Optimal Bowel Preparation Method to Visualize the Distal Ileum via Small Bowel Capsule Endoscopy.

Small bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) is a convenient and minimally invasive method widely used to evaluate the small intestine. However, especially in the distal ileum, visualization of the intestinal mucosa is frequently hampered by the remaining intestinal contents, making it difficult to detect critical lesions. Although several studies have reported on the efficacy of bowel preparation before SBCE, no standardized protocol has been established. Herein, we determined the optimal preparation method for better visualization of the distal ileum using SBCE. We retrospectively analyzed 259 consecutive patients who had undergone SBCE between July 2009 and December 2019, divided into three groups: Group A (no preparation except overnight fasting), Group B (ingestion of 1-2 L polyethylene glycol 4 h before colonoscopy after overnight fasting and performing SBCE immediately after colonoscopy), and Group C (ingestion of 0.9 L magnesium citrate [MC] before SBCE after overnight fasting). The visibility of the intestinal mucosa in the first 10 min and at the last 10 min during the period of observation of the distal ileum was examined using a scoring system and compared. The visibility of the images captured by SBCE was assessed based on the scoring of the degree of bile/chyme staining, residual fluid and debris, brightness, bubble reduction, and visualized mucosa. The status of intestinal collapse was also assessed. In the first 10 min of observation of the distal ileum, no significant differences were detected among the groups. In the last 10 min, significantly better images were acquired in Group C in terms of bile/chyme staining, brightness, bubble reduction, and visualized mucosa. Bowel preparation using a low-dose MC solution 2 h before SBCE provided significantly higher-quality images of the distal ileum. Further optimization, such as the timing of initiating the preparation, is necessary to determine the optimal regimen for bowel preparation prior to SBCE.

Correlation between hospital-onset and community-onset Clostridioides difficile infection incidence: Ward-level analysis following hospital relocation.

BACKGROUND: The development of hospital-onset Clostridioides difficile infection (HO-CDI) is affected by patient and environmental risk factors. We investigated changes in the incidence of HO-CDI after relocation to a newly built hospital with 50% private rooms and evaluated the associated factors. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted to assess trends in CDI incidences before and after the relocation using segmented regression analysis model. The association between CDI incidence and environmental factors at the ward-level was assessed using a linear regression analyses model. RESULTS: The HO-CDI incidence decreased from 6.14 to 1.17 per 10,000 patient-days in the old and new hospital, respectively. Similarly, the community-onset CDI (CO-CDI) incidence decreased from 1.71 to 0.46 per 1000 admissions. HO-CDI incidence was positively correlated with CO-CDI incidence and inversely correlated with the private room ratio (adjusted R2 = 0.83). Almost half of the CO-CDI patients had been hospitalized within 28 days preceding the onset. DISCUSSION: Environmental improvements after relocation may have reduced the reservoir of C. difficile, resulting in a decrease in the number of asymptomatic carriers and CO-CDI patients. CONCLUSION: Relocation to a new hospital significantly reduced HO-CDI incidence, concomitantly decreasing the incidence of CO-CDI, potentially due to environmental improvements.

Neuroendocrine tumor of the ampulla of Vater showing chronological endoscopic changes.

We report a rare case of neuroendocrine tumor of the ampulla of Vater in a 53-year-old Japanese male. The patient was admitted to our institution for workup of presyncope secondary to anemia. Medical history was pertinent for coronary artery disease, for which he had drug eluting stents (DES) placed and was on aspirin and clopidogrel therapy. Upper endoscopic evaluation revealed bleeding from an erosion at the ampulla of Vater. Endoscopic therapy with epinephrine and thrombin injection allowed for successful hemostasis and repeat endoscopy 6 months later did not show any changes in lesion character. Repeat endoscopy at 1 year, however, revealed erythema and further erosion on the ampulla of Vater as the lesion had progressed. The patient was diagnosed with carcinoma of the ampulla of Vater. Abdominal computed tomography showed a 9-mm hypervascular tumor at the ampulla of Vater and the patient underwent open pancreatoduodenectomy and lymphadenectomy. Histologically, the tumor consisted of small-sized round cell proliferations with a solid nest pattern. Immunostaining results indicated that the tumor cells were positive for synaptophysin and 2.5% were positive for Ki-67. The final diagnosis was sporadic non-functional neuroendocrine tumor (NET) G1 of the ampulla of Vater. This case demonstrates that NET of the ampulla of Vater, while rare, can have significant changes and growth over time and highlights the importance of follow-up endoscopic evaluations.

Pancreatic Colloid Carcinoma Presenting with Acute Pancreatitis.

Pancreatic colloid carcinoma, also known as mucinous non-cystic carcinoma, is a rare subtype of pancreatic cancer accounting for 1-3% of the pancreatic malignant neoplasms. We herein report a woman who initially presented for acute pancreatitis. Computed tomography showed pancreatic swelling due to acute pancreatitis and a 16-mm mass with an enhanced margin in the pancreatic tail. We performed endoscopic ultrasound fine-needle aspiration. The patient was diagnosed with pancreatic colloid carcinoma, and distal pancreatectomy was performed. This case indicates that pancreatic colloid carcinoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis of pancreatic tumor presenting with acute pancreatitis.

A rare case of immunotherapy-induced cholangitis and gastritis.

Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related liver injury usually appears as a hepatitis pattern, with a cholangitis pattern being a rare immune-related adverse event. We report a Japanese man in his fifties with immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced cholangitis and gastritis. The patient had been treated for approximately 7 months with carboplatin, pemetrexed sodium hydrate, and bevacizumab for an undifferentiated cancer of unknown primary, with metastases to the right pleura and nasolacrimal duct. The patient was then treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors, including 2 months of atezolizumab followed by 1 month of ramucirumab and docetaxel. Laboratory examinations showed elevated levels of biliary tract enzymes. He complained of generalized fatigue. Computed tomography revealed thickening of the gallbladder and external hepatic bile duct walls and the periportal collar sign. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography was negative for bile duct obstruction but showed diffuse asymmetric irregular findings from the hilar region to the distal bile duct. Upper endoscopy showed diffuse irregular erosions and redness. Histopathological examination of specimens of bile duct and gastric mucosa revealed CD8-predominant inflammatory cell infiltrates. We diagnosed the findings as immunotherapy-induced cholangitis and gastritis. Because there are no published reports on immunotherapyinduced cholangitis combined with gastritis, we here report our patient as a rare case.

A case of cystic intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct with associated adenocarcinoma.

The pathophysiology of intraductal papillary neoplasm of the bile duct (IPNB) remains unclear. We report a case of a Japanese man in his 70s with this disease, which we first diagnosed as a liver cyst. The patient was followed at our hospital for a 10-mm liver cyst and a 10-mm pancreatic cyst for 4 years. Four years later, tumor markers including CA19-9 were elevated in his blood tests. Abdominal ultrasonography showed a heterogeneous hyper-echoic mass with an anechoic area, 25 × 25 mm, in the S2 liver segment and showed posterior echo enhancement. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed that the tumor was gradually enhanced slightly. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a lesion of T1 low, T2 high around the cyst. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography did not show an abnormality, including findings of the duodenal papilla. We suspected an IPNB and performed left lobe hepatectomy. The resected whitish tumor around the cyst was 25 × 23 mm. The tumor contained an intraductal papillary mass with an adjacent invasive adenocarcinoma. The papillary mass with fine vascular cores was lined by foveolar-type epithelium. Our diagnosis was IPNB with invasive adenocarcinoma. This case indicates that IPNB should be considered in the differential diagnosis of liver cysts.

Impact of Body Mass Index of Japanese Gallbladder Cancer Patients on their Postoperative Outcomes.

　We investigated the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and postoperative outcomes in 450 gallbladder cancer patients in Japan. We collected patient information, including sex, age, underlying disease, BMI, stage, surgery method, postoperative time to discharge, and postoperative Medicare fees, from the Japanese administrative database associated with the Diagnosis Procedure Combination system. We classified patient BMIs as underweight (BMI<18.5 kg/m2), normal (BMI≥18.5 kg/m2 and <25 kg/m2) or overweight/obese (BMI≥25 kg/m2), then investigated the relationship between these categories and two postoperative outcomes: time to discharge and postoperative Medicare fees. The median postoperative time to discharge was 12 days in all patients, and 12 days in each of the three weight groups (p=0.62, n.s.). The median postoperative Medicare fees from surgery until discharge were (USD): all patients, $5,002; underweight, $5,875; normal weight, $4,797; and overweight/obese, $5,179 (p=0.146, n.s.). A multivariate analysis with adjustment for competing risk factors revealed that BMI was not associated with increased risk of longer postoperative time to discharge (normal weight: HR 1.17, p=0.29; overweight/obese: HR 1.17, p=0.37) or higher postoperative Medicare fees (OR 0.99, p=0.86, n.s.). Thus, high BMI was not found to be a factor for poor postoperative outcomes in Japanese patients with gallbladder cancer.

Rare case of a gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma.

There are no neuroectodermal cells in the gallbladder mucosa. Therefore, gallbladder neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) is extremely rare and has a poor prognosis. We report a case of a Japanese man in his 60s with this disease. The patient visited a family doctor for epigastralgia. Blood tests showed no abnormalities, including tumor markers, such as CEA and CA19-9. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) showed a low-echoic mass, 39 × 30 mm, with clear boundaries to the liver from the fundus of the gallbladder. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed that the tumor was enhanced early and washed out. Diffusion-weighted MRI showed a high signal. We suspected liver invasion of gallbladder cancer and performed a cholecystectomy, S4 and S5 hepatectomy, and lymphadenectomy. The resected whitish tumor was 29 × 22 mm. The tumor cells had honeycomb growth to the liver from the gallbladder. Tumor cells were poorly differentiated, and there was no stricture of the gland duct. Immunostaining showed that the tumor cells were positive for CD56, chromogranin A and synaptophysin, and about 30% were positive for Ki-67. Our diagnosis was gallbladder NEC with liver invasion. Although most malignant gallbladder tumors are adenocarcinomas, this case indicates that gallbladder NEC should be considered as a differential diagnosis of gallbladder tumor.

A case of early colorectal cancer with rectal varices treated with endoscopic variceal ligation.

Rectal varices are ectopic varices that occur in patients with portal hypertension and cause abrupt gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopic variceal ligation is a minimally invasive treatment used for patients with bleeding from rectal varices. Endoscopic treatment of colorectal tumors accompanied by rectal varices has been rarely reported. It is very important to control bleeding during treatment. The patient was a 76-year-old man who had a chief complaint of bloody stools. A flat-elevated-type neoplastic lesion measuring about 20 mm was found above the rectal varices. After performing endoscopic variceal ligation for rectal varices around the lesion, the lesion was resected en bloc by endoscopic submucosal dissection. Bleeding was controlled during the procedure; the patient was discharged 7 days after the endoscopic treatment, and there was no postoperative bleeding. Colonoscopy performed 90 days after the procedure showed scar formation in the wound area and no remnant lesion. The implementation of preoperative endoscopic variceal ligation enabled us to control bleeding during endoscopic treatment in a case of early colorectal cancer accompanied by rectal varices.

Impact of Body Mass Index on Survival of Pancreatic Cancer Patients in Japan.

The impact of body mass index (BMI) on postoperative survival in Japanese patients with pancreatic cancer is unclear. We examined the relationship between preoperative BMI and the prognosis of Japanese patients who underwent surgery for pancreatic cancer to determine whether BMI affects these patients' prognosis. Of the patients who underwent pancreatectomy between January 2004 and August 2015 at our institution, 246 were pathologically diagnosed with pancreatic tubular adenocarcinoma; the cancer was located in the pancreatic head (n=161) and in the body and tail (n=85). We classified the patients by BMI: underweight (n=22), normal weight (n=190), and overweight/obese (n=34) groups. We retrospectively analyzed medical records for patient characteristics, lesion location, disease stage, postoperative complications, chemotherapy, and prognosis. Lesion location, disease stage, postoperative complications, and chemotherapy were not significantly different among the BMI groups. The median survival times were as follows (days): all patients, 686; underweight, 485; normal weight, 694; and overweight/obese, 839. In a multivariate analysis, after adjusting for competing risk factors, low BMI was associated with an increased risk of death (normal weight: HR 0.58, p=0.038; overweight/obese: HR 0.54, p=0.059). High BMI was not found to be a postoperative factor for poor prognosis in Japanese pancreatic cancer patients.

Whipple's Disease with Long-term Endoscopic Follow-up.

A 72-year-old man presented with anorexia and 15-kg weight loss over 3 years. Endoscopy revealed yellow, shaggy mucosa alternating with erythematous, eroded mucosa in the duodenum. Biopsy specimens showed massive infiltration of periodic acid-Schiff-positive macrophages in the lamina propria, consistent with Whipple's disease. The patient was treated with intravenous ceftriaxone for four weeks, followed by oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. His condition improved, and he gradually gained weight. Although the endoscopic findings improved with continuous trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole administration, macrophage infiltration of the duodenal mucosa persisted. However, the patient has been symptom-free for eight years.

Rare Case of Pancreatic Cystic Lymphangioma.

Pancreatic cystic lymphangioma is an extremely rare tumor. The characteristic imaging findings are poorly defined, and distinguishing between this disease and other pancreatic cyst-related tumors is very difficult. We herein report a case of a Japanese woman in her 50s with this lesion, located in the tail of the pancreas. Pancreatic cystic lymphangioma should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic cystic lesions. Laparoscopic resection can be a useful, minimally invasive surgical approach for treating these cysts as well as for the treatment of benign or low-grade malignant tumors located in the pancreatic body or tail.

Clinical Characteristics of Seven Patients with Lanthanum Phosphate Deposition in the Stomach.

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics and endoscopic features of patients with lanthanum deposition in the stomach. Patients We retrospectively reviewed seven patients with lanthanum deposition in the stomach who were diagnosed at Okayama Saiseikai General Hospital. We investigated the patient sex, age at diagnosis, medical and medication histories, gastrointestinal symptoms, complications, presence or absence of gastric atrophy, and outcome. We also investigated any changes in the endoscopic features if previous endoscopic images were available. Results Seven patients (six males and one female) had lanthanum deposition. The median age was 65 years (range, 50-79 years). All patients had been undergoing dialysis (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in one patient, hemodialysis in six patients). The dialysis period ranged from 16 to 73 months (median, 52 months). The patients had all been taking lanthanum carbonate for a period ranging from 5 to 45 months (median, 27 months). Gastric atrophy was noted in 6 patients (85.7%). One patient had difficulty swallowing, and 1 other patient had appetite loss. The other 5 patients were asymptomatic. Endoscopic features included annular whitish mucosa (n = 4), diffuse whitish mucosa (n = 3), and whitish spots (n = 2). Five patients underwent multiple esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The endoscopic features were unchanged in 2 patients, whereas the whitish mucosa became apparent and spread during the course in 3 patients. Conclusion We identified 7 patients with lanthanum deposition in the stomach. All patients showed whitish lesions macroscopically. Although the pathogenicity of gastric lanthanum deposition is uncertain, lanthanum-related lesions in the stomach progressed during continuous lanthanum phosphate intake in several patients.

Two Cases of an Epidermoid Cyst Developing in an Intrapancreatic Accessory Spleen Identified during Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy.

Epidermoid cysts presenting within an intrapancreatic accessory spleen are rare non-neoplastic cysts typically occurring in the pancreatic tail. This entity is difficult to diagnose given there are many types of pancreatic neoplastic cysts. We herein describe two cases of an epidermoid cyst within an intrapancreatic accessory spleen for which we performed a resection by laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. Epidermoid cysts in an intrapancreatic accessory spleen should therefore be considered in the differential diagnosis of pancreatic tail cystic lesions. Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy can be a useful, minimally invasive surgical approach for treating these cysts as well as for the treatment of benign or low-grade malignant tumors located in the pancreatic body or tail.

A case of a pancreatic tumor that was diagnosed as metastasis from lung cancer by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration.

Metastatic tumors are rare in the pancreas, and some cases are difficult to distinguish from pancreatic cancer. However, distinguishing between them is very important to formulate a treatment plan. A case of a rare disease, called overlap cancer, involving metastatic tumors to the pancreas and right kidney from lung cancer, and duodenal papilla cancer, is described. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is useful for diagnosing metastatic pancreatic tumors, particularly in patients with multiple cancers.

A multicenter survey of enteroscopy for the diagnosis of intestinal follicular lymphoma.

The importance of enteroscopy examinations to investigate the entire length of the small intestines has been emphasized in follicular lymphoma patients with intestinal involvement. The aim of the present study was to determine the current state of enteroscopy examinations, including the performance rate, and the prevalence of small intestinal lesions in a patient population in Japan. A retrospective multicenter survey of 17 institutions collected the case information of 110 follicular lymphoma patients with gastrointestinal involvement. The results of the enteroscopy examinations were reviewed, and in order to identify potential factors affecting the performance rate of enteroscopy, patient gender, age at lymphoma diagnosis, histopathological grade, clinical stage, the date of the initial diagnosis and the annual volume of enteroscopy at the institution were compared between the patients who underwent one or more enteroscopy procedures and the patients who did not undergo enteroscopy. A total of 34 patients (30.9%) underwent enteroscopy, and 24 of these (70.6%) presented with involvement in the jejunum and/or ileum. It was found that more patients diagnosed in recent years and more patients treated at an ultra-high volume institution (≥101 enteroscopy examinations/year) underwent an enteroscopy. In conclusion, although the prevalence of small intestinal lesions was high (70.6%) in the follicular lymphoma patients presenting with intestinal involvement, the performance rate of enteroscopy was only 30.9%, and thus the majority of the patients have not undergone enteroscopy examinations. Further investigation is required to define the clinical significance of enteroscopy at the initial diagnostic work-up and during the follow-up period of these patients.

Metallic stent insertion with double-balloon endoscopy for malignant afferent loop obstruction.

Progress in double-balloon endoscopy (DBE) has allowed for the diagnosis and treatment of disease in the postoperative bowel. For example, a short DBE, which has a 2.8 mm working channel and 152 cm working length, is useful for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in bowel disease patients. However, afferent loop and Roux-limb obstruction, though rare, is caused by postoperative recurrence of biliary tract cancer with intractable complications. Most of the clinical findings involving these complications are relatively nonspecific and include abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, fever, and obstructive jaundice. Treatments by surgery, percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage, percutaneous enteral stent insertion, and endoscopic therapy have been reported. The general conditions of patients with these complications are poor due to cancer progression; therefore, a less invasive treatment is better. We report on the usefulness of metallic stent insertion using an overtube for afferent loop and Roux-limb obstruction caused by postoperative recurrence of biliary tract cancer under short DBE in two patients with complexly reconstructed intestines.

[A case of primary micropapillary carcinoma of the jejunum].

Micropapillary carcinoma (MPC) has been recently reported as a variant of invasive breast carcinoma. MPC is also known to be an aggressive variant of adenocarcinoma, and it is associated with poor prognosis and a high propensity for lymphovascular invasion and lymph node metastases. MPC of the breast, urinary bladder, and lung has been reported relatively frequently; however, there have been few reports on gastrointestinal MPC. Furthermore, MPC of the small bowel has not been reported yet. Here we report a case of MPC of the jejunum. A female septuagenarian was admitted because of anorexia and weight loss. We established a diagnosis of primary jejunal cancer and resected the duodenum and a part of the jejunum. Histologically, the tumor consisted of adenocarcinoma with moderate to poor differentiation. Among the carcinoma cells, approximately 10% formed small papillary neoplastic cell clusters surrounded by clear spaces, suggesting a diagnosis of MPC. We present the details of the case along with a review of relevant literature.

A solid pseudopapillary neoplasm without cysts that occurred in a patient diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration: a case report.

INTRODUCTION: Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm that has been reported to account for between 0.17% and 2.7% of all non-endocrine tumors of the pancreas. It is usually seen in young women. Because solid pseudopapillary neoplasms are rarely aggressive and have low-grade malignant potential and an excellent prognosis after complete resection, it is an ideal pancreatic tumor for treatment by minimally invasive surgery. Therefore, making an accurate pre-operative diagnosis is very important. CASE PRESENTATION: A 24-year-old Japanese man who had been found to have mild transaminase elevations at a medical check-up visited our hospital for further examination. Abdominal computed tomography showed a 40mm-diameter tumor in the pancreatic tail and mild fatty liver. He was admitted to our hospital for additional examination. The abdominal contrast-enhanced computed tomography scan taken at our institution showed an increasingly enhanced mass of 40mm diameter in the pancreatic tail. Ultrasonography showed a low-level echoic mass of 35mm diameter in the pancreatic tail. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed low signal intensity in the tail of the pancreas. T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging showed high signal intensity there. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging showed high signal intensity. An endoscopic ultrasound yielded the same results as the abdominal ultrasonogram. In addition, [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography showed abnormal accumulation (maximum standardized uptake value, 6.53). This finding raised our suspicion of a pancreatic malignant tumor. However, the patient could not be confidently diagnosed solely on the basis of imaging. Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration was performed, which led us to a diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm. On that basis, we performed minimally invasive surgery (spleen-preserving laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy). CONCLUSION: Atypical solid pseudopapillary neoplasm without cysts should be considered when diagnosing pancreatic tumors. A definitive pre-operative diagnosis of solid pseudopapillary neoplasm made on the basis of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration can guide the surgical approach used.

Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of nineteen Japanese patients with gastrointestinal bezoars.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with gastrointestinal bezoars and their response to therapy. Patients We retrospectively reviewed the cases of 19 patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal bezoars at the Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences or one of 15 collaborating institutions between December 2004 and August 2013. We investigated the epidemiology and etiology of the gastrointestinal bezoars by determining the gender, age at diagnosis, medical history, symptoms, complications, modalities used for diagnosis, treatments, outcomes and bezoar location, color and contents. RESULTS: There were 17 patients with gastric bezoars and two patients with small intestinal bezoars. All patients were 62 years of age or older, except for one case of a trichobezoar in a 10-year-old patient. Some of the patients had a history of surgery of any part of the gastrointestinal tract (n=5) and/or diabetes mellitus (n=2). The two patients with small intestinal bezoars required surgical removal in order to relieve ileus. Approximately one-half of the patients with gastric bezoars had ulcerations in the stomach (9/17 patients, 52.9%) and/or gastrointestinal bleeding (8/17, 47.1%). Endoscopic fragmentation was performed in 10 patients, whereas bezoar dissolution was achieved with a gastroprokinetic agent (n=1) and without any treatment (n=3) in the remaining cases. CONCLUSION: As previously reported, elderly individuals with a positive history of surgery and/or diabetes mellitus were observed in this bezoar patient series. Gastric ulcers and gastrointestinal bleeding were frequently observed. The majority of patients underwent endoscopic fragmentation, while spontaneous resolution of the gastric bezoar was observed in several cases.