Cross-cultural adaptation and validation in spanish of the malocclusion impact questionnaire (MIQ).

BACKGROUND: The Malocclusion Impact Questionnaire (MIQ) is a condition-specific measure that assesses the impact of malocclusion on Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL). The aim of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the original version of MIQ into Spanish and to assess the acceptability, reliability and validity of this version in the Chilean population. METHODS: The MIQ was cross-culturally adapted for the Spanish language for Chile using recommended standards for the linguistic validation of instruments. To assess its psychometric properties, a cross-sectional study was carried out with 219 children aged 10 to 16 years from public schools in Puerto Montt, Chile, who completed the Chilean versions of the MIQ (MIQCh) and the Child Perceptions Questionnaire 11-14 (CPQ11-14). The presence and severity of malocclusions was determined through the Dental Aesthetic Index by a trained dentist. The MIQ was administrated a second time two weeks later. The reliability of the scale was assessed by analysis of its internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and reproducibility (Intraclass correlation coefficient - ICC). The validity of the construct was assessed by confirmatory factor analysis and known groups method. Criterion validity was assessed by calculating the Spearman correlation with the CPQ11-14. RESULTS: The content comparison of the back-translation with the original MIQ showed that all items except two were conceptually and linguistically equivalent. The cognitive debriefing showed a suitable understanding of the Chilean version. The MIQCh demonstrated good reliability, with Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85 and ICC of 0.91. A moderate correlation was found between the MIQCh and CPQ11-14 (0.58). In the known groups comparison, children who felt that their teeth bothered them and/or affected their life obtained significantly higher scores on the MIQCh. The OHRQoL was worse when the severity of the malocclusion was greater (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The results support the applicability, reliability and validity of the Spanish version of MIQ for assessing OHRQoL in Chilean children with malocclusions.

Randomized cluster trial of a parenting program in Chile: Key mediators in the decrease in behavior problems in preschool children.

BACKGROUND: Parenting training is a proven strategy for the promotion of positive parenting practices and for the prevention and treatment of behavior problems in children. The processes that explain this efficacy are less clear. The aim of this study was to assess the mediating role of parenting practice modification, encouraged through the implementation of a universal parenting training program, for the decrease of behavior problems in 3- to 6-year-old children. METHOD: A cluster randomized trial was carried out in 19 educational centers in low and middle socioeconomic areas. A total of 178 families received the program and 154 of them were the control group. The following parenting practices were assessed: positive reinforcement, involvement, inconsistency, unsuitable treatment behaviors and physical punishment, as well as hostility and humiliation behaviors. Parent-child interaction was also assessed using an observational instrument. A multiple mediation analysis was carried out, identifying the indirect effects. RESULTS: Reduction of harsh discipline and physical punishment, and parental inconsistency mediated the effects observed in the reduction of child behavior problems during the program. CONCLUSION: Within Chilean families, harsh discipline, physical punishment, and parental inconsistency are important aspects to be considered in the implementation of universal parenting training programs.

Effectiveness of a Positive Parental Practices Training Program for Chilean Preschoolers' Families: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: Evidence for the effectiveness of parental training as a strategy for promotion of positive parental practices and prevention of child behavior problems in low and middle income countries is not conclusive. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of a universal positive parental training program designed for this context, "Día a Día" UdeC © ("Day by Day" University of Concepción), in Chilean preschoolers' families (3-6 years old children). Methods: A cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) was carried out in 19 preschool education centers. There were two treatment arms: 10 centers (including 178 families) were randomly assigned to the intervention group and nine centers (including 154 families) were assigned to the waiting list control condition. Intervention groups received Day by Day UdeC, a six group sessions program for parents, including two group sessions for preschool educators, focused in affective communication; daily and child-directed play; directed attention; routines and transitions; reinforcement and incentive programs; planned inattention-ignore and time out; and logical consequences. Parental practices, parental satisfaction, and presence of children behavioral problems were examined at two-time points: T1 (4 weeks before intervention) and T2 (5-6 weeks after intervention). Results: Intention-to-treat analysis shows a reduction in physical punishment and an increase in parental involvement, as well as a reduction in children behavioral problems. A per-protocol analysis revealed an additional effect: increase in observed parental practices. Conclusion: This cRCT provided evidence for the effectiveness of a parental training program for the promotion of positive parental practices in low and middle income countries. The observed effects of the program in decreasing physical punishment and children's behavioral problems make it a promising strategy for prevention purposes. Trial Registration: This study was registered under ISRCTN.com (ISRCTN90762146; https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN90762146).

Prospective Assessment of Daily Patterns of Mood-Related Symptoms.

Background: The Mood Rhythm Instrument (MRI) is a new self-report questionnaire that aims to assess, the presence, and timing of daily patterns of mood-related symptoms. Here, we examined the reliability of the MRI against a prospective daily investigation over the course of 15 days. As a secondary aim, we examined whether the number of items with a perceived daily pattern correlated with severity of depressive symptoms and psychological well-being. Methods: Thirty-two participants recruited from the general population were asked to prospectively fill out a daily version of the MRI (MRI-d) for 15 days. On the 16th day, they filled out the MRI, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the World Health Organization 5-item well-being index (WHO-5). Results: The MRI showed high agreement with the MRI-d, which suggests that the MRI is a valid tool to assess daily patterns of mood symptoms. The number of mood symptoms perceived as having daily peaks correlated positively with BDI scores and negatively with WHO-5 scores. Conclusions: The MRI might be a valid tool to investigate the presence of daily patterns and the timing of mood-related factors.The MRI does not seem to be influenced by recall or recency biases. Future studies should test the usefulness of this new clinical instrument in individuals with mood disorders, as well as its ability to detect changes in the daily timing of mood symptoms before and after treatment.

PSYCHOMETRIC PROPERTIES OF THE ALABAMA PARENTING QUESTIONNAIRE ADAPTED TO FAMILIES OF CHILEAN PRESCHOOLERS.

The Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ) is a well-known tool to assess empirically identified aspects of positive and negative parenting practices. This study evaluates the psychometric properties of an adapted version of the APQ for its use with parents of children between 2 and 6 years of age in Chile. The participants were 557 parents of children aged 2 to 6 years. A confirmatory factor analysis showed that the best fit was obtained by a four-factor model (positive reinforcement, parental involvement, inconsistency of disciplinary practices, and punitive practices). The invariance analysis for this model by sex and social composition was positive. Disciplinary inconsistency and punitive practices were correlated with externalized and internalized behaviors in children. Results suggest that this adaptation of the APQ may result in a useful tool for clinical and research purposes in this age group.

Factores asociados a la intención de usar anticonceptivos artificiales entre adolescentes embarazadas de estrato social bajo / Factors related to the intention to use artificial contraceptives among pregnant adolescents from low social stratum

Se presentan algunos de los resultados de la etapa cuantitativa de un estudio mixto en el cual se combinó la metodología cualitativa y la cuantitativa. La etapa cuantitativa consistió en un diseño descriptivo correlacional cuyo objetivo fue establecer la asociación entre la intención de usar anticonceptivos artificiales (modernos) y algunas variables psicosociales: metas personales futuras, percepción del rol de género, severidad atribuida al embarazo en la adolescencia, vulnerabilidad de llegar a embarazarse, barreras percibidas para acercarse al consultorio; riesgo social atribuible a la condición de embarazo durante la adolescencia, uso de anticonceptivos artificiales (A.A.) entre las amigas, consejo otorgado por las amigas, y número de parejas. Se administró una encuesta a un total de 260 adolescentes embarazadas de estrato social bajo asistentes a control de embarazo. Los datos muestran asociación significativa entre la intención de usar A.A. y las metas a mediano plazo, el consejo otorgado por las amigas en relación al uso de A.A. y orientación femenina en el rol de género. Contrario a lo esperado, el uso de A.A. por parte de las amigas no se encuentra asociado a la intención que expresan de usarlos, tampoco en las adolescentes la percepción de las barreras para acercarse al consultorio constituye un impedimento en su intención de usar A.A. Aún cuando las adolescentes reconocen que existe un riesgo social al embarazarse atribuible a la reacción social ante un embarazo, esta variable no es lo suficientemente importante en su intención de usar A.A.

In the present work some of the results from the quantitative stage of a combined study merging quantitative and qualitative methodologies are presented. The quantitative stage consisted of a correlational descriptive design aiming at establishing the association between the intention to use artificial contraceptives (modern) and some psychosocial variables: future individual goals, gender role perception, the stressfulness and severity attributed to the situation of pregnancy during adolescence, the vulnerability derived of becoming pregnant, the perceived barriers to attend outpatient clinics, social risk attributed to the condition of being pregnant during adolescence, use of artificial contraceptives (AA) among friends, friend counseling and partner number. A survey was implemented among 260 pregnant adolescents from a low social stratum that were under pregnancy follow up. Data showed a significant association between the intent to use contraceptives and the medium term goals, friend counseling with regard to the use of contraceptives and female orientation in gender role. Unlike the expected, the use of AA by friends did not correlate to the intention to use they expressed. The perception of barriers to attend outpatient clinics by adolescents did not represent an impediment to their intention to use AA. Although adolescents acknowledge there is a social risk upon becoming pregnant that can be attributed to the social reaction before a pregnancy, such variable is not significant enough for their intention to use AA.

Quality of life among Brazilian children with epilepsy: validation of a parent proxy instrument (QVCE-50).

PURPOSE: To analyze the validity and reliability of an epilepsy specific health related quality of life (HRQL) instrument (QVCE-50), constructed for Brazilians. The QVCE-50 comprises the following domains: physical (9 items), psychological (18 items), social/familial (7 items), and cognitive/educational (16 items). Items were scored on a four point scale. Domains were equally weighted using percent scores. The questionnaire ends with a quality of life scale scored 0-10 and a space for free observations. METHODS: A total of 77 children with epilepsy were consecutively seen in a neuropaediatric ambulatory unit. Parents or caregivers responded to the QVCE-50 and a Portuguese version of ICIS (Impact of Childhood Illness Scale). QVCE-50 was analyzed for internal consistency, reliability, content and concurrent validity. Clinical and socio-demographic variables were also analyzed. RESULTS: Socio-demographic and clinical variables that differed in at least one domain were age, sex, time since diagnosis, epilepsy family history, and antiepileptic drug used. Internal consistency, analyzed by Cronbach's alpha, showed good results for total and domain scores: physical (0.68), psychological (0.86), socio-familiar (0.70) and cognitive-educational (0.91). Total scores on the QVCE-50 and ICIS are inversely correlated (Pearson's r=-0.74, p<0.0001). The Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for test-retest reliability were acceptable: physical (0.51), psychological (0.62), socio-familiar (0.66), cognitive-educational (0.85) and total (0.77), p<0.0001. CONCLUSIONS: QVCE-50 has good psychometric properties. It is a useful tool for analyzing HRQL in children with epilepsy for Portuguese speakers, especially Brazilians. Other properties should be further tested, such as responsiveness to drug and surgical treatment, capacity of distinguishing among seizure control categories and etiology (with a larger sample) and impact of psychiatric and cognitive co-morbidities.