ABSTRACT
Staphylococcus aureus colonization in the nares of patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery increases the potential risk of surgical site infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has gained recognition as a pathogen that is no longer only just a hospital-acquired pathogen. Patients positive for MRSA are associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality following infection. MRSA is commonly found in the nares, and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) is even more prevalent. Recently, studies have determined that screening for this pathogen prior to surgery and diminishing staphylococcal infections at the surgical site will dramatically reduce surgical site infections. A nasal mupirocin treatment is shown to significantly reduce the colonization of the pathogen. However, this treatment is expensive and is currently not available in China. Thus, in this study, we first sought to determine the prevalence of MSSA/MSRA in patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery in northern China, and then, we treated the positive patients with a nasal povidone-iodine swab. Here, we demonstrate a successful reduction in the colonization of S. aureus. We propose that this treatment could serve as a cost-effective means of eradicating this pathogen in patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery, which might reduce the rate of surgical site infections.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Povidone-Iodine/therapeutic use , Elective Surgical Procedures/economics , Orthopedic Procedures/economics , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use , Nasal Cavity/microbiology , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Administration, Intranasal , China , Cross-Sectional Studies , Prospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/economics , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/methods , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Anti-Infective Agents, Local/economics , Nasal Cavity/drug effectsABSTRACT
Staphylococcus aureus colonization in the nares of patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery increases the potential risk of surgical site infections. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has gained recognition as a pathogen that is no longer only just a hospital-acquired pathogen. Patients positive for MRSA are associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality following infection. MRSA is commonly found in the nares, and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) is even more prevalent. Recently, studies have determined that screening for this pathogen prior to surgery and diminishing staphylococcal infections at the surgical site will dramatically reduce surgical site infections. A nasal mupirocin treatment is shown to significantly reduce the colonization of the pathogen. However, this treatment is expensive and is currently not available in China. Thus, in this study, we first sought to determine the prevalence of MSSA/MSRA in patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery in northern China, and then, we treated the positive patients with a nasal povidone-iodine swab. Here, we demonstrate a successful reduction in the colonization of S. aureus. We propose that this treatment could serve as a cost-effective means of eradicating this pathogen in patients undergoing elective orthopedic surgery, which might reduce the rate of surgical site infections.
Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents, Local/therapeutic use , Elective Surgical Procedures , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Nasal Cavity/microbiology , Orthopedic Procedures , Povidone-Iodine/therapeutic use , Administration, Intranasal , Adult , Anti-Infective Agents, Local/economics , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/economics , Antibiotic Prophylaxis/methods , China , Cross-Sectional Studies , Elective Surgical Procedures/economics , Female , Humans , Male , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/growth & development , Middle Aged , Nasal Cavity/drug effects , Orthopedic Procedures/economics , Postoperative Complications/prevention & control , Povidone-Iodine/economics , Prospective Studies , Reproducibility of Results , Staphylococcal Infections/prevention & control , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
In this study, a cysteine protease gene (MwCP) from Agropyron mongolicum Keng was isolated using RACE. Sequence analysis indicated that MwCP was 1473 bp, and it contained a 1134-bp open reading frame, which encoded 377 amino acids with a 24-amino acid N-terminal signal peptide. The results indicated that the MwCP protein was a new member of the papain C1A family, and it was predicted to be an extracellular, secretory stable hydrophilic protein. The secondary structure of MwCP was mainly composed of α-helices and random coils, and the space structure primarily contained α-helices, ß-sheets, and ß-turns. Homology analyses showed the 98% homology between MwCP amino acids and a cysteine protease found in Triticum aestivum (GenBank accession No. AAW21813.1). Analysis of mRNA using semi-quantitative RT-PCR indicated that during a 48-h drought stress period, MwCP was expressed during the 4th hour, and the expression level peaked during the 6th hour before declining to the original level. The results revealed that MwCP was involved in drought-resistant physiological processes of A. mongolicum. Moreover, the MwCP expression levels were highest in leaves, intermediate in roots, and lowest in stems.
Subject(s)
Adaptation, Physiological , Agropyron/enzymology , Cysteine Proteases/metabolism , Agropyron/genetics , Agropyron/physiology , Amino Acid Sequence , Base Sequence , Cloning, Molecular , Cysteine Proteases/chemistry , Cysteine Proteases/genetics , Droughts , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Plant Components, Aerial/metabolism , Plant Roots/metabolism , Protein Structure, Secondary , RNA, Messenger , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Homology, Amino AcidABSTRACT
We explored the association between 4 XRCC1 (Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln) and XPD (Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln) polymorphisms with the development and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). A total of 218 cases with HCC and 277 healthy controls were included in the study. Genotyping of the XRCC1 (Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln) and XPD (Asp312Asn and Lys751Gln) polymorphisms was performed in a 384-well plate format on the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. We found that individuals with the XRCC1 399AA genotype had a higher risk of HCC compared with the GG genotype (odds ratio, OR = 1.85, 95% confidence interval, CI = 1.03-3.23). Similarly, individuals carrying the XPD 751GG genotype showed a greatly increased risk of HCC (OR = 2.97, 95%CI = 126- 7.38). Cox regression analysis showed that individuals carrying XPD 751Gln/Gln genotypes had a 0.30-fold increased risk of death from HCC. These results suggest that polymorphisms in XRCC1 and XPD may have functional significance in HCC.