SlERF36, an EAR-motif-containing ERF gene from tomato, alters stomatal density and modulates photosynthesis and growth.

The AP2 domain class of transcription factors is a large family of genes with various roles in plant development and adaptation but with very little functional information in plants other than Arabidopsis. Here, the characterization of an EAR motif-containing transcription factor, SlERF36, from tomato that affects stomatal density, conductance, and photosynthesis is described. Heterologous expression of SlERF36 under the CaMV35S promoter in tobacco leads to a 25-35% reduction in stomatal density but without any effect on stomatal size or sensitivity. Reduction in stomatal density leads to a marked reduction in stomatal conductance (42-56%) as well as transpiration and is associated with reduced CO2 assimilation rates, reduction in growth, early flowering, and senescence. A prominent adaptive response of SlERF36 overexpressors is development of constitutively high non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) that might function as a protective measure to prevent damage from high excitation pressure. The high NPQ leads to markedly reduced light utilization and low electron transport rates even at low light intensities. Taken together, these data suggest that SlERF36 exerts a negative control over stomatal density and modulates photosynthesis and plant development through its direct or indirect effects.

Photosynthetic characteristics and the response of stomata to environmental determinants and ABA in Selaginella bryopteris, a resurrection spike moss species.

Selaginella bryopteris is a spike-moss lycophyte species with resurrection capability. These plants have small sized stomata that occur in higher density than in other fern species. The diurnal gas-exchange studies under natural conditions showed a bell shaped net photosynthesis curve. The effective quantum yield of PSII (ΔF/F(m')) showed an inverse relationship with light and recovered to its maximum at sunset. This suggests that there was a complete recovery of PSII efficiency during the late evening hours. S. bryopteris displayed broad temperature optima for net photosynthesis from 28 °C to 37 °C. The stomatal sensitivity in response to vapor pressure deficit (VPD), was maximum at 25 °C temperature while at temperatures from 30 to 35 °C it was low. Our study demonstrates that S. bryopteris plants show a very poor mechanism for its stomatal regulation in response to high light, high temperature, high VPD, high CO2 and to ABA treatment. At the same time they show a high stomatal conductance leading to unrestricted rates of transpiration and a lack of capacity to optimize water use efficiency (WUE).

Photosynthetic performance of Jatropha curcas fruits.

Jatropha curcas (L.) trees under north Indian conditions (Lucknow) produce fruits in two major flushes, once during autumn-winter (October-December). The leaves at this time are at the senescence stages and already shedding. The second flush of fruit setting occurs during the summer (April-June) after the leaves have formed during spring (March-April). Photosynthetic performance of detached jatropha fruits was studied at three developmental stages, immature, mature and ripe fruits. Studies were made in both winter and summer fruits in response to light, temperature and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) under controlled conditions to assess the influence of these environmental factors on the photosynthetic performance of jatropha fruits. Immature fruits showed high light saturating point of around 2000 µmol m(-2) s(-1). High VPD did not show an adverse effect on the fruit A. Stomatal conductance (g(s)) showed an inverse behaviour to increasing VPD, however, transpiration (E) was not restricted by the increasing VPD in both seasons. During winter in absence of leaves on the jatropha tree the fruits along with the bark contributes maximum towards photoassimilation. Dark respiration rates (R(d)) monitored in fruit coat and seeds independently, showed maximum R(d) in seeds of mature fruit and these were about five times more than its fruit coat, reflecting the higher energy requirement of the developing fruit during maximum oil synthesis stage. Photosynthesis and fluorescence parameters studied indicate that young jatropha fruits are photosynthetically as efficient as its leaves and play a paramount role in scavenging the high concentration of CO(2) generated by the fruit during respiration.