ABSTRACT
CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The control of myopia progression is currently considered an evidence-based therapeutic need. BACKGROUND: To determine the efficacy and safety of the Esencia lens, a new soft contact lens (SCL) designed to slow down myopia progression in paediatric patients. METHODS: This study was a randomised, parallel, double-masked clinical trial. Seventy myopic (-0.50 to -8.75 D) boys and girls, 7-15-years of age, were randomised and allocated to one of two groups: (i) study (n = 36) or (ii) control (n = 34). Study group patients were given the Esencia lens, a progressive multifocal and reverse geometry SCL. Control group patients were given conventional SCLs. Efficacy measurements (change in cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length) were measured at baseline and at the six-month intervals over a 12- month period. Visual performance measurements were corneal power, comfort, quality of vision and contact lens fitting. Safety measures included detection of adverse events. RESULTS: Mean changes in cycloplegic autorefraction after 12-months were -0.28 ± 0.35 D for study and -0.57 ± 0.52 D for control group patients (p = 0.02). A significantly lower increase in axial length was found in the study group (0.13 ± 0.12-mm) compared to control (0.22 ± 0.14-mm) patients (p = 0.03). Compared to control group patients, there was less myopia progression in the study group: 51 and 41 per cent in terms of cycloplegic autorefraction and axial length, respectively. No significant differences between groups for change in corneal power, comfort, vision quality and contact lens fitting were found (p > 0.05). Regarding safety, there were no serious and/or unexpected adverse events during the study. CONCLUSIONS: The Esencia lens seems to be efficacious in slowing down progression of myopia in children compared to traditional SCLs in the short term, with comparable safety features and visual outcomes.
Subject(s)
Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic , Myopia , Adolescent , Child , Contact Lenses, Hydrophilic/adverse effects , Cornea , Disease Progression , Female , Humans , Male , Myopia/therapy , Refraction, OcularABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente estudio ha sido la validación y baremación de la Escala de Impulsividad de Plutchik (EI) en población adolescente hispanohablante. Para ello se obtuvo una muestra de adolescentes de El Salvador, México y España formada por 1035 participantes con una edad media de 16,2 años. Los adolescentes de la población forense (han cometido delito) han sido 450 y los de población normalizada (no han cometido delito) han sido 585. La consistencia interna de la EI se ha calculado mediante el coeficiente de fiabilidad alfa de Cronbach, cuyo valor ha sido 0,713. Con respecto a la validez, las estructuras factoriales halladas muestran la solidez del constructo porque explican un porcentaje elevado de varianza y extraen factores que son estables para cada submuestra. Se presentan los baremos elaborados, por primera vez en una muestra transcultural, diferenciando con respecto al género y al delito. En consecuencia, los resultados obtenidos sugieren que la EI es un instrumento válido y fiable en población adolescente hispanohablante. Es una escala rápida y fácil de aplicar lo cual es muy valioso en la evaluación forense
The objective of the present study was to validate and score the Plutchik ́s Impulsivity Scale (IS) in adolescent offenders in Spanish-speaking population. A sample of adolescents from El Salvador, Mexico and Spain was obtained. The sample consisted of 1035 participants with a mean age of 16.2. The forensic population included 450 adolescents (those who committed an offense) and the normal population (no offense committed) 585 adolescents. The internal consistency of the IS was estimated by Cronbachs alpha coefficient, whose value was 0.713. Regarding validity, the factorial structures found showed the constructs robustness because they explained a large proportion of the variance and extract factors that are stable for each subsample. The scales developed for the first time in a transcultural sample, differentiating gender and crime, are presented. Consequently, the results obtained suggest that the IS is a valid and reliable instrument within an adolescent Spanish-speaking population. It is a rapid to use and easy to apply scale, which is very valuable in forensic evaluation
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Child , Impulsive Behavior/physiology , Psychological Tests , Juvenile Delinquency/psychology , Psychometrics , Language , Mexico , El Salvador , SpainABSTRACT
The objective of the present study was to validate and score the Plutchik´s Impulsivity Scale (IS) in adolescent offenders in Spanish-speaking population. A sample of adolescents from El Salvador, Mexico and Spain was obtained. The sample consisted of 1035 participants with a mean age of 16.2. The forensic population included 450 adolescents (those who committed an offense) and the normal population (no offense committed) 585 adolescents. The internal consistency of the IS was estimated by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, whose value was 0.713. Regarding validity, the factorial structures found showed the construct’s robustness because they explained a large proportion of the variance and extract factors that are stable for each subsample. The scales developed for the first time in a transcultural sample, differentiating gender and crime, are presented. Consequently, the results obtained suggest that the IS is a valid and reliable instrument within an adolescent Spanish-speaking population. It is a rapid to use and easy to apply scale, which is very valuable in forensic evaluation.
Subject(s)
Impulsive Behavior/physiology , Adolescent , Child , El Salvador , Female , Humans , Juvenile Delinquency , Language , Male , Mexico , Psychological Tests , Psychometrics , Spain , Young AdultABSTRACT
El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las diferencias existentes en autoeficacia, autocontrol, estilo atribucional y ansiedad social entre los drogodependientes que demandan tratamiento en comparación con aquellos que no lo hacen. El criterio de selección de los sujetos participantes fue la presencia de un trastorno por dependencia a drogas y/o alcohol según criterios del Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales (DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR) (APA, 1994; 2000). Los sujetos fueron asignados a dos grupos en función de si demandaban o no tratamiento para su drogodependencia: Grupo clínico o de tratamiento (n=50) y Grupo control o de no tratamiento (n=34). Los resultados señalaron diferencias significativas siendo las puntuaciones del grupo de demanda de tratamiento más bajas en autocontrol y en autoeficacia social, más altas en ansiedad social y un estilo atribucional más interno y estable para los éxitos que el grupo de no demanda de tratamiento. Se analizan las implicaciones de los resultados para incrementar la demanda de tratamiento en adictos y su adhesión al mismo
The aim of this study was to analyse the differences in self-efficacy, self-control, attributional style, and social anxiety among drug dependents who request treatment compared with those who do not. The selection criterion for participants was the presence of a drug and/or alcohol dependence disorder according to the criteria of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV, DSM-IV-TR) (APA, 1994, 2000). Participants were assigned to two groups, clinical or treatment group (n = 50) and control or nontreatment group (n = 34). Results revealed significant differences between the groups, with lower scores in self-control and social self-efficacy, higher scores in social anxiety, and a more internal and stable attributional style for successes in the group that requested treatment compared with the group that did not request treatment. The implications of the results were analysed in order to increase the request for treatment by addicts and their adherence to it
Subject(s)
Male , Female , Adult , Humans , Substance-Related Disorders/psychology , Substance-Related Disorders/rehabilitation , Personality Inventory , Patient Compliance , Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , Case-Control Studies , Socioeconomic FactorsABSTRACT
Several studies have reported on neuropsychological status as an important contributing variable in drug abuse rehabilitation outcomes. However, few studies have dealt with cognitive impairment in methadone maintenance patients (MMP), despite the fact that methadone is the most frequently used opioid substitution treatment in European countries. The objective of the present study is to contrast the neuropsychological performance of MMP with that of abstinent heroin abusers (AHA). Participants were matched with respect to age, education, pre-morbid IQ, employment status and lifetime drug abuse, and they underwent a set of tests aimed at assessing visuo-spatial attention, processing speed and executive functions. Although processing speed and attention deficits have previously been the focus of studies with MMP, executive functions have not received a similar degree of attention. The purpose of comparing matched MMP and AHA is two-fold: firstly, to test the differential effects of current opioid consumption and past opioid abuse on cognitive-executive performance and secondly, to assess the potential consequences of opioid-related neuropsychological deficits. Results showed a significantly slower performance by MMP on processing speed, visuo-spatial attention, and cognitive flexibility tests (Five Digit Test (FDT) parts 1 and 3; Oral Trails (OT) parts 1, 2; Interference 2-1), and less accuracy in working memory and analogical reasoning tests extracted from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS III). Effect sizes for significant comparisons ranged from 0.67 to 1. These results seem to suggest that methadone consumption by itself induces significant cognitive impairments that could compromise drug-treatment outcomes in MMP.
