Síndrome de Burnout en docentes de Licenciaturas de la salud del Edificio Polivalente Parque Batlle de la Udelar en 2022 / Burnout syndrome in health degree teachers of Edificio Polivalente Parque Batlle of Udelar in 2022 / Síndrome de Burnout em docentes do curso de saúde do Edifício Polivalente Parque Batlle da Udelar em 2022

El síndrome de Burnout también conocido con el término "de estar quemado" afecta de manera negativa la calidad de vida, salud mental y laboral del personal de salud, éste se pudo ver afectado en el período post pandemia, dado que la emergencia sanitara generó mayor estrés, manteniendo a las personas es un estado de alerta constante. Objetivo: explorar la prevalencia y factores asociados al Síndrome de Burnout en docentes de las Licenciaturas de las Ciencias de la Salud que se desarrollan en el Edificio Polivalente Parque Batlle de la Udelar durante el año 2022. Metodología: se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal. Población objetivo: docentes de las Licenciaturas de las Ciencias de la Salud de la Udelar, a los que se aplicó un cuestionario anónimo y auto administrado. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética de la Escuela de Nutrición. Todos los participantes dieron su consentimiento informado. Resultados: de un universo de 820 docentes, respondieron 145, predominando el sexo femenino. El 52 % con edades entre 18 y 40 años. Al evaluar los factores de Escala de Maslach encontramos que el 45 % presentó Cansancio Emocional Alto, seguido de un 18 %de Realización Personal Bajo y un 10 % de Despersonalización Alto. Dos participantes presentan las tres dimensiones de riesgo, corresponde a una prevalencia de 1.4 %. Conclusiones: si bien la prevalencia de Burnout fue baja en la serie estudiada, es importante destacar el elevado porcentaje de la dimensión cansancio emocional, el cual se refleja en una sobrecarga emocional generada por el trabajo.

Burnout syndrome, also known by the term "being burned" negatively affects the quality of life, mental health and work of health personnel, this could be affected in the post-pandemic period, since the health emergency generated greater stress , keeping people is a constant state of alert. Objective: to explore the prevalence and factors associated with Burnout Syndrome in teachers of the Health Sciences Degrees that are developed in the Parque Batlle la Udelar Multipurpose Building during the year 2022.Methodology: a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study was carried out. Target population: professors of the Udelar Health Sciences Degrees, to whom an anonymous and self-administered questionnaire was applied. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee of the School of Nutrition. All participants gave their informed consent. Results: from a universe of 820 teachers, 145 responded, predominantly female. 52 % aged between 18 and 40 years. When evaluating the Maslach Scale factors, we found that 45 %presented High Emotional Fatigue, followed by 18 % of Low Personal Realization and 10% of High Depersonalization. Two participants presented the three dimensions of risk, corresponding to a prevalence of 1.4 %.Conclusions: although the prevalence of Burnout was low in the series studied, it is important to highlight the high percentage of the emotional exhaustion dimension, which is reflected in an emotional overload generated by work.

A síndrome de Burnout, também conhecida pelo termo "ser queimado" afeta negativamente a qualidade de vida, a saúde mental e o trabalho do pessoal de saúde, podendo ser afetado no período pós-pandemia, pois a emergência sanitária gerou maior estresse, manter as pessoas é um problema constante estado de alerta. Objetivo: explorar a prevalência e os fatores associados à Síndrome de Burnout em professores das Licenciaturas em Ciências da Saúde que se desenvolvem no Edifício Multiuso Parque Batlle de la Udelar durante o ano de 2022.Metodologia: estudo descritivo, transversal e observacional. População-alvo: docentes dos Cursos de Ciências da Saúde da Udelar, aos quais foi aplicado um questionário anônimo e autoaplicável. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da Escola de Nutrição. Todos os participantes deram o seu consentimento informado. Resultados: de um universo de 820 professores, 145 responderam, predominantemente do sexo feminino, 52 % com idade entre 18 e 40 anos. Ao avaliar os fatores da Escala de Maslach, verificamos que 45 % apresentaram Alta Fadiga Emocional, seguidos de 18 % de Baixa Realização Pessoal e 10 % de Alta Despersonalização. Dois participantes apresentaram as três dimensões de risco, correspondendo a uma prevalência de 1,4 %.Conclusões: embora a prevalência de Burnout tenha sido baixa na série estudada, é importante destacar o alto percentual da dimensão exaustão emocional, que se reflete em uma sobrecarga emocional gerada pelo trabalho.

Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Acid Corrosion Inhibition of API 5L X70 Steel with Novel 1-N-α-d-Glucopyranosyl-1H-1,2,3-Triazole Xanthines.

A series of novel 1-N-α-d-glucopyranosyl-1H-1,2,3-triazole xanthines was synthesized from azido sugars (glucose, galactose, and lactose) and propargyl xanthines (theophylline and theobromine) using a typical copper (I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. The corrosion inhibition activities of these new carbohydrate-xanthine compounds were evaluated by studying the corrosion of API 5 L X70 steel in a 1 M HCl medium. The results showed that, at 10 ppm, a 90% inhibition efficiency was reached by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The inhibitory efficiency of these molecules is explained by means of quantum chemical calculations of the protonated species with the solvent effect, which seems to better represent the actual situation of the experimental conditions. Some quantum chemical parameters were analyzed to characterize the inhibition performance of the tested molecules.

Cu-Al mixed oxide-catalysed multi-component synthesis of gluco- and allofuranose-linked 1,2,3-triazole derivatives.

A series of carbohydrate-linked 1,2,3-triazole derivatives were synthesized in good yields from glucofuranose and allofuranose diacetonides using as key step a three-component 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition catalysed by a Cu-Al mixed oxide. In this multi-component reaction, Cu-Al mixed oxide/sodium ascorbate system serves as a highly reactive, recyclable and efficient heterogeneous catalyst for the regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. The reported protocol has significant advantages over classical CuI/N,N-diisopropylethylamine (DIPEA) or CuSO4/sodium ascorbate conditions in terms of efficiency and reduced synthetic complexity. In addition, the selective deprotection of synthesized di-O-isopropylidene derivatives was also carried out leading to the corresponding mono-O-isopropylidene products in moderate yields. Some of the synthesized triazole glycoconjugates were tested for their in vitro antimicrobial activity using the disc diffusion method against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), as well as fungus (Aspergillus niger) and yeast (Candida utilis). The results revealed that these compounds exhibit moderate to good antimicrobial activity mainly against Gram-negative bacteria.

Epidemiological and clinical characteristics and outcome of monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance-related lesions in Latin America.

BACKGROUND: Monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance (MGRS)-related lesions are infrequent entities. There are no publications on these disorders in Latin America (LA). The aim of this study was to describe epidemiological and clinical characteristics of these patients in LA. METHODS: We performed a multicentre retrospective study. Patients with diagnosis of MGRS between 2012 and 2018 were included. Epidemiological and clinical data were collected from clinical records. RESULTS: Twenty-seven patients from Chile, Argentina, Ecuador and Uruguay were included. Half debuted with a nephrotic syndrome, and 32% required dialysis. Proliferative glomerulonephritis with monoclonal immunoglobulin deposits was found in 33%, amyloidosis in 26% and monoclonal immunoglobulin deposition disease also in 26%. The immunoglobulin most frequently found in renal biopsies was IgG kappa. In 67% a paraprotein was found. Twenty patients received an anti-plasma cell regimen, and 3 a rituximab-based regimen (IgM-MGRS). Renal response (RR) was achieved in 56%. Early treatment (≤3 months) was associated with higher RR (75% vs 43%). Three patients relapsed within 21.5 months, and 3 progressed: 1 to multiple myeloma, 1 to systemic amyloidosis and another to systemic light-chain deposition disease. Two patients died, both due to infection during induction treatment. CONCLUSION: There was a higher than expected frequency of patients requiring dialysis. The most common MGRS-related lesion was PGNMD. Early treatment was associated with better response. As a rare disease, increasing awareness and promoting early diagnosis are necessary in LA to improve outcomes. SUMMARY AT A GLANCE A collection of 27 cases of MGRS from Latin America with information on epidemiology, clinical characteristics, treatment and outcome of patients diagnosed of MGRS-related renal lesions.

Adsorption and corrosion inhibition behaviour of new theophylline-triazole-based derivatives for steel in acidic medium.

The design and synthesis of a series of theophylline derivatives containing 1,2,3-triazole moieties are presented. The corrosion inhibition activities of these new triazole-theophylline compounds were evaluated by studying the corrosion of API 5 L X52 steel in 1 M HCl medium. The results showed that an increase in the concentration of the theophylline-triazole derivatives also increases the charge transference resistance (R ct) value, enhancing inhibition efficiency and decreasing the corrosion process. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under static conditions studies revealed that the best inhibition efficiencies (approx. 90%) at 50 ppm are presented by the all-substituted compounds. According to the Langmuir isotherm, the compounds 4 and 5 analysed exhibit physisorption-chemisorption process, with exception of the hydrogen 3, bromo 6 and iodo 7 substituted compounds, which exhibit chemisorption process. The corrosion when submerging a steel bar in 1 M HCl was studied using SEM-EDS. This experiment showed that the corrosion process decreases considerably in the presence of 50 ppm of the organic inhibitors. Finally, the theoretical study showed a correlation between EHOMO, hardness (η), electrophilicity (W), atomic charge and the inhibition efficiency in which the iodo 7 substituted compound presents the best inhibitor behaviour.

Prioritization for liver transplantation using the MELD score in Chile: Inequities generated by MELD exceptions.: A collaboration between the Chilean Liver Transplant Programs, the Public Health Institute and the National Transplant Coordinator.

INTRODUCTION AND AIM: The MELD score has been established as an efficient and rigorous prioritization system for liver transplant (LT). Our study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the MELD score as a system for prioritization for LT, in terms of decreasing the dropout rate in the waiting list and maintaining an adequate survival post-LT in Chile. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the Chilean Public Health Institute liver transplant registry of candidates listed from October 15th 2011 to December 31st 2014. We included adult candidates (>15 years old) listed for elective cadaveric LT with a MELD score of 15 or higher. Statistical analysis included survival curves (Kaplan-Meier), log-rank statistics and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: 420 candidates were analyzed. Mean age was 53.6±11.8 years, and 244 were men (58%). Causes of LT included: Liver cirrhosis without exceptions (HC) 177 (66.4%); hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) 111 (26.4%); cirrhosis with non-HCC exceptions 102 (24.3%) and non-cirrhotic candidates 30 (7.2%). LT rate was 43.2%. The dropout rate was 37.6% at 1-year. Even though the LT rate was higher, the annual dropout rate was significantly higher in cirrhotic candidates (without exceptions) compared with cirrhotics with HCC, and non-HCC exceptions plus non-cirrhotic candidates (47.9%; 37.2% and 24.2%, respectively, with p=0.004). Post-LT survival was 84% per year, with no significant differences between the three groups (p=0.95). CONCLUSION: Prioritization for LT using the MELD score system has not decreased the dropout rate in Chile (persistent low donor's rate). Exceptions generate inequities in dropout rate, disadvantaging patients without exceptions.

Angiotensin-(1-7) inhibits sodium transport via Mas receptor by increasing nitric oxide production in thick ascending limb.

Sodium transport in the thick ascending loop of Henle (TAL) is tightly regulated by numerous factors, especially angiotensin II (Ang II), a key end-product of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). However, an alternative end-product of the RAS, angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)], may counter some of the Ang II actions. Indeed, it causes vasodilation and promotes natriuresis through its effects in the proximal and distal tubule. However, its effects on the TAL are unknown. Because the TAL expresses the Mas receptor, an Ang-(1-7) ligand, which in turn may increase NO and inhibit Na+ transport, we hypothesized that Ang-(1-7) inhibits Na transport in the TAL, via a Mas receptor/NO-dependent mechanism. We tested this by measuring transport-dependent oxygen consumption (VO2 ) in TAL suspensions. Administering Ang-(1-7) decreased VO2 ; an effect prevented by dimethyl amiloride and furosemide, signifying that Ang-(1-7) inhibits transport-dependent VO2 in TAL. Ang-(1-7) also increased NO levels, known inhibitors of Na+ transport in the TAL. The effects of Ang-(1-7) on VO2 , as well as on NO levels, were ameliorated by the Mas receptor antagonist, D-Ala, in effect suggesting that Ang-(1-7) may inhibit transport-dependent VO2 in TAL via Mas receptor-dependent activation of the NO pathway. Indeed, blocking NO synthesis with L-NAME prevented the inhibitory actions of Ang-(1-7) on VO2 . Our data suggest that Ang-(1-7) may modulate TAL Na+ transport via Mas receptor-dependent increases in NO leading to the inhibition of transport activity.

Propuesta de un modelo integral de accountability para la educación superior en Chile / Proposal of an integral model of accountability for higher education in Chile

Resumen: Depositarías de la confianza de la ciudadanía y del Estado, las instituciones de educación superior han desarrollado su misión de formación e investigación dentro de un contexto acotado. En la actualidad, hay una demanda de parte del Estado y la ciudadanía de una mayor participación y supervisión del sistema de educación superior, para la mejora de la calidad de la educación impartida, de una parte, y, de otra, para dar cuenta de los recursos públicos invertidos en educación superior. En este contexto, este trabajo propone un modelo integral de rendición de cuentas para la educación superior en Chile. Su objetivo es proponer dicho modelo como herramienta de evaluación de las políticas públicas en educación superior, para que esta contribuya productivamente a las actividades económicas del país. Como pondremos de manifiesto en el trabajo, la rendición de cuentas no sólo se limita al aspecto financiero, sino que incorpora muchas otros aspectos tales como la autoridad y gobierno, la responsabilidad social, la democracia y la participación, la probidad y la transparencia informativa, la política y la ética, entre otras.

Abstract: Depositary trust of citizens and the state, higher education institu tions have developed their mission training and research within a limited context. At present, there is a demand from the state and citizens of increased participation and supervision system of higher education, to improve the quality of education provided in one hand and another to account for public funds invested in higher educa tion. In this context, this paper proposes a comprehensive model of accountability for higher education in Chile. Its purpose is to propose such a model as a tool for assessing public policies in higher educa tion, for higher education to contribute productively to the eco nomic activities of the country. As we will show at work, account ability is not only limited to the financial aspect, but incorporates many other aspects such as the authority and governance, social responsibility, democracy and participation, probity and transpar ency of information, politics and ethics, among others.

Acute corneal edema without epithelium compromise. A case report and literature review / Edema de córnea agudo sin compromiso epitelial. Reporte de caso y revisión de literatura

Abstract Acute corneal edema is caused by various factors, with different levels of severity, and various forms of presentation. This paper reports the case of a male patient presenting with acute corneal edema without epithelium compromise, whose clinical picture, ophthalmological examination and additional tests did not reveal its etiology. Also, a review of available literature was conducted looking for all known causes of acute corneal edema, which are classified according to the etiology of the corneal edema into injury or inflammation of the corneal epithelium or stroma, endothelial dysfunction or increase in intraocular pressure.

Resumen El edema de córnea es una entidad que se produce por un gran número de causas y tiene diversas formas de presentación y diferentes grados de afección. En este artículo se reporta el caso de un hombre con edema de córnea agudo sin compromiso epitelial, en el que el cuadro clínico, el examen oftalmológico y los estudios de extensión no lograron establecer su etiología. Además, se hace una revisión de la literatura disponible respecto a todas las posibles causas de edema de córnea agudo, agrupándolas en aquellas que ocasionan el edema por lesión o inflamación epitelial o estromal, por disfunción endotelial o por un aumento en la presión intraocular.

Solvent-free synthesis of 6ß-phenylamino-cholestan-3ß,5α-diol and (25R)-6ß-phenylaminospirostan-3ß,5α-diol as potential antiproliferative agents.

In this paper is described a synthetic route to 6ß-phenylamino-cholestan-3ß,5α-diol and (25R)-6ß-phenylaminospirostan-3ß,5α-diol, starting from cholesterol and diosgenin, respectively. The products were obtained in two steps by epoxidation followed by aminolysis, through an environmentally friendly and solvent-free method mediated by SZ (sulfated zirconia) as catalyst. The use of SZ allows chemo- and regioselective ring opening of the 5,6α-epoxide during the aminolysis reaction eliminating the required separation of the epoxide mixture. The products obtained were spectroscopically characterized by 1H, PENDANT 13C NMR and HETCOR experiments, and complemented with FTIR-ATR and HRMS. The antiproliferative effect of the ß-aminoalcohols was evaluated on MCF-7 cells after 48h of incubation, by MTT and CVS assays. These methodologies showed that both compounds have antiproliferative activity, being more active the cholesterol analogue. Additionally, the cell images obtained by Harris' Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining protocol, evidenced formation of apoptotic bodies due to the presence of the obtained ß-aminoalcohols in a dose-dependent manner.

Construcción de un indicador líder compuesto para el Maule / Construction of a composite leading indicator for Maule

En términos generales, la investigación tiene como objetivo crear un indicador económico para el Maule que permita anticiparse al devenir de su ciclo económico, en consideración de sus principales actividades productivas. En específico, se pretende someter a pruebas estadísticas de significancia y validez a las principales series económicas de la región, de manera tal de seleccionar, por un lado, una serie de referencia de la actividad económica y, por otro, las series componentes del indicador. La metodología utilizada es aquella aplicada por la Nacional Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) en la creación de este tipo de indicadores para los países integrantes de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE). Como resultado de la investigación se logra seleccionar y validar empíricamente como serie de referencia para el Maule, al Índice de Actividad Económica Regional (INACER), y a las siguientes series componentes del indicador; ocupados, cesantes, buscan trabajo por primera vez, inactivos, edificación aprobada total obras nuevas y total de exportaciones. Con tales series, se construye un indicador predictivo del comportamiento económico para la región, denominado Índice Líder Compuesto para el Maule (ILCM).

Overall, the research aims to create an economic indicator for the Maule that allows anticipate the evolution of the economic cycle, in consideration of its main productive activities. Specifically, it aims to test statistical significance and validity to the main economic series in the region, so as to select the one hand, a number of reference of economic activity and other components series indicator. The methodology used is that applied by the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) in the creation of this type of indicators for the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). As a result of the research is done select and validate empirically as reference series for the Maule, the Regional Economic Activity Index (INACER), and the following components of the indicator series; employed, unemployed, seeking work for the first time, inactive, all new approved building works Total exports. With such series, a predictive indicator of economic performance for the region, called for the Maule Composite Index (ILCM) Leader is built.

Organic compounds present in airborne particles stimulate superoxide production and DNA fragmentation: role of NOX and xanthine oxidase in animal tissues.

Suspended particulate matter trigger the production of reactive oxygen species. However, most of the studies dealing with oxidative damage of airborne particles focus on the effects of individual compounds and not real mixtures. In order to study the enzymatic superoxide production resulting from the exposition to a complex mixture, we derived organic extracts from airborne particles collected daily in an urban area and exposed kidney, liver, and heart mammal tissues. After that, we measured DNA damage employing the comet assay. We observed that in every tissue, NADPH oxidase and xanthine oxidase were involved in O2 (-) production when they were exposed to the organic extracts, as the lucigenin's chemiluminescence decays when enzymes were inhibited. The same trend was observed with the percentage of cells with comets, since DNA damage was higher when they were exposed to same experimental conditions. Our data allow us to hypothesize that these enzymes play an important role in the oxidative stress produced by PAHs and that there is a mechanism involving them in the O2 (-)generation.

Multicomponent Synthesis and Evaluation of New 1,2,3-Triazole Derivatives of Dihydropyrimidinones as Acidic Corrosion Inhibitors for Steel.

An efficient one-pot synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole derivatives of dihydropyrimidinones has been developed using two multicomponent reactions. The aldehyde-1,2,3-triazoles were obtained in good yields from in situ-generated organic azides and O-propargylbenzaldehyde. The target heterocycles were synthesized through the Biginelli reaction in which the aldehyde-1,2,3-triazoles reacted with ethyl acetoacetate and urea in the presence of Ce(OTf)3 as the catalyst. The corrosion inhibition of steel grade API 5 L X52 in 1 M HCl by the synthesized compounds was investigated using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique. The measurements revealed that these heterocycles are promising candidates to inhibit acidic corrosion of steel.

Angiotensin II and Anti Diuretic Hormone Exert Synergistic Effects on Thick Ascending Limb Transport in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats.

BACKGROUND: Sodium reabsorption is increased in the thick ascending limb (TAL) of Henle in several hypertensive models. In this segment, while transport is increased by ADH via cAMP, sodium reabsorption results from Ang II-induced superoxide (O2(-)) production. Surprisingly, it is unknown whether these mechanisms overlap in hypertension. We hypothesized that Ang II and ADH have accumulative effects on TAL's transport during hypertension. METHODS: The effect of ADH/Ang II in TALs from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) on oxygen consumption (QO2), cAMP and O2(-) was measured. RESULTS: Basal QO2 was 113.3 ± 14.2 nmol O2/min/mg protein. Addition of ADH (1 nM) increased QO2 by 198%. In the presence of ADH, Ang II (1 nM) elicited a QO2 transient response and then rose to 321.5 ± 28.3 (p = 0.003 vs. ADH). These accumulative effects could be due to nitric oxide synthase (NOS) uncoupling, lower Ang II ability to decrease cAMP or increased O2(-). We first measured QO2 using a NOS inhibitor. Pretreatment with L-NAME did not block the observed interaction (p = 0.001 Ang II vs. ADH). Also, Ang II blocked the ADH-stimulated cAMP accumulation in TAL of SHRs. In the presence of ADH, Ang II increased O2(-) production in TALs from SHR by 309% (p = 0.015 vs. basal). The O2(-) scavenger tempol blocked the Ang II effects on QO2. In the presence of the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, the accumulative effects of ADH and Ang II were abolished. We conclude that (1) in SHR, Ang II has accumulative effects on ADH-stimulated transport; (2) this effect is mediated by AT1 receptors, and increased O2(-) production.

[Adverse events associated with the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease]. / Eventos adversos en la terapia farmacológica de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment is to achieve resolution of symptoms and remission of disease with a minimum of adverse events (AE). AIM: To report AE of different prescriptions used for the treatment of IBD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Analysis of a registry of patients with IBD held at a private clinic from 1976 to 2013. All used medications, the occurrence and severity of AE were recorded. RESULTS: The records of 346 patients aged 16 to 86 years, 74% with ulcerative colitis, were analyzed. The most commonly type of medications prescribed were 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) in 329 patients (92%), followed by adrenal steroids in 218 (61%). Forty nine AE were recorded in the same number of patents (14%). These were more common in patients with Crohn disease (n = 19, 21%). An univariate analysis, demonstrated that extra-intestinal manifestations, hospitalizations secondary to IBD crisis, requirement of surgery and treatment with steroids, immunosuppressants or biologic agents were significantly associated with the presence of AE. AEs were more common with immunosuppressants, followed by 5-ASAs and steroids. Discontinuation of therapy was required in 79, 100 and 43% of patients taking these medications, respectively. Twenty percent of AEs were severe. Leukopenia and pancytopenia along with alopecia were the most common AEs attributable to azathioprine. CONCLUSIONS: The occurrence of AEs in patients with IBD is uncommon. Even inmunosuppressants or biologic agents have a low rate of AE and most of them mild.

Rentabilidad del trabajo en Chile: análisis de la evolución de los retornos por nivel educativo / Performance of the work in Chile: analysis of the evolution of returns by education level

La presente investigación tiene como propósito realizar un análisis econométrico de la rentabilidad del trabajo calificado en Chile, tanto a nivel general como para sus distintos niveles formativos, con especial referencia en el nivel de educación superior. El análisis de los datos se efectuó considerando la clásica ecuación de ingresos de Mincer, adaptada a través del método spline para determinar las rentabilidades de cada nivel formativo. Se trabaja con datos de panel de corte transversal incluyendo los años 1992, 2000, 2009 y 2011, obtenidos de la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN). Los resultados destacan que el nivel de educación superior en Chile es el sector más rentable de los distintos niveles educativos, considerando todos los años estudiados.

This research deals with the econometric analysis of the profitability of qualified Chile, both as to its various educational levels generally, with special reference to higher education level work. As a methodology, classical Mincer earnings equation, adapted through the spline method for determining the profitability of each training level is used. Working with panel data from cross section for the years 1992, 2000, 2009 and 2011, obtained from the Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional (CASEN). As resulting emphasize that higher education in Chile is the most profitable of the different educational levels for all years studied.

Eventos adversos en la terapia farmacológica de la enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal / Adverse events associated with the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease

Background: The purpose of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment is to achieve resolution of symptoms and remission of disease with a minimum of adverse events (AE). Aim: To report AE of different prescriptions used for the treatment of IBD. Material and Methods: Analysis of a registry of patients with IBD held at a private clinic from 1976 to 2013. All used medications, the occurrence and severity of AE were recorded. Results: The records of 346 patients aged 16 to 86 years, 74% with ulcerative colitis, were analyzed. The most commonly type of medications prescribed were 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASAs) in 329 patients (92%), followed by adrenal steroids in 218 (61%). Forty nine AE were recorded in the same number of patents (14%). These were more common in patients with Crohn disease (n = 19, 21%). An univariate analysis, demonstrated that extra-intestinal manifestations, hospitalizations secondary to IBD crisis, requirement of surgery and treatment with steroids, immunosuppressants or biologic agents were significantly associated with the presence of AE. AEs were more common with immunosuppressants, followed by 5-ASAs and steroids. Discontinuation of therapy was required in 79, 100 and 43% of patients taking these medications, respectively. Twenty percent of AEs were severe. Leukopenia and pancytopenia along with alopecia were the most common AEs attributable to azathioprine. Conclusions: The occurrence of AEs in patients with IBD is uncommon. Even inmunosuppressants or biologic agents have a low rate of AE and most of them mild.

[Inflammatory bowel disease. Experience in 316 patients]. / Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal a partir de una experiencia local.

BACKGROUND: The incidence and prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) has increased. AIM: To determine demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with IBD in a Chilean private hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Review of a prospective registry of patients with IBD, started on 2012. It includes clinical, imaging, endoscopical and pathological information of patients. RESULTS: Data of 316 patients with IBD, aged 16 to 86 years (56% females), were analyzed. Ulcerative Colitis (UC), Crohn´s and non-classifiable IBD were diagnosed in 230, 77 and 9 patients, respectively. The disease was diagnosed in 82% of patients in the period between 2002 and 2012. There was a peak in the diagnosis of both UC and CD between 20 and 39 years of age, without gender differences. The disease switched from UC to CD in six patients. In four, there was a change in disease behavior. Thirty eight patients were treated with biological therapy. The median lapse between the diagnosis and the use of biological therapy was 1 year in patients diagnosed after 2007, compared with 5.5 years among those patients diagnosed before 2007 (p = 0.001). There was a trend towards a higher requirement of surgery until 2006. Subsequently there was a stabilization of the requirement, concomitant with the incorporation of biological therapy. CONCLUSIONS: An adequate registry of IBD patients is necessary to improve demographic and clinical characteristics. A national registry is needed to assess the epidemiological changes of IBD in Chile.

Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal a partir de una experiencia local / Inflammatory bowel disease. Experience in 316 patients

Background: The incidence and prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) has increased. Aim: To determine demographic and clinical characteristics of patients with IBD in a Chilean private hospital. Patients and Methods: Review of a prospective registry of patients with IBD, started on 2012. It includes clinical, imaging, endoscopical and pathological information of patients. Results: Data of 316 patients with IBD, aged 16 to 86 years (56% females), were analyzed. Ulcerative Colitis (UC), Crohn´s and non-classifiable IBD were diagnosed in 230, 77 and 9 patients, respectively. The disease was diagnosed in 82% of patients in the period between 2002 and 2012. There was a peak in the diagnosis of both UC and CD between 20 and 39 years of age, without gender differences. The disease switched from UC to CD in six patients. In four, there was a change in disease behavior. Thirty eight patients were treated with biological therapy. The median lapse between the diagnosis and the use of biological therapy was 1 year in patients diagnosed after 2007, compared with 5.5 years among those patients diagnosed before 2007 (p = 0.001). There was a trend towards a higher requirement of surgery until 2006. Subsequently there was a stabilization of the requirement, concomitant with the incorporation of biological therapy. Conclusions: An adequate registry of IBD patients is necessary to improve demographic and clinical characteristics. A national registry is needed to assess the epidemiological changes of IBD in Chile.

Estudio empírico del trabajo calificado en Chile: productividad y remuneraciones / Empirical study in qualified work in Chile: Productivity and remunerations

EL OBJETIVO del estudio es contrastar las hipótesis más recurrentes en la literatura económica respecto de la productividad y las remuneraciones del trabajo calificado en Chile. Para ello se analiza y evalúa la relación de largo plazo entre las variables productividad y remuneraciones para el trabajo calificado, utilizando series de tiempo que comprenden el período 1990-2009. Los resultados dan cuenta de la estacionariedad de los residuos, lo que implica que las variables no están cointegradas. Por lo que se puede concluir que no existe evidencia empírica, para el caso de Chile, de relaciones de largo plazo entre las variables estudiadas, aunque se observa un aumento significativo de la brecha de ingresos entre los trabajadores cualificados y los que no lo son.

THE OBJECTIVE of the study is to compare the most frequent hypothesis in economic literature on productivity and wages of skilled labor in Chile. This is analyzed and evaluated the long-term relationship between the variables productivity and wages for skilled labor, using time series comprising 1990-2009. The results show stationarity of waste, which means that the variables are not cointegrated. As can be concluded that there is no empirical evidence for the case of Chile, for long-term relationships between the variables studied, although a significant increase in the income gap between skilled workers and those that are not observed.