Tuberculosis incidence in Brazil: time series analysis between 2001 and 2021 and projection until 2030.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the incidence of tuberculosis in Brazil between 2001 and 2022 and estimate the monthly incidence forecast until 2030. METHODS: This is a time-series study based on monthly tuberculosis records from the Notifiable Diseases Information System and official projections of the Brazilian population. The monthly incidence of tuberculosis from 2001 to 2022 was evaluated using segmented linear regression to identify trend breaks. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (Sarima) was used to predict the monthly incidence from 2023 to 2030, deadline for achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs). RESULTS: There was a decrease in incidence between January/2001 and December/2014 (4.60 to 3.19 cases-month/100,000 inhabitants; ß=-0.005; p<0.001), followed by an increase between January/2015 and March /2020 (ß=0.013; p<0.001). There was a sharp drop in cases in April/2020, with the onset of the pandemic, and acceleration of the increase in cases since then (ß=0.025; p<0.001). A projection of 124,245 cases in 2030 was made, with an estimated incidence of 4.64 cases-month/100,000 inhabitants, levels similar to those in the 2000s. The Sarima model proved to be robust, with error of 4.1% when removing the pandemic period. CONCLUSION: The decreasing trend in tuberculosis cases was reversed from 2015 onwards, a period of economic crisis, and was also impacted by the pandemic when there was a reduction in records. The Sarima model can be a useful forecasting tool for epidemiological surveillance. Greater investments in prevention and control need to be made to reduce the occurrence of tuberculosis, in line with the SDGs.

Self-rated health according to sex and associated factors in Manaus, Brazil, 2019: a population-based cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with poor self-rated health according to respondents' sex in Manaus, Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional population-based study with adults in Manaus in 2019. Adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using Poisson regression following a hierarchical model. RESULTS: Poor self-rated health occurred in 35.2% (95%CI 33.3;37.2) of the 2,321 participants and was higher in females (PR = 1.27; 95%CI 1.13;1.43). In the general population, among both sexes, poor self-rated health was higher among the oldest, those with moderate and severe food insecurity and with chronic diseases (p-value < 0.05). Among females, poor health was also higher among the evangelical and those with mild food insecurity. Among males, self-rated health was also poorer among the retired and those with education below elementary level (p-value < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The female sex had the poorest health rating, influenced by morbidity and access to food.

Prevalence of antidepressant use in Brazil: a systematic review with meta-analysis

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of antidepressant use in Brazil. Methods: We conducted a systematic review with searches in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, LILACS, and SciELO up to May 2023. Two researchers independently selected studies, extracted data, and assessed the methodological quality. We pooled the prevalence of antidepressant use using meta-analyses of proportions (Freeman-Tukey transformation) and estimated heterogeneity by the I2 statistic. OR meta-analyses of antidepressant use by sex were calculated (men as reference) and between-study variation was explored by meta-regressions. Results: Out of 3,299 records retrieved, 23 studies published in 28 reports were included, with a total of 75,061 participants. The overall prevalence of antidepressant use was 4.0% (95%CI 2.7-5.6%; I2 = 98.5%). Use of antidepressants in the previous 3 days was higher in women (12.0%; 95%CI 9.5-15.1%; I2 = 0%) than men (4.6%; 95%CI 3.1-6.8%; I2 = 0%) (p < 0.001; OR = 2.82; 95%CI 1.72-4.62). Gender differences were particularly higher for antidepressant use in the previous year (women: 2.3%; 95%CI 1.6-3.1; I2 = 37.6% vs. men: 0.5%; 95%CI 0.2-1.0%; I2 = 0%, p < 0.001; OR = 4.18; 95%CI 2.10-8.30). Between-study variation in the overall prevalence of antidepressant use significantly increased with mean participant age (p = 0.035; residual I2 = 0%; regression coefficient = 0.003). Conclusion: Four out of every 100 Brazilians used antidepressants in this 3-decade assessment. Use increased with age and was more prevalent in women compared to men. Registration number: PROSPERO CRD42022345332.

Tuberculosis incidence in Brazil: time series analysis between 2001 and 2021 and projection until 2030 / Incidência de tuberculose no Brasil: análise de série temporal entre 2001 e 2021 e projeção até 2030

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the incidence of tuberculosis in Brazil between 2001 and 2022 and estimate the monthly incidence forecast until 2030. Methods: This is a time-series study based on monthly tuberculosis records from the Notifiable Diseases Information System and official projections of the Brazilian population. The monthly incidence of tuberculosis from 2001 to 2022 was evaluated using segmented linear regression to identify trend breaks. Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (Sarima) was used to predict the monthly incidence from 2023 to 2030, deadline for achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs). Results: There was a decrease in incidence between January/2001 and December/2014 (4.60 to 3.19 cases-month/100,000 inhabitants; β=-0.005; p<0.001), followed by an increase between January/2015 and March /2020 (β=0.013; p<0.001). There was a sharp drop in cases in April/2020, with the onset of the pandemic, and acceleration of the increase in cases since then (β=0.025; p<0.001). A projection of 124,245 cases in 2030 was made, with an estimated incidence of 4.64 cases-month/100,000 inhabitants, levels similar to those in the 2000s. The Sarima model proved to be robust, with error of 4.1% when removing the pandemic period. Conclusion: The decreasing trend in tuberculosis cases was reversed from 2015 onwards, a period of economic crisis, and was also impacted by the pandemic when there was a reduction in records. The Sarima model can be a useful forecasting tool for epidemiological surveillance. Greater investments in prevention and control need to be made to reduce the occurrence of tuberculosis, in line with the SDGs.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência de tuberculose no Brasil entre 2001 e 2022 e estimar a previsão de incidência mensal até 2030. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo de série temporal que partiu de registros mensais de tuberculose do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação e projeções oficiais da população brasileira. Avaliou-se a incidência mensal de tuberculose entre 2001 e 2022 por meio de regressão linear segmentada para identificar quebras de tendências. Utilizou-se o modelo autorregressivo integrado de médias móveis sazonais (Sarima) para prever a incidência mensal de 2023 a 2030, prazo para alcançar os objetivos de desenvolvimento sustentável (ODS). Resultados: Observou-se diminuição da incidência entre janeiro/2001 e dezembro/2014 (de 4,60 para 3,19 casos-mês/100 mil habitantes; β=-0,005; p<0,001), seguida de aumento entre janeiro/2015 e março/2020 (β=0,013; p<0,001). Houve queda abrupta de casos em abril/2020, com início da pandemia e aceleração do aumento de casos desde então (β=0,025; p<0,001). Projetaram-se 124.245 casos de tuberculose em 2030, com incidência estimada em 4,64 casos-mês/100 mil habitantes, patamares da década de 2000. O modelo Sarima mostrou-se robusto, com erro de 4,1% ao remover o período pandêmico. Conclusão: A tendência decrescente nos casos de tuberculose foi revertida a partir de 2015, período de crises econômicas, e foi também impactada pela pandemia quando houve redução nos registros. O modelo Sarima pode ser uma ferramenta de previsão útil para a vigilância epidemiológica. Maiores investimentos na prevenção e controle precisam ser aportados para reduzir a ocorrência de tuberculose, em linha com os ODS.

Self-rated health according to sex and associated factors in Manaus, Brazil, 2019: a population-based cross-sectional study / Autoevaluación de la salud según sexo y factores asociados en Manaus, Brasil, 2019: estudio transversal de base poblacional / Autoavaliação de saúde de acordo com sexo e fatores associados em Manaus, 2019: estudo transversal de base populacional

Abstract Objective: To assess the prevalence and factors associated with poor self-rated health according to respondents' sex in Manaus, Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional population-based study with adults in Manaus in 2019. Adjusted prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated using Poisson regression following a hierarchical model. Results: Poor self-rated health occurred in 35.2% (95%CI 33.3;37.2) of the 2,321 participants and was higher in females (PR = 1.27; 95%CI 1.13;1.43). In the general population, among both sexes, poor self-rated health was higher among the oldest, those with moderate and severe food insecurity and with chronic diseases (p-value < 0.05). Among females, poor health was also higher among the evangelical and those with mild food insecurity. Among males, self-rated health was also poorer among the retired and those with education below elementary level (p-value < 0.001). Conclusion: The female sex had the poorest health rating, influenced by morbidity and access to food.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la mala autoevaluación de salud según sexo en Manaus, Brasil. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio poblacional transversal con adultos residentes en Manaus en 2019. Las razones de prevalencia ajustadas (RP) y los intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%) se calcularon mediante regresión jerárquica de Poisson. Resultados: Autoevaluación mala de salud ocurrió en 35,2% (IC95% 33,3;37,2) de los 2.321 participantes y fue mayor en el sexo femenino (RP = 1,27; IC95%1,13;1,43). En la población general, femenina y masculina, la mala autoevaluación de salud fue mayor entre ancianos, con inseguridad alimentaria moderada y grave y con enfermedades crónicas (p-valor < 0,05). En el sexo femenino, la mala salud fue mayor en evangélicas y con inseguridad alimentaria leve. En el sexo masculino, jubilados y con educación inferior al nivel básico también tuvieron una peor autoevaluación (p-valor < 0,001). Conclusión: Personas de sexo femenino tuvieron una peor valoración de salud, influenciada por la morbilidad y el acceso a la alimentación.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a prevalência e fatores associados à autoavaliação de saúde ruim segundo o sexo em Manaus. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional com adultos residentes em Manaus em 2019. Razões de prevalências (RP) ajustadas e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculadas por regressão de Poisson hierarquizada. Resultados: Saúde autoavaliada como ruim ocorreu em 35,2% (IC95% 33,3;37,2) dos 2.321 participantes e foi maior no sexo feminino (RP = 1,27; IC95% 1,13;1,43). Na população geral, em ambos os sexos, saúde autoavaliada como ruim foi maior entre os mais velhos, com insegurança alimentar moderada e grave e com presença de doenças crônicas (p-valor < 0,05). No sexo feminino, saúde ruim foi maior em evangélicas e com insegurança alimentar leve. No masculino, aposentados e com nível de ensino inferior ao fundamental também apresentaram pior autoavaliação (p-valor < 0,001). Conclusão: Pessoas do sexo feminino apresentaram pior avaliação de saúde, influenciada por morbidade e acesso a alimentação.

Patients' perspectives on the relevance of biosimilars' outcomes in oncology: qualitative study with nominal group technique.

PURPOSE: We aimed to rate the importance of outcomes from a systematic review about biosimilars in oncology from patients' perspective. METHODS: This is a qualitative research with nominal group technique. Patients with cancer were selected by convenience sampling and invited for two mediated virtual meetings in 2022. Twelve outcomes from a systematic review on biosimilars for oncology developed following a protocol were explained in plain language to participants who classified them as critical, important, or not important according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. We employed Iramuteq software for lexical categorization of the meeting transcripts, and content analysis for interpretation. RESULTS: Five women participated (three had metastatic cancer, one non-metastatic, one recurrent). Six outcomes were classified as critical: duration of response, progression-free survival, pathological complete response, overall survival, severe adverse events, and quality of life; three as important: mortality, event-free survival, and objective response; and three as non-important: neutralizing anti-drug antibody, any adverse event, and non-neutralizing anti-drug antibody. Duration of response, pathological complete response, severe adverse events, and quality of life were considered secondary in the review protocol, but critical by the patients. The main themes influencing the importance classification were related to the disease (progression and control) and treatment (recognition and healthcare setting). CONCLUSION: Patients rated most outcomes as critical or important, some of them previously regarded as secondary by the researchers, which reinforces the need to include stakeholders' perspectives in oncology research. Aspects of the disease progression and treatment effects influenced participants' judgment on outcomes' relevance.

Prevalence of antidepressant use in Brazil: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of antidepressant use in Brazil. METHODS: We conducted a systematic review with searches in MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, LILACS, and SciELO up to May 2023. Two researchers independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed the methodological quality. We combined the prevalence of antidepressant use using meta-analyses of proportions by Freeman-Tukey and estimated heterogeneity by I². Odds ratio (OR) meta-analyses of antidepressant use by sex were calculated (men as reference) and between-study variation was explored by meta-regressions. RESULTS: Out of 3,299 records, 23 studies published in 28 reports were included. The overall prevalence of antidepressant use was 4.0% (95%CI 2.7-5.6%; I2=98.5%). Use of antidepressants in the previous 3 days was higher in women (12.0%; 95%CI 9.5-15.1%; I2=0.0%) than men (4.6%; 95%CI 3.1-6.8%; I2=0.0%), p<0.001; OR=2.82; 95%CI 1.72-4.62. Gender differences were particularly higher for antidepressant use in the previous year (women: 2.3%; 95%CI 1.6-3.1; I2=37.6% versus men: 0.5%; 95%CI 0.2-1.0%; I2=0.0%, p<0.001; OR=4.18; 95%CI 2.10-8.30). Between-study variation in the overall prevalence of antidepressant use significantly increased with participants' mean age (p=0.035; residual I²=0.0%; regression coefficient=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Four in every 100 Brazilians use antidepressants; use increased with age and was higher in women compared to men.

E-Health technologies for treatment of depression, anxiety and emotional distress in person with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: This systematic review of randomized clinical trials (RCT) summarized the available evidence regarding the use of e-Health technologies for the treatment of depression, anxiety, and emotional distress in person with diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The Cochrane CENTRAL, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science and LILACS databases searched were up to January 11th, 2023. The primary outcomes were improvement of depression, anxiety, diabetes-related emotional distress and quality of life. Reviewers, in pairs and independently, selected the studies and extracted their data. RESULTS: A total of 10 RCT involving 2,209 participants were analyzed. The methodological quality of the studies reviewed was high. Results showed improvements in depression with the use of Internet-Guided Self-Help (SMD = -0.74, 95%CI = -1.04 to -0.43) or Telephone-Delivered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) (SMD = -0.42, 95%CI = -0.65 to -0.19); in anxiety with Internet-Guided Self-Help (SMD = -0.72, 95%CI = -1.02 to -0.42) or Diabetes-specific-CBT (SMD = -0.60, 95%CI = -1.18 to -0.02); and in emotional distress with Internet-Guided Self-Help (SMD = -0.72, 95%CI = -1.02 to -0.41) or Healthy Outcomes through Patient Empowerment (SMD = -0.26, 95%CI = -0.53 to 0.01) compared to usual care. CONCLUSION: Due to heterogeneity in interventions, populations, follow-up time and outcomes, future RCT should be conducted to confirm these findings.

Cost-utility analysis of diagnostic methods for arterial hypertension in primary care for Brazil: ABPM vs. OBPM vs. HBPM.

INTRODUCTION: Arterial hypertension (AH) is diagnosed using three methods: office blood pressure measurement (OBPM), home blood pressure monitoring (HBPM), and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). No economic studies have evaluated the impact of incorporating these strategies for AH diagnosis into the Brazilian public health system. METHODS: A Markov model was created to evaluate the costs associated with AH diagnosis using the ABPM, HBPM, and OBPM. Patients were entered into the model with SBP ≥ 130 mmHg or DBP ≥ 85 mmHg obtained using OBPM. The model was based on cost, quality adjusted life-years (QALYs), and incremental costs per QALY. In the economic analysis, the costs were calculated from the perspective of the payer of the Brazilian public health system. RESULTS: In the cost-utility analysis of the three methods, ABPM was the most cost-effective strategy compared to HBPM and OBPM in all groups over 35 years of age. Compared with OBPM, ABPM was a cost-effective strategy, as it presented higher costs in all scenarios, but with better QALYs. Compared to HBPM, ABPM was the dominant strategy for all age groups, presenting lower costs and higher QALYs. When comparing HBPM with OBPM, the results were similar to those described for ABPM (i.e. it was a cost-effective strategy). CONCLUSION: With a willingness-to-pay threshold of R$35 000 per QALY gained, both ABPM and HBPM are cost-effective methods compared with OBPM in all scenarios. In Brazilian healthcare facilities that currently diagnose AH using OBPM, both ABPM and HBPM may be more cost-effective choices.

Pharmaceutical policies: effects of policies regulating drug marketing.

BACKGROUND: The costs of developing new treatments and bringing them to the market are substantial. The pharmaceutical industry uses drug promotion to gain a competitive market share, and drive sale volumes and industry profitability. This involves disseminating information about new treatments to relevant targets. However, conflicts of interest can arise when profits are prioritised over patient care and its benefits. Drug promotion regulations are complex interventions that aim to prevent potential harm associated with these activities. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of policies that regulate drug promotion on drug utilisation, coverage or access, healthcare utilisation, patient outcomes, adverse events and costs. SEARCH METHODS: We searched Epistemonikos for related reviews and their included studies. To find primary studies we searched MEDLINE, CENTRAL, Embase, EconLit, Global Index Medicus, Virtual Health Library, INRUD Bibliography, two trial registries and two sources of grey literature. All databases and sources were searched in January 2023. SELECTION CRITERIA: We planned to include studies that assessed policies regulating drug promotion to consumers, healthcare professionals or regulators and third-party payers, or any combination of these groups.In this review we defined policies as laws, rules, guidelines, codes of practice, and financial or administrative orders made by governments, non-government organisations or private insurers. One of the following outcomes had to be reported: drug utilisation, coverage or access, healthcare utilisation, patient health outcomes, any adverse effects (unintended consequences), and costs. The study had to be a randomised or non-randomised trial, an interrupted time series analysis (ITS), a repeated measures (RM) study or a controlled before-after (CBA) study. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: At least two review authors independently assessed eligibility for inclusion of studies. When consensus was not reached, any disagreements were discussed with a third review author.  We planned to use the criteria suggested by Cochrane Effective Practice and Organisation of Care (EPOC) to assess the risk of bias of included studies. For randomised trials, non-randomised trials, and CBA studies, we planned to estimate relative effects, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). For dichotomous outcomes, we planned to report the risk ratio (RR) when possible and adjusted for baseline differences in the outcome measures. For ITS and RM, we planned to compute changes along two dimensions: change in level and change in slope. We planned to undertake a structured synthesis following EPOC guidance.  MAIN RESULTS: The search yielded 4593 citations, and 13 studies were selected for full-text review. No study met the inclusion criteria. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: We sought to assess the effects of policies that regulate drug promotion on drug use, coverage or access, use of health services, patient outcomes, adverse events, and costs, however we did not find studies that met the review's inclusion criteria. As pharmaceutical policies that regulate drug promotion have untested effects, their impact, as well as their positive and negative influences, is currently only a matter of opinion, debate, informal or descriptive reporting. There is an urgent need to assess the effects of pharmaceutical policies that regulate drug promotion using well-conducted studies with high methodological rigour.

Sales trends of psychotropic drugs in the COVID-19 pandemic: A national database study in Brazil.

Background: The social restrictions among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have posed a thoughtful risk to mental health and have implications in the use of drugs, including antidepressants, anxiolytics and other psychotropics. Objective: This study analyzed the sales data of the psychotropics prescribed in Brazil, in order to verify the change in consumption trends of these drugs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This interrupted time-series analyzed psychotropic sales data, between January 2014 and July 2021, using the National System of Controlled Products Management from The Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency. The monthly mean DDDs per 1,000 inhabitants per day of psychotropic drugs was evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett Multiple Comparisons Test. The changes in monthly trends in the use of the psychotropic studied were evaluated by Joinpoint regression. Results: During the period studied, clonazepam, alprazolam, zolpidem and escitalopram were the most sold psychotropic drugs in Brazil. According to Joinpoint regression, an upward trend was observed in sales during the pandemic of pregabalin, escitalopram, lithium, desvenlafaxine, citalopram, buproprion and amitriptyline. An increase in psychotropic consumption was noted throughout the pandemic period, with the maximum consumption (2.61 DDDs) occurring in April 2021, with a downward trend in consumption that accompanied the drop in the number of deaths. Conclusions: The increase in sales, mainly of antidepressants during the COVID-19 pandemic, draws attention to issues related to the mental health of the Brazilian population and on the need for greater monitoring in the dispensing of these drugs.

Use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia in the Brazilian National Health System: a cohort study, 2008-2017.

OBJECTIVE: to investigate sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of users of atypical antipsychotics receiving care via the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Assistance (Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica - CEAF), for the treatment of schizophrenia in Brazil, between 2008 and 2017. METHODS: this was a retrospective cohort study using records of the authorizations for high complexity procedures retrieved from the Outpatient Information System of the Brazilian National Health System, from all Brazilian states. RESULTS: of the 759,654 users, 50.5% were female, from the Southeast region (60.2%), diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia (77.6%); it could be seen a higher prevalence of the use of risperidone (63.3%) among children/adolescents; olanzapine (34.0%) in adults; and quetiapine (47.4%) in older adults; about 40% of children/adolescents were in off-label use of antipsychotics according to age; adherence to CEAF was high (82%), and abandonment within six months was 24%. CONCLUSION: the findings expand knowledge about the sociodemographic and clinical profile of users and highlight the practice of off-label use.

Prevalence of psychotropic and antidepressant use in a Brazilian Amazon city: analysis of two cross-sectional studies.

This article aims to assess the prevalence of psychotropic and antidepressant use and associated factors in a Brazilian Amazon city. Two cross-sectional studies conducted in Manaus in 2015 and 2019 with adults selected by probabilistic sampling. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by Poisson regression with robust variance. 3,479 participants were included in 2015 and 2,321 in 2019; 2.0% used psychotropics in 2015 and 2.7% in 2019. Antidepressants were used by 0.4% (2015) and 1.4% (2019). Psychotropic use was lower in younger (PR = 0.41; 95%CI: 0.19-0.90), partnerless (PR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.44-0.93), and informal workers (PR=0.47; 95%CI: 0.25-0.86), but higher in people with poor health (PR=2.86; 95%CI: 1.71-4.80), multimorbidity (PR = 3.24; 95%CI: 1.87-5.60), and who visited doctors (PR = 3.04; 95%CI: 1.45-6.38) or dentists (PR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.08-2.10). Antidepressant use was higher in 2019 (PR = 2.90; 95%CI: 1.52-5.54), people with poor health (PR = 2.77; 95%CI: 1.16-6.62), and multimorbidity (PR = 8.72; 95%CI: 2.71-28.00), while lower in informal workers (PR = 0.33; 95%CI: 0.12-0.87) and unemployed (PR = 0.26; 95%CI: 0.08-0.81). Use of psychotropics remained stable in Manaus from 2015 to 2019, while antidepressant use more than tripled, which was marked by social inequalities.

Prevalence of psychotropic and antidepressant use in a Brazilian Amazon city: analysis of two cross-sectional studies / Prevalência de uso de psicotrópicos e antidepressivos em uma cidade da Amazônia brasileira: análise de dois estudos transversais

Abstract This article aims to assess the prevalence of psychotropic and antidepressant use and associated factors in a Brazilian Amazon city. Two cross-sectional studies conducted in Manaus in 2015 and 2019 with adults selected by probabilistic sampling. Prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated by Poisson regression with robust variance. 3,479 participants were included in 2015 and 2,321 in 2019; 2.0% used psychotropics in 2015 and 2.7% in 2019. Antidepressants were used by 0.4% (2015) and 1.4% (2019). Psychotropic use was lower in younger (PR = 0.41; 95%CI: 0.19-0.90), partnerless (PR = 0.64; 95%CI: 0.44-0.93), and informal workers (PR=0.47; 95%CI: 0.25-0.86), but higher in people with poor health (PR=2.86; 95%CI: 1.71-4.80), multimorbidity (PR = 3.24; 95%CI: 1.87-5.60), and who visited doctors (PR = 3.04; 95%CI: 1.45-6.38) or dentists (PR = 1.50; 95%CI: 1.08-2.10). Antidepressant use was higher in 2019 (PR = 2.90; 95%CI: 1.52-5.54), people with poor health (PR = 2.77; 95%CI: 1.16-6.62), and multimorbidity (PR = 8.72; 95%CI: 2.71-28.00), while lower in informal workers (PR = 0.33; 95%CI: 0.12-0.87) and unemployed (PR = 0.26; 95%CI: 0.08-0.81). Use of psychotropics remained stable in Manaus from 2015 to 2019, while antidepressant use more than tripled, which was marked by social inequalities.

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a prevalência do uso de psicotrópicos e antidepressivos e fatores associados em uma cidade da Amazônia. Dois estudos transversais foram realizados em Manaus, em 2015 e 2019, com adultos selecionados por amostragem probabilística. Razões de prevalência (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) foram calculados por regressão de Poisson. Foram incluídos 3.479 participantes em 2015 e 2.321 em 2019; 2,0% usaram psicotrópicos em 2015 e 2,7% em 2019. Antidepressivos foram usados por 0,4% (2015) e 1,4% (2019). O uso de psicotrópicos foi menor em jovens (RP = 0,41; IC95%: 0,19-0,90), sem companheiros (RP = 0,64; IC95%: 0,44-0,93) e trabalhadores informais (RP = 0,47; IC95%: 0,25-0,86), mas maior em pessoas com saúde ruim (RP = 2,86; IC95%: 1,71-4,80), multimorbidade (RP = 3,24; IC95%: 1,87-5,60) e que visitaram médico (RP = 3,04; IC95%: 1,45-6,38) ou dentista (RP = 1,50; IC95%: 1,08-2,10). O uso de antidepressivos foi maior em 2019 (RP = 2,90; IC95%: 1,52-5,54), e pessoas com saúde ruim (RP = 2,77; IC95%: 1,16-6,62) e multimorbidade (RP = 8,72; IC95%: 2,71-28,00), mas menor em trabalhadores informais (RP = 0,33; IC95%: 0,12-0,87) e desempregados (RP = 0,26; IC95%: 0,08-0,81). O uso de psicotrópicos permaneceu estável em Manaus de 2015 a 2019, enquanto o de antidepressivos triplicou, sendo marcados por desigualdades sociais.

Prevalence of Physical Violence Against Brazilian Women: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Violence against women is a major problem in Brazil, but data on its prevalence are scarce. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of physical violence against women in Brazil. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of physical violence against women. Population-based researches that assessed physical violence in Brazilian women were searched on MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and VHL/BIREME. The last search update was carried out in March 2020. Two researchers selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the quality of the eligible studies. Summary of prevalence and 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using Freeman-Tukey double arccosine transformation, weighted by the official local population size. Heterogeneity was estimated by I 2 and investigated by meta-regression analyses. Of 3,408 reports, 13 studies carried out from 1999 to 2016 (n = 25,781 women) were included. Most studies had limitations on sample size (5/13) and response rate (7/13). The prevalence of physical violence was 22.4% in lifetime (95% CI [21.6, 23.2%]; I 2 = 99.0%), and 11.5% in previous year (95% CI [11.1, 11.9%]; I 2 = 99.5%). Assuring privacy during interview significantly increased the prevalence (p = .028; residual I 2 = 80.0%). Higher prevalence was also observed in studies with adequate sample source, validated questionnaire, and privacy (in both recall periods), potentially due to lower risk of nonresponse bias. Over two in 10 Brazilian women suffered physical violence during their lives, and over one tenth, in the previous year. Measurement of outcome affected the prevalence; privacy should be assured for the interviewee for future reliable estimates in the country.

Frequency of osteonecrosis in bisphosphonate users submitted to dental procedures: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of osteonecrosis of the jaw in bisphosphonate users submitted to dental procedures. METHODS: This systematic review searched the sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, and Virtual Health Library, with no restriction on language or publication date. Reviewers, in pairs and independently, selected the studies, extracted their data, and assessed the risk of bias. Meta-analyses were pooled using the DerSimonian and Laird random effects model. RESULTS: A total of 27 studies (5391 participants) were included. The most reported bisphosphonates were zoledronate (n = 17 studies) and alendronate (n = 19) for treating cancers (n = 11) and osteoporosis (n = 16), respectively. Twelve studies were of low methodological quality. The frequency of osteonecrosis was 2.7% (95% CI: 0.9-5.2%) and proved higher for intravenous [6.9% (0.7-17.3%)] than oral [0.2% (0.9-5.2%)] bisphosphonate use. No association between longer treatment duration and greater frequency of osteonecrosis was observed. CONCLUSIONS: Higher frequency of osteonecrosis was observed in intravenous bisphosphonate users submitted to dental extraction. Further studies collecting more detailed information on the bisphosphonates used and of greater methodological rigor are warranted to confirm these findings and better inform prescribers, dental surgeons, and other professionals on risks of bisphosphonate use in this patient group.

Prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in women of childbearing age in Brazil: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient, especially during pregnancy. We aimed to assess the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency in Brazilian women of childbearing age. We conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis of studies that assessed vitamin A deficiency in women of childbearing age following the registered protocol (CRD42020171856). Independent peer researchers selected the studies retrieved from MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus and other sources. Data from the eligible studies were extracted in pairs and assessed for methodological quality. The prevalence of vitamin A deficiency (< 0·70 µmol/l or <0·20 µg/dl) and 95 % CI was combined by meta-analysis, and heterogeneity was estimated by I2. Out of 3610 screened records, thirty-two studies were included, which assessed 12 577 women from 1965 to 2017, mostly in maternity hospitals. Main limitations of the studies were in sample frame (30/32) and sampling method (29/32). Deficiency occurred in 13 % (95 % CI 9·4, 17·2 %; I² = 97 %) of all women and was higher in pregnant women (16·1 %; 95 % CI 5·6, 30·6 %; I² = 98 %) than non-pregnant women (12·3 %; 95 % CI 8·4, 16·8 %; I² = 96 %). The prevalence increased according to the decade, from 9·5 % (95 % CI 1·9­21·6 %; I² = 98 %) up to 1990, 10·8 % (95 % CI 7·9, 14·2 %; I² = 86 %) in the 2000s and 17·8 % (95 % CI 8·7, 29·0 %; I² = 98 %) in the 2010s. Over 10 % of Brazilian women in childbearing age were deficient in vitamin A. Higher prevalence was observed in pregnant women, and deficiency seemed to be increasing over the decades. Low representativeness of the studies, mainly based on convenience sampling that included pregnant, postpartum, lactating and non-pregnant women, as well as high heterogeneity, limits the findings.

Trends in sales of antidepressants in Brazil from 2014 to 2020: A time trend analysis with joinpoint regression.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the trends in antidepressants sales in Brazil. METHODS: We performed a joinpoint analysis of antidepressants sales in Brazil from 2014 to 2020, recorded in the Brazilian National Controlled Products Management System. The primary outcomes were the defined daily dose per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) and the market shares for each antidepressant per year. We used joinpoint regression to assess the changes in antidepressant consumption in DID to obtain the average annual percent change (AAPC) and 95 % confidence intervals (95 % CI). Changes in market shares were tested by chi-square trend test (p < 0.05 as significant). RESULTS: From 2014 to 2020, 42,252,989 antidepressant sales were recorded in the system. Antidepressant sales increased from 13.7 to 33.6 DID in the period (AAPC: 15.7; 95 % CI: 13.0-18.4; p < 0.001); the largest increases were observed for serotonin reuptake inhibitors and 'other' antidepressants (including serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), whereas tricyclics remained steady. Escitalopram and sertraline were the most sold drugs. Market share of serotonin reuptake inhibitors decreased, particularly for paroxetine (13.1 % to 6.5 %; p = 0.016), while 'other' antidepressants' market share expanded from 21.9 % to 33.3 % (p = 0.027), especially for desvenlafaxine (2.9 % to 14.3 %; p < 0.001). LIMITATIONS: The dataset does not include antidepressants dispensed in hospitals, public services, and compounding pharmacies, neither their therapeutic indications. CONCLUSION: Sales of antidepressants significantly increased in Brazil from 2014 to 2020, which were mainly driven by higher prescriptions of serotonin reuptake inhibitors and 'other' antidepressants classes. Market share changes seem to be driven by novelty of products.

Prevalence of low back pain and work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Brazilian domestics and cleaners: 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey.

Introduction: Low back pain and work-related musculoskeletal disorders are two of the leading causes of absenteeism worldwide. Objectives: To determine the prevalence and predictive factors of low back pain and work-related musculoskeletal disorders in Brazilian domestics and cleaners. Methods: This population-based cross-sectional study used data from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde), involving a total of 8,160 workers. The prevalence of low back pain and work-related musculoskeletal disorders was calculated based on adjusted prevalence ratio by Poisson regression and 95%CI. Results: The prevalence of lowback pain was 19.1% in 2013 and 20.6% in 2019, while the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders was 2.2% in 2013 and 2.4% in 2019. Low back pain was associated with older age (prevalence ratio: 1.74; 95%CI 1.44-2.09), poor or very poor self-rated health (prevalence ratio: 2.10; 95%CI 1.76-2.50), holding a prepaid health plan (prevalence ratio: 1.27; 95%CI 1.09-1.47), and moderately severe (prevalence ratio: 2.27; 95%CI 1.84-2.80) or severe (prevalence ratio: 2.32; 95%CI 1.77-3.04) depressive symptoms. Musculoskeletal disorders affected domestics less frequently (prevalence ratio: 0.53; 95%CI 0.40-0.72) and were associated with women (prevalence ratio: 2.50; 95%CI 1.34-4.66), adults (40-59 years) (prevalence ratio: 1.79; 95%CI 1.26-2.55), holding a prepaid health plan (prevalence ratio: 2.31; 95%CI 1.63-3.26), and the presence of moderately severe (prevalence ratio: 4.00; 95%CI 2.34-6.86) or severe (prevalence ratio: 3.63; 95%CI 1.77-7.46) depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Brazilian domestics and cleaners need interventions and improvements in health care given the prevalence of low back pain and musculoskeletal disorders as well as their association with depression.

Introdução: Lombalgia e distúrbios osteomusculares relacionadas ao trabalho são duas das principais causas de absenteísmo no mundo. Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência e fatores preditivos da lombalgia e distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho em trabalhadores domésticos e faxineiros brasileiros. Métodos: Este estudo transversal populacional coletou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, realizada nos anos de 2013 e 2019, totalizando uma amostra de 8.160 trabalhadores. A prevalência da lombalgia e distúrbios osteomusculares relacionados ao trabalho autorreferidos foi calculada pela razão de prevalência ajustada pelo modelo de regressão de Poisson e IC95%. Resultados: A prevalência de lombalgia foi de 19,1% em 2013 e 20,6% em 2019; e de distúrbios osteomusculares foi de 2,2% em 2013 e 2,4% em 2019. A lombalgia esteve associada aos indivíduos idosos (razão de prevalência: 1,74; IC95% 1,44-2,09), com percepção baixa ou muito baixa a respeito da sua saúde (razão de prevalência: 2,10; IC95% 1,76-2,50), com plano de saúde (razão de prevalência: 1,27; IC95% 1,09-1,47) e com sintomas depressivos moderadamente graves (razão de prevalência: 2,27; IC95% 1,84-2,80) ou graves (razão de prevalência: 2,32; IC95% 1,77-3,04). A presença de distúrbios osteomusculares foi menor nos trabalhadores domésticos (razão de prevalência: 0,53; IC95% 0,40-0,72); e esteve associada ao sexo feminino (razão de prevalência: 2,50; IC95% 1,34-4,66), adultos (40-59 anos) (razão de prevalência: 1,79; IC95% 1,26-2,55), ter plano de saúde (razão de prevalência: 2,31; IC95% 1,63-3,26) e presença de sintomas depressivos moderadamente graves (razão de prevalência: 4,00; IC95% 2,34-6,86) ou graves (razão de prevalência: 3,63; IC95% 1,77-7,46). Conclusões: Trabalhadores domésticos e faxineiros necessitam de intervenções, melhorias na saúde e adaptação dos ambientes de trabalho dada a prevalência de lombalgia e distúrbios osteomusculares e associações com a depressão.

Uso de antipsicóticos atípicos no tratamento da esquizofrenia no Sistema Único de Saúde do Brasil: estudo de coorte, 2008-2017 / Uso de antipsicóticos atípicos en el tratamiento de la esquizofrenia en el Sistema Único de Salud de Brasil: estudio de 2008 a 2017 / Use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of schizophrenia in the Brazilian National Health System: a cohort study, 2008-2017

Objective: to investigate sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of users of atypical antipsychotics receiving care via the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Assistance (Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica - CEAF), for the treatment of schizophrenia in Brazil, between 2008 and 2017. Methods: this was a retrospective cohort study using records of the authorizations for high complexity procedures retrieved from the Outpatient Information System of the Brazilian National Health System, from all Brazilian states. Results: of the 759,654 users, 50.5% were female, from the Southeast region (60.2%), diagnosed with paranoid schizophrenia (77.6%); it could be seen a higher prevalence of the use of risperidone (63.3%) among children/adolescents; olanzapine (34.0%) in adults; and quetiapine (47.4%) in older adults; about 40% of children/adolescents were in off-label use of antipsychotics according to age; adherence to CEAF was high (82%), and abandonment within six months was 24%. Conclusion: the findings expand knowledge about the sociodemographic and clinical profile of users and highlight the practice of off-label use.

Objetivo: investigar las características sociodemográficas y clínicas de los usuarios de antipsicóticos atípicos, atendidos por el Componente Especializado de Asistencia Farmacéutica (CEAF) para el tratamiento de la esquizofrenia en Brasil, de 2008 a 2017. Métodos: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo utilizando registros de autorizaciones de trámites de alta complejidad del Sistema de Información Ambulatorio del SUS, de todos los estados brasileños. Resultados: de los 759.654 usuários identificados, el 50,5% era del sexo feminino de la región Sudeste (60,2%), diagnosticadas con esquizofrenia paranoide (77,6%). Hubo una mayor prevalencia de risperidona (63,3%) entre niños y adolescentes; de olanzapina (34,0%) en adultos; y quetiapina (47,4%) en ancianos. Alrededor del 40% de los niños/adolescentes estaba bajo uso no autorizado de antipsicóticos según la edad. La adherencia al CEAF fue alta (82%), y la deserción a los seis meses fue del 24%. Conclusión: los hallazgos amplían el conocimiento sobre el perfil sociodemográfico y clínico de los usuarios y destacan la práctica del uso off-label.

Objetivo: investigar características sociodemográficas e clínicas de usuários de antipsicóticos atípicos assistidos pelo Componente Especializado da Assistência Farmacêutica (CEAF), para tratamento da esquizofrenia no Brasil, de 2008 a 2017. Métodos: estudo de coorte retrospectivo utilizando registros das autorizações de procedimentos de alta complexidade do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do Sistema Único de Saúde, de todos os estados brasileiros. Resultados: dos 759.654 usuários, 50,5% eram do sexo feminino, da região Sudeste (60,2%), diagnosticados com esquizofrenia paranoide (77,6%); observou-se maior prevalência de uso da risperidona (63,3%) entre crianças/adolescentes; de olanzapina (34,0%), em adultos; e quetiapina (47,4%), nos idosos; cerca de 40% das crianças/ adolescentes estavam sob uso off-label de antipsicóticos segundo a idade; a adesão ao CEAF foi alta (82%), e o abandono em seis meses foi de 24%. Conclusão: os achados ampliam o conhecimento sobre perfil sociodemográfico e clínico dos usuários e destacam a prática do uso off-label.