Detection of U-87 Tumor Cells by RGD-Functionalized/Gd-Containing Giant Unilamellar Vesicles in Magnetization Transfer Contrast Magnetic Resonance Images.

OBJECTIVES: The targeting of tumor cells and their visualization with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an important task in biomedicine. The low sensitivity of this technique is a significant drawback and one that may hamper the detection of the imaging reporters used.To overcome this sensitivity issue, this work explores the synergy between 2 strategies: (1) arginine, glycine, aspartic acid peptide (RGD)-functionalized giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) loaded with Gd complexes to accumulate large amounts of MRI contrast agent at the targeting site; and (2) the use of magnetization transfer contrast (MTC), which is a sensitive MRI technique for the detection of Gd complexes in the tumor region. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Giant unilamellar vesicles were prepared using the gentle swelling method, and the cyclic RGD targeting moiety was introduced onto the external membrane. Paramagnetic Gd-containing complexes and the fluorescent probe rhodamine were both part of the vesicle membranes and Gd-complexes were also the payload within the inner aqueous cavity. Giant unilamellar vesicles that were loaded with the imaging reporters, but devoid of the RGD targeting moiety, were used as controls. U-87 MG human glioblastoma cells, which are known to overexpress the targets for RGD moieties, were used. In the in vivo experiments, U-87 MG cells were subcutaneously injected into nu/nu mice, and the generated tumors were imaged using MRI, 15 days after cell administration. Magnetic resonance imaging was carried out at 7 T, and T2W, T1W, and MTC/Z-spectra were acquired. Confocal microscopy images and Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) were used for result validation. RESULTS: In vitro results show that RGD GUVs specifically bind to U-87 MG cells. Microscopy demonstrates that (1) RGD GUVs were anchored onto the external surface of the tumor cells without any internalization; (2) a low number of GUVs per cell were clustered at specific regions; and (3) there is no evidence for macrophage uptake or cell toxicity. The MRI of cell pellets after incubation with RGD GUVs and untargeted ctrl-GUVs was performed. No difference in T1 signal was detected, whereas a 15% difference in MT contrast is present between the RGD GUV-treated cells and the ctrl-GUV-treated cells.Magnetic resonance imaging scans of tumor-bearing mice were acquired before and after (t = 0, 4 hours and 24 hours) the administration of RGD GUVs and ctrl-GUVs. A roughly 16% MTC difference between the 2 groups was observed after 4 hours. Immunofluorescence analyses and ICP-MS analyses (for Gd-detection) of the explanted tumors confirmed the specific accumulation of RGD GUVs in the tumor region. CONCLUSIONS: RGD GUVs seem to be interesting carriers that can facilitate the specific accumulation of MRI contrast agents at the tumor region. However, the concentration achieved is still below the threshold needed for T1w-MRI visualization. Conversely, MTC proved to be sufficiently sensitive for the visualization of detectable contrast between pretargeting and posttargeting images.

Efficient synergistic combination effect of Quercetin with Curcumin on breast cancer cell apoptosis through their loading into Apo ferritin cavity.

Combination of natural agents has received a great attention in cancer treatment because of synergistically increased apoptotic effect on cancer cell lines by triggering several apoptotic signaling pathways. However, the hydrophobic nature, poor bioavailability and low cellular uptake of most natural agents limit their therapeutic effectiveness. The purpose of this study was to design Apoferritin nanoparticles loaded with Quercetin and Curcumin (Que-Cur-HoS-Apo NPs) and to test their synergistic antitumor properties on a breast cancer cell line (MCF7). The physico-chemical characterization of the Que-Cur-HoS-Apo NPs by Size Exclusion Chromatography (FPLC) and Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) confirmed the encapsulation of the compounds in the protein cage with narrow size distribution in the range 17.4 ±â€¯1.2 nm. Cell viability study indicated that Que-Cur-HoS-Apo NPs were able to exert a more pronounced effect at lower dose on the MCF7 cell line when compared to the free combination of the drugs. The Que-Cur-HoS-Apo system allowed cellular uptake of natural agents thus triggering enhanced apoptosis. These effects were confirmed by Annexin-V/7-AAD Staining Assay and intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) quantitative detection. These results suggest the potential of Que-Cur-HoS-Apo NPs as a promising anti-cancer agent in breast cancer therapy and pave the way to examine Que-Cur-HoS-Apo NPs effect in vivo.

Novel Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Targeted Near-Infrared Fluorescence Dye for Image-Guided Surgery of Prostate Cancer.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer (PCa), the most widespread male cancer in western countries, is generally eradicated by surgery, especially if localized. However, during surgical procedures, it is not always possible to identify malignant tissues by visual inspection. Among the possible consequences, there is the formation of positive surgical margins, often associated with recurrence. In this work, the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR), overexpressed in the prostatic carcinoma and not in healthy tissues or in benign hyperplasia (BPH), is proposed as target molecule to design a novel near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) probe for image-guided prostatectomy. PROCEDURES: The NIRF dye Sulfo-Cy5.5 was conjugated to a Bombesin-like peptide (BBN), targeting GRPR. The final product, called BBN-Cy5.5, was characterized and tested in vitro on PC-3, DU145, and LnCAP cell lines, using unconjugated Sulfo-Cy5.5 as control. In vivo biodistribution studies were performed by optical imaging in PC-3 tumor-bearing and healthy mice. Finally, simulation of the surgical protocol was carried out. RESULTS: BBN-Cy5.5 showed high water solubility and a good relative quantum yield. The ability of the probe to recognize the GRPR, highly expressed in PC-3 cells, was tested both in vitro and in vivo, where a significant tumor accumulation was achieved 24 h post-injection. Furthermore, a distinguishable fluorescent signal was visible in mice bearing PCa, when the surgery was simulated. By contrast, low signal was found in healthy or BPH-affected mice. CONCLUSIONS: This work proposes a new NIRF probe ideal to target GRPR, biomarker of PCa. The promising data obtained suggest that the dye could allow the real-time intraoperative visualization of prostate cancer.

Multilamellar LipoCEST Agents Obtained from Osmotic Shrinkage of Paramagnetically Loaded Giant Unilamellar Vescicles (GUVs).

Moving from nano- to micro-systems may not just be a matter of scale, but it might imply changes in the properties of the systems that can open new routes for the development of efficient MRI contrast agents. This is the case reported in the present paper, where giant liposomes (giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs) loaded with LnIII complexes have been studied as chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI contrast agents. The comparison between nanosized liposomes (small unilamellar vesicles, SUVs) and GUVs sharing the same formulation led to differences that could not be accounted for only in terms of the increase in size (from 100-150 nm to 1-2 µm). Upon osmotic shrinkage, GUVs yielded a saturation-transfer effect three order of magnitude higher than SUVs consistent with the increase in vesicles volume. Confocal microscopy showed that the shrinkage of GUVs resulted in multilamellar particles whereas SUVs are known to yield asymmetrical, discoidal shape.

An efficient MRI agent targeting extracellular markers in prostate adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most widespread tumor affecting males in Western countries. We propose a novel MRI molecular tetrameric probe based on the heptadentate gadolinium (Gd)-AAZTA (6-amino-6-methylperhydro-1,4-diazepinetetraacetic acid) that is able to in vivo detect PCa through the recognition of the fibrin-fibronectin (FB-FN) complex. METHODS: The peptide CREKA (Cys-Arg-Glu-Lys-Ala), targeting the FB-FN complex in the reactive stroma of the tumor, was synthesized by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) and conjugated to the tetramer dL-(Gd-AAZTA)4 . The resulting probe was characterized by 1 H relaxometry, tested in vitro on FB clots and in vivo on an orthotopic mouse model of PCa. RESULTS: CREKA-dL-(Gd-AAZTA)4 showed a remarkable relaxivity of 18.2 m MGd-1s-1 (0.47 T, 25°C) because of the presence of 2 water molecules (q = 2) in the inner coordination sphere of each Gd3+ ion, whose rotational motion (τR ) is lengthened as the result of the relatively high molecular weight. The probe displayed a detectable affinity for plasma-derived FB clots. On intravenous injection of the probe in an orthotopic mouse model of PCa, a significant increase in the prostate T1 contrast (~40%) was observed. The MRI signal appears statistically higher either with respect to the one observed for the control probes and to the one detected when CREKA-dL-(Gd-AAZTA)4 was administered to healthy animals. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated the ability of the CREKA-dL-(Gd-AAZTA)4 probe to specifically localize in prostate tumor after injection. The high relaxivity of the probe allows the reduction of the injected dose to 20 µmolGd /kg, yielding a good in vivo contrast enhancement in the region of prostate tumor.

Synthesis of High Relaxivity Gadolinium AAZTA Tetramers as Building Blocks for Bioconjugation.

Molecular imaging requires the specific accumulation of contrast agents at the target. To exploit the superb resolution of MRI for applications in molecular imaging, gadolinium chelates, as the MRI contrast agents (CA), have to be conjugated to a specific vector able to recognize the epitope of interest. Several Gd(III)-chelates can be chemically linked to the same binding vector in order to deliver multiple copies of the CA (multimers) in a single targeting event thus increasing the sensitivity of the molecular probe. Herein three novel bifunctional agents, carrying one functional group for the bioconjugation to targeting vectors and four Gd(III)-AAZTA chelate functions for MRI contrast enhancement (AAZTA = 6-amino-6-methylperhydro-1,4-diazepinetetraacetic acid), are reported. The relaxivity in the tetrameric derivatives is 16.4 ± 0.2 mMGd-1 s-1 at 21.5 MHz and 25 °C, being 2.4-fold higher than that of parent, monomeric Gd(III)-AAZTA. These compounds can be used as versatile building blocks to insert preformed, high relaxivity, and high density Gd-centers to biological targeting vectors. As an example, we describe the use of these bifunctional Gd(III)-chelates to label a fibrin-targeting peptide.