (cp) genomes are highly active genetic components of plants and can be utilized as molecular markers for various purposes. As one of the wild lentil species, the Lens ervoides cp genome has been sequenced for the first time in this study using next-generation sequencing. The de novo assembly of the cp genome resulted in a single 122,722 bp sequence as two separate coexisting structural haplotypes with similar lengths. Results indicated that the cp genome of L. ervoides belongs to the inverted repeat lacking clade. Several noteworthy divergences within the coding regions were observed in ndhB, ndhF, rbcL, rpoC2, and ycf2 genes. Analysis of relative synonymous codon usage showed that certain genes, psbN, psaI, psbI, psbE, psbK, petD, and ndhC, preferred using biased codons more often and therefore might have elevated expression and translation efficiencies. Overall, this study exhibited the divergence level between the wild-type and cultured lentil cp genomes and pointed to certain regions that can be utilized as distinction markers for various goals.

Nurses' knowledge and experiences of peripheral intravenous catheter insertion at a tertiary paediatric health centre.

AIM: The aim of the study was to determine paediatric nurses' knowledge and experiences of PIVC insertion. METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, nurses working in a paediatric hospital in Izmir, Türkiye, between May and September 2019 were included (225; 67.4%). A PIVC knowledge and experience form, and a sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire were used to collect data. RESULTS: Nurses most often inserted the PIVC on the dorsum of the hand (83.1%). Their choice of vein was influenced by the condition of the patient's veins (91.1%), medications (72%) and the patient's activity status (70.2%). The most preferred PIVC size was 24 gauge (98.2%), and the most frequently used cannula was a short peripheral cannula (96.9%). To clean the insertion site of the cannula, 93.8% of the nurses used 70% alcohol. Distractions used while inserting the PIVC were: letting the child play with a toy (51.1%), having the child sit on the mother's lap (45.8%), letting the child watch cartoons (45.3%), and administering oral sucrose (43.6%). Of the nurses, 69.3% attached a split septum/vein valve to the PIVC insertion site, and 82.2% cleaned the split septum/vein valve with 70% alcohol and waited until it dried before administering the medication. Some 79.6% secured the cannula with a hypoallergenic nonwoven adhesive fixation tape bandage. Some 94.7% performed catheter flushing for control after inserting PIVCs, 93.8% performed catheter flushing before IV fluid treatment, 89.8% flushed the catheter before drug administration through the bolus method, 53.3% flushed the PIVC catheter with a slow technique and 42.2% flushed it with an intermittent technique. CONCLUSION: The nurses generally acted in accordance with Infusion Nurses Society (2016) guidance. It would be helpful if the hospital developed algorithms that include standards to prevent and manage PIVC insertions and complications.

Complications of peripheral intravenous catheters and risk factors for infiltration and phlebitis in children.

AIM: This study aimed to identify the types of complications of peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) in hospitalised children and possible risk factors for the development of extravasation, infiltration and phlebitis. METHOD: The study was conducted in the largest children's hospital in a region of Turkey, with a bed capacity of 354 and 1400 employees, which provides care only to paediatric patients aged from newborn to 18 years old. In this 5-month prospective study, the complications of PIVCs in hospitalised children and risk factors leading to the development of extravasation, infiltration and phlebitis were recorded. During morning and afternoon daily visits, the researcher examined catheter sites for complications and indications for removal. RESULTS: The study covered 244 patients aged from 1 month to 17 years, 575 PIVCs and 1600 catheter days. The rates of infiltration and phlebitis observed in children with PIVCs were 8.7 % and 15.8% respectively. Logistic regression revealed that using 22- and 24-gauge catheters, hospitalisation in the surgery ward and continuous infusion were significant independent risk factors for the development of infiltration (P<0.001). Direct logistic regression revealed that age in months, hospitalisation in a surgery ward and placement of the catheter in the veins of the antecubital fossa were significant independent risk factors for the development of phlebitis (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Catheter size, hospitalisation in the surgery ward and continuous infusion contributed to the development of infiltration. Age, hospitalisation in the surgery ward and catheter placement in the antecubital vein contributed to the development of phlebitis.

A kabuli chickpea ideotype.

The concept of 'crop ideotype' is coined as a desirable plant model expected to better perform for seed yield, oils and other useful characteristics when developed as a cultivar, and it consists of two major approaches, namely, (i) 'defect elimination', that is, integration of disease resistance to a susceptible genotype from a resistant genotype and (ii) 'selection for yield' by improving yield after crosses between desirable parents. For consideration of these approaches, here we introduced an ideotype in kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) which is high-yielding, extra-large-seeded, and double- or multi-podded, has high plant height and imparipinnate-leafed traits, and is heat tolerant and resistant to ascochyta blight [Ascochyta rabiei (Pass.) Labr.], which causes considerable yield losses, via marker-assisted selection. F3 and F4 lines were evaluated for agro-morphological traits divided into six classes, namely, (i) imparipinnate-leafed and single-podded progeny, (ii) imparipinnate-leafed and double-podded progeny, (iii) imparipinnate-leafed and multi-podded progeny, (iv) unifoliolate-leafed and single-podded progeny, (v) unifoliolate-leafed and double-podded progeny, (vi) unifoliolate-leafed and multi-podded progeny. F3:4 lines having 100-seed weight ≥ 45 g and double- or multi-podded traits were additionally assessed for resistance to ascochyta blight using molecular markers including SCY17590 and CaETR-1. Superior lines having higher values than their best parents were determined for all studied traits indicating that economic and important traits including yield and seed size in chickpea could be improved by crossing suitable parents. Imparipinnate-leafed and multi-podded plants had not only the highest number of pods and seeds per plant but also the highest yield. On the other hand, imparipinnate-leafed and single podded progeny had the largest seed size, followed by imparipinnate-leafed and double-podded progeny. Multi-podded plants produced 23% more seed yield than that of single-podded plants, while multi-podded plants attained 7.6% more seed yield than that of double-podded plants. SCY17590 and CaETR-1 markers located on LG4 related to QTLAR2 and QTLAR1 were found in 14 lines among 152 F3:4 lines. Six superior lines were selected for being double- or multi-podded, imparipinnate-leafed, suitable for combine harvest, heat-tolerant, and resistant to ascochyta blight, and having both of two resistance markers and extra-large seeds as high as 50-60 g per 100-seed weight. Resistance alleles from two different backgrounds for resistance to ascochyta blight were integrated with double- or multi-podded kabuli chickpea lines having high yield, extra-large seeds, high plant height, imparipinnate-leaves and high heat tolerance, playing a crucial role for future demands of population and food security. These approaches seem to be applicable in ideotype breeding for other important crop plants.

De novo super-early progeny in interspecific crosses Pisum sativum L. × P. fulvum Sibth. et Sm.

Earliness in crop plants has a crucial role in avoiding the stress of drought and heat, which are the most important challenging stressors in crop production and are predicted to increase in the near future due to global warming. Furthermore, it provides a guarantee of vegetable production in the short growing season of agricultural lands in the northern hemisphere and at high altitudes. The growing human population needs super early plant cultivars for these agricultural lands to meet future global demands. This study examined de novo super-early progeny, referred to as much earlier than that of the earlier parent, which flowered in 13-17 days and pod setting in 18-29 days after germination, discovered in F2 and studied up to F5 derived from interspecific crosses between garden pea (P. sativum L.) and the most distant relative of pea (P. fulvum Sibth. et Sm.). De novo super-early progeny were found to be earlier by about one month than P. sativum and two months than P. fulvum under short day conditions in the F5 population. In respect of days to flowering and pod setting, de novo super-early progeny had a relatively high level of narrow sense heritability (h2 = 82% and 80%, respectively), indicating that the selections for earliness in segregating populations was effective for improvement of extreme early maturing varieties. De novo super-early progeny could be grown under heat stress conditions due to the escape ability. Vegetable types were not only high yielding but also free of any known undesirable traits from the wild species, such as pod dehiscence and non-uniform maturity. It could be considered complementary to "speed breeding", possibly obtaining more than six generations per year in a suitable climate chamber. Not only de novo super-early progeny but also transgressive segregation for agro-morphological traits can be created via interspecific crosses between P. sativum and P. fulvum, a precious unopened treasure in the second gene pool. Useful progeny obtained from crossing wild species with cultivated species reveal the importance of wild species.

Effects of different salt sources and salinity levels on emergence and seedling growth of faba bean genotypes.

Suitability of poor quality water for irrigation depends on salinity level and solute concentration in the water and selected crop. Salt stress is a major potential constraint for faba bean. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different Cl- and SO4-containing salt sources in irrigation water with different salinity levels on emergence, early seedling growth and photosynthetic capacity of six faba bean genotypes. The negative effect order of salinity level was high (3 dS/m) > medium (2 dS/m) > low (1 dS/m) > control (0.05 dS/m) for all investigated parameters except dry root weight. The negative effects of Cl-containing salt sources were higher than that of SO4-containing salt sources. The worst and the best performing genotypes were determined as III-28 and III-29 on emergence percentage at 10th DAS, I-29 and III-1 on mean emergence time, III-22 and III-1 on shoot height, III-1 and I-29 on fresh biomass weight, III-22 and III-28 on fresh shoot weight, III-29 and I-29 on fresh root weight, respectively. This study showed that faba bean genotypes have different behaviors in terms of response to the increasing salinity levels artificially makeup by using different salt sources indicating that salt response of faba bean is genotype-specific.

Cicer turcicum: A New Cicer Species and Its Potential to Improve Chickpea.

Genetic resources of the genus Cicer L. are not only limited when compared to other important food legumes and major cereal crops but also, they include several endemic species with endangered status based on the criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The chief threats to endemic and endangered Cicer species are over-grazing and habitat change in their natural environments driven by climate changes. During a collection mission in east and south-east Anatolia (Turkey), a new Cicer species was discovered, proposed here as C. turcicum Toker, Berger & Gokturk. Here, we describe the morphological characteristics, images, and ecology of the species, and present preliminary evidence of its potential utility for chickpea improvement. C. turcicum is an annual species, endemic to southeast Anatolia and to date has only been located in a single population distant from any other known annual Cicer species. It belongs to section Cicer M. Pop. of the subgenus Pseudononis M. Pop. of the genus Cicer L. (Fabaceae) and on the basis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence similarity appears to be a sister species of C. reticulatum Ladiz. and C. echinospermum P.H. Davis, both of which are inter-fertile with domestic chickpea (C. arietinum L.). With the addition of C. turcicum, the genus Cicer now comprises 10 annual and 36 perennial species. As a preliminary evaluation of its potential for chickpea improvement two accessions of C. turcicum were field screened for reproductive heat tolerance and seeds were tested for bruchid resistance alongside a representative group of wild and domestic annual Cicer species. C. turcicum expressed the highest heat tolerance and similar bruchid resistance as C. judaicum Boiss. and C. pinnatifidum Juab. & Spach, neither of which are in the primary genepool of domestic chickpea. Given that C. arietinum and C. reticulatum returned the lowest and the second lowest tolerance and resistance scores, C. turcicum may hold much potential for chickpea improvement if its close relatedness supports interspecific hybridization with the cultigen. Crossing experiments are currently underway to explore this question.

Investigating intercultural effectiveness of paediatric nurses in a Turkish hospital.

BACKGROUND: Cultural competence, an important part of patient-centred care, has been on the nursing agenda for many years. AIM: The aim of this study was to measure the intercultural effectiveness level of paediatric nurses, and to explore relationships between the level of intercultural effectiveness and some sociodemographic variables in paediatric nurses. METHOD: The study was conducted at Izmir Tepecik Training and Research Hospital's children's clinics in Turkey. A convenience sample of 98 paediatric registered nurses practising at the hospital was evaluated. To collect the study data, a sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire, a Cultural Approach in Nursing Care form and the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale (IES) were used. RESULTS: The participating paediatric nurses' intercultural effectiveness levels were moderate, the problem they experienced most was the language problem and although many of them had not received adequate training in cultural care, based on their experiences, they regarded themselves as culturally competent. CONCLUSION: Cultural competence is vital in multi-ethnic and multicultural societies. Cultural competence training should be provided to nurses during nurse education, or in-service training during their professional life.

An exploratory study of intercultural effectiveness scale in nursing students.

Culture is a fundamental element of intercultural relationships and contributes to its effectiveness. This methodological study' s purpose is to test the Turkish version of the Intercultural Effectiveness Scale. The scale is a reliable and valid. It is important to include intercultural communication competence in nursing curriculum programs to ensure that students gain all these awareness, skills and behaviors.

Relación entre agotamiento emocional y la actitud hacia la seguridad del paciente en enfermeras pediátricas en un hospital de Turquía / Relationship between burnout and patient safety attitudes in pediatric nurses in a hospital in Turkey

Objetivo: El agotamiento emocional puede afectar a la actitud de las enfermeras sobre la seguridad del paciente, debido a las consecuencias adversas que genera, pudiendo provocar errores clínicos. El objetivo del presente estudio es identificar el nivel de agotamiento emocional de las enfermeras pediátricas y determinar la relación entre las actitudes de seguridad del paciente y el agotamiento. Método: Estudio observacional descriptivo transversal desarrollado entre enero y julio de 2016 en el Hospital Infantil Universitario Ege, situado en Esmirna (Izmir, Turquía). Los datos se recopilaron utilizando el Cuestionario de características sociodemográficas, el Inventario de agotamiento de Maslach y el Cuestionario de actitud de seguridad del paciente. Se analizaron los datos con el programa SPSS. Se contó con el visto bueno del comité de ética correspondiente. Resultados: La tasa de respuesta fue del 60%, con un total de 104 participantes. Se identificó agotamiento emocional en más de la mitad de las enfermeras participantes, con una correlación negativa entre la actitud sobre la seguridad del paciente y el agotamiento emocional. Se encontró una correlación positiva entre las puntuaciones del Cuestionario de actitud de seguridad del paciente y las puntuaciones de la subescala de Logro personal. Se encontró que la puntuación de agotamiento emocional aumentó a medida que disminuyó la actitud de seguridad del paciente. También se encontró que las puntuaciones de la subescala de Logro personal y las puntuaciones de actitudes de seguridad del paciente aumentaron. Conclusión: Existe una relación entre los niveles de agotamiento emocional de las enfermeras y una disminución de las actitudes hacia la seguridad, al mismo tiempo que el logro personal contribuye a mejorar la actitud hacia la seguridad del paciente

Aim: Burnout can affect nurses' patient safety-related attitudes due to adverse conditions it creates in nurses and can lead to medical errors. The purpose of this research is to determine the relationship between the patient safety attitudes and pediatric nurses' burnout. Method: Observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study, carried out between January and July 2016 at Ege University Children's Hospital in İzmir (Turkey). Data was collected using the Sociodemographic Characteristics Questionnaire, the Maslach Burnout Inventory and the Patient Safety Attitude Questionnaire. The data was analysed with the program SPSS. Permission was obtained from the corresponding Ethical Committee. Results: The response rate was 60%, with a total of 104 participants. Emotional exhaustion was identified in more than half of the participating nurses, with a negative correlation between the attitude towards patient safety and emotional exhaustion. A positive correlation was found between the scores of the Patient Safety Attitude Questionnaire and the scores of the Personal achievement subscale. It was found that the emotional exhaustion score increased as the patient's safety attitude decreased. It was also found that Personal Achievement subscale scores and safety attitude scores of the patient increased. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the levels of emotional exhaustion of nurses and a decrease in attitudes towards safety, at the same time as personal achievement helps to improve the attitude towards patient safety

Mice lacking plastin-3 display a specific defect of cortical bone acquisition.

Although inactivating mutations of PLS3, encoding the actin-bundling protein plastin-3, have been identified to cause X-linked osteoporosis, the cellular and molecular influence of PLS3 on bone remodeling is poorly defined. Moreover, although a previous study has demonstrated moderate osteopenia in 12 week-old Pls3-deficient mice based on µCT scanning, there is no reported analysis of such a model on the basis of undecalcified histology and bone-specific histomorphometry. To fill this knowledge gap we applied a deep phenotyping approach and studied Pls3-deficient mice at different ages. Surprisingly, we did not detect significant differences between wildtype and Pls3-deficient littermates with respect to trabecular bone mass, and the same was the case for all histomorphometric parameters determined at 12 weeks of age. Remarkably however, the cortical thickness in both, tibia and femur, was significantly reduced in Pls3-deficient mice in all age groups. We additionally studied the ex vivo behavior of Pls3-deficient primary osteoblasts, which displayed moderately impaired mineralization capacity. Of note, while most osteoblastogenesis markers were not differentially expressed between wildtype and Pls3-deficient cultures, the expression of Sfrp4 was significantly reduced in the latter, a potentially relevant finding, since Sfrp4 inactivation, in mice and humans, specifically causes cortical thinning. We finally addressed the question, if Pls3-deficiency would impair the osteoanabolic influence of parathyroid hormone (PTH). For this purpose we applied daily injection of PTH into wildtype and Pls3-deficient mice and found a similar response regardless of the genotype. Taken together, our data reveal that Pls3-deficiency in mice only recapitulates the cortical bone phenotype of individuals with X-linked osteoporosis by negatively affecting the early stage of cortical bone acquisition.