Identification of biological significance of different stages of varicose vein development based on mRNA sequencing.

Normal veins could develop to varicose vein (VV) by some risk factors, and might further progress to shallow vein thrombosis (SVT). However, the molecular mechanism of key genes associated with the progression and regression of VV are still not thorough enough. In this study, the healthy control (HC), VV, and SVT vascular samples were collected for transcriptome sequencing. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened by "DESeq2", including DEGs1 (HC vs. VV), DEGs2 (HC vs. SVT) and DEGs3 (VV vs. SVT). And their functional enrichment analyses were conducted by "ClusterProfiler". The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to obtain the key genes (KGs) of the pathogenesis of VV and SVT. The qRT-PCR assay was performed to validate the expressions of KGs. Immune cell infiltration analyses were conducted based on ssGSEA method. The competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) regulatory network was constructed. The target drugs of KGs were predicted using DrugBank database. The biofunctions of DACT3 were further investigated through a series of experiments in vitro. All of these DEGs were associated with inflammation and immunity related functions. Immune cell infiltration was significantly different between VV and SVT. Six key genes including PLP2, DACT3, LRRC25, PILRA, MSX1 and APOD that were associated with the progression and regression of VV were screened. The expression of LRRC25 and PILRA was significantly negatively associated with central memory T cell, and significantly positively associated with B cell. Besides, XIST was the critical regulator of multiple KGs. Cimetidine was potential drug for VV and SVT therapy. Overexpression of DACT3 significantly inhibited the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), and affected their cell cycle and phenotypic transition. This study identified six key genes associated with the progression and regression of VV. Among them, DACT3 was proved to hinder VV progression. These findings may help to deepen understanding its underlying mechanisms.

Sildenafil improves hemodynamic changes caused by acute pulmonary embolism by inhibiting Rho kinase activity.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of sildenafil on acute pulmonary embolism (APE) using a rat model. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the sham, pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE), and sildenafil groups. The sham and PTE groups received normal saline once daily via gavage for 14 consecutive days, whereas the sildenafil group received sildenafil (0.5 mg/kg/day) once daily via gavage for 14 consecutive days. Autologous emboli were prepared from blood samples collected from the left femoral artery of rats in each group on day 13, and autologous emboli were injected into the jugular vein cannula of rats in the PTE and sildenafil groups on day 14. Sham-treated rats received the same volume of saline. Right systolic ventricular pressure (RVSP) and mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) were used to assess pulmonary embolism, and western blotting and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect relevant markers. RESULTS: The Rho kinase signaling pathway was significantly activated in rats with APE, and sildenafil significantly inhibited this activation. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil protected against APE through inhibiting Rho kinase activity, thereby reducing pulmonary vasoconstriction and decreasing elevated pulmonary arterial pressure. These findings might provide new ideas for the clinical treatment of acute pulmonary thromboembolism.

Effect of miR-206 on lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat and its mechanism.

Lower limb ischemia-reperfusion is a common pathological process during clinical surgery. Because lower limb ischemia-reperfusion usually aggravates ischemia-induced skeletal muscle tissue injury after lower limb ischemia-reperfusion, it also causes remote organ heart, intestine, liver, lung and other injuries, and there is no effective clinical treatment for lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury, so it is urgent to study its injury mechanism. In this study, the rat model of lower limb ischemia-reperfusion was established by clamping the femoral artery with microarterial clips, and the wall destruction such as intimal injury, cell edema, collagen degeneration, neutrophil infiltration, and elastic fiberboard injury of the femoral artery wall was detected. The expression of inflammatory factors was detected by immunohistochemistry. miR-206 preconditioning was used to observe the expression of inflammatory factors, redox status and apoptosis in the vascular wall of rats after acute limb ischemia-reperfusion. Our findings suggest that vascular endothelial cell edema increases, wall thickening, neutrophil infiltration, and elastic fiber layer damage during IRI. Inflammatory factor expression was increased in femoral artery tissue, and miR-206 expression levels were significantly down-regulated. Further studies have found that miR-206 attenuates lower limb IRI by regulating the effects of phase inflammatory factors. In this study, we investigated the effect of miR-206 on inflammatory factors and its possible role in the development of lower limb IRI, providing new research ideas for the regulatory mechanism of lower limb IRI, and providing a certain theoretical basis for the treatment of lower limb ischemia-reperfusion injury after surgery or endovascular intervention.

Saturated fatty acids synergizes cadmium to induce macrophages M1 polarization and hepatic inflammation.

Exposure to the toxic metal cadmium (Cd) is a well-established risk factor for hepatic inflammation, but it remains unclear how metabolic components, such as different fatty acids (FAs), interact with Cd to influence this process. Understanding these interactions is essential for identifying potential preventative and therapeutic targets for this disorder. To address this question, we conducted in vitro and in vivo studies to investigate the combinatorial effect of Cd and saturated FAs on hepatic inflammation. Specifically, we assessed the cytotoxicity of Cd on macrophages and their polarization and inflammatory activation upon co-exposure to Cd and saturated FAs. Our results showed that while saturated FAs had minimal impact on the cytotoxicity of Cd on macrophages, they significantly collaborated with Cd in predisposing macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory M1 polarization, thereby promoting inflammatory activation. This joint effect of Cd and saturated FAs resulted in persistent inflammation and hepatic steatohepatitis in vivo. In summary, our study identified macrophage polarization as a novel mechanism by which co-exposure to Cd and saturated lipids induces hepatic inflammation. Our findings suggest that intervening in macrophage polarization may be a potential approach for mitigating the adverse hepatic effects of Cd.

Chronic exposure to low-dose cadmium facilitated nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice by suppressing fatty acid desaturation.

Exposure to cadmium (Cd), a toxic metal, is epidemiologically linked to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in humans. However, the role of Cd in NASH remains to be fully elucidated. This study employed a novel murine NASH model to investigate the effects of chronic low-dose Cd on hepatic pathology and its underlying mechanisms. NASH is characterized by lipid accumulation, extensive cell death, and persistent inflammation in the liver. We found that treatment with Cd in drinking water (10 mg/L) for 6 or 12 weeks significantly boosted hepatic fat deposition, increased hepatocyte destruction, and amplified inflammatory responses in mice, confirming that low-dose Cd can facilitate NASH development in vivo. Mechanistically, chronic Cd exposure reshaped the hepatic transcriptional landscape, with PPAR-mediated fatty acid metabolic pathways being the most significantly altered. In particular, Cd repressed fatty acid desaturation, leading to the accumulation of saturated fatty acids whose lipotoxicity exacerbated cell death and, consequently, inflammatory activation. In summary, we validated the causal effects of chronic low-dose Cd on NASH in vivo and identified the fatty acid desaturation program as a novel target for Cd to instigate hepatopathological alterations.

Low-grade oncocytic tumor of kidney harboring TSC/MTOR mutation: clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical and molecular characteristics support a distinct entity.

Low-grade oncocytic tumor (LOT) has recently been described as a distinct renal tumor. LOT shows consistent morphologic features and a CK7-positive/CD117-negative immunophenotype. To examine the clinicopathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features of LOT, we searched our institutional archives and identified seven cases of LOT. All patients were female, with a mean age of 66 years (range 44-79 years). The average tumor size was 3.2 cm (range 1.6-5.5 cm). Macroscopically, the tumors showed tan-brown and solid cut surfaces. Microscopically, the tumors showed compact nested to solid growth pattern, three cases with areas of edematous stroma containing loosely connected small clusters, cords or dispersed single tumor cells. The tumor cells had uniformly round to oval nuclei with eosinophilic cytoplasm, and showed perinuclear halos. Two cases focally had nuclear irregularities and binucleated cells were occasionally seen in three cases. Immunohistochemically, diffuse positivity for CK7 and lack of CD117 expression were present in all cases. All of the tumors were negative for CD10, CK20, vimentin, CA9, TFE3, TFEB, HMB45, and Melan-A. All tumors were positive for MTOR and negative for Cathepsin-K. FH and SDHB were retained. Next generation sequencing identified genetic variations in the MTOR pathway related genes: TSC1 (4/7), TSC2 (5/7), and MTOR (1/7). All patients were alive and without disease progression, after a mean follow-up of 43 months (range 6-89 months). LOT is an uncommon eosinophilic renal neoplasm with unique morphological and characteristic immunophenotypic features, and may represent an emerging separate renal entity characterized by mutations in the TSC/MTOR pathway.

Efficacy of Endovenous Laser Treatment Combined with Sclerosing Foam in Treating Varicose Veins of the Lower Extremities.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to investigate the efficacy of incision-free endovenous laser treatment (EVLT) combined with sclerosing foam in treating varicose veins of the lower extremities. METHODS: A total of 140 patients (186 limbs) who underwent laser closure of the great saphenous vein + injection sclerotherapy were included in the present study. Preoperative information, intraoperative conditions, duration of the operation, and length of hospital stay were recorded in detail. During the 6-month follow-up, the closure of the trunk and branches of the great saphenous vein, postoperative pain, the recovery of ulcer and dermatitis, and postoperative complications were traced. RESULTS: All patients were treated with laser closure of the great saphenous vein and lauromacrogol injection. Twenty-six stage C6 limbs (lower extremity with ulcer) healed within 6 months, and the postoperative subjective pain disappeared after 1 month. In six patients, pigmentation in the surgical site did not completely disappear at 6 months after the operation. Saphenous nerve injury was found in five patients within 3 months after the operation, and all healed at 6 months after the operation. CONCLUSION: EVLT combined with sclerosing foam is effective for treating varicose great saphenous veins. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered at http://www.chictr.org.cn (registration number: ChiCTR1900021409).

Interference of fisetin with targets of the nuclear factor-κB signal transduction pathway activated by Epstein-Barr virus encoded latent membrane protein 1.

Fisetin is an effective compound extracted from lacquer which has been used in the treatment of various diseases. Preliminary data indicate that it also exerts specific anti-cancer effects. However, the manner in which fisetin regulates cancer growth remains unknown. In this study, we elucidated interference of fisetin with targets of the nuclear factorκB signal transduction pathway activated by Epstein-Barr virus encoding latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1)in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells, Results showed that fisetin inhibited the survival rate of CNE-LMP1 cells and NF-κB activation caused by LMP1. Fisetin also suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65) and IκBα phosphorylation, while inhibiting CyclinD1, all key targets of the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. It was suggested that interference effects of fisetin with signal transduction activated by LMP1 encoded by the Epstein-Barr virus may play an important role in its anticancer potential.

The MDM2 SNP309T>G polymorphism increases bladder cancer risk among Caucasians: a meta-analysis.

Published studies have evaluated associations between the MDM2 SNP309T>G polymorphism and bladder cancer susceptibility. However, these generated inconsistent results. The aim of the present investigation was to quantify the strength of association between MDM2 SNP309T>G polymorphism and bladder cancer risk by conducting a meta-analysis. We searched PubMed and Embase for related studies that had been published in English before April 1, 2014 and associations were assessed by summarizing the odds ratios (ORs) with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Five case-control studies with a total of 972 cases and 1,012 controls were finally identified to be eligible for the meta-analysis. Overall, the results indicated that there was no significant association between the MDM2 SNP309T>G polymorphism and bladder cancer risk (for the allele model G vs. T: OR=1.08, 95% CI 0.85-1.36, p=0.54; for the co-dominant model GG vs. TT: OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.74-1.93, p=0.46; for the dominant model GG+GT vs. TT: OR=0.98, 95% CI 0.80-1.20, p=0.83; for the recessive model GG vs. GT+TT: OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.83-1.74, p=0.33). However, on subgroup analysis by ethnicity, significant associations were found in Caucasians in three models (for the allele model G vs. T: OR=1.41, 95% CI 1.10-1.81, p=0.006; for the co-dominant model GG vs. TT: OR=2.16, 95% CI 1.28-3.63, p=0.004; for the recessive model GG vs. GT+TT: OR=2.06, 95% CI 1.31-3.22, p=0.002). In summary, the present meta-analysis provides evidence that the genotype for the MDM2 SNP309T>G polymorphism may be associated with genetic susceptibility to bladder cancer among Caucasians.