Understanding vegetation phenology responses to easily ignored climate factors in china's mid-high latitudes.

Previous studies have primarily focused on the influence of temperature and precipitation on phenology. It is unclear if the easily ignored climate factors with drivers of vegetation growth can effect on vegetation phenology. In this research, we conducted an analysis of the start (SOS) and end (EOS) of the growing seasons in the northern region of China above 30°N from 1982 to 2014, focusing on two-season vegetation phenology. We examined the response of vegetation phenology of different vegetation types to preseason climatic factors, including relative humidity (RH), shortwave radiation (SR), maximum temperature (Tmax), and minimum temperature (Tmin). Our findings reveal that the optimal preseason influencing vegetation phenology length fell within the range of 0-60 days in most areas. Specifically, SOS exhibited a significant negative correlation with Tmax and Tmin in 44.15% and 42.25% of the areas, respectively, while EOS displayed a significant negative correlation with SR in 49.03% of the areas. Additionally, we identified that RH emerged as the dominant climatic factor influencing the phenology of savanna (SA), whereas temperature strongly controlled the SOS of deciduous needleleaf forest (DNF) and deciduous broadleaf forest (DBF). Meanwhile, the EOS of DNF was primarily influenced by Tmax. In conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into how various vegetation types adapt to climate change, offering a scientific basis for implementing effective vegetation adaptation measures.

Dorsal dentate gyrus mediated enriched environment-induced anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in cortical infarcted mice.

Anxiety and depression are the most common mental health disorders worldwide, each affecting around 30% stroke survivors. These complications not only affect the functional recovery and quality of life in stroke patients, but also are distressing for caregivers. However, effective treatments are still lacking. Enriched environment (EE), characterized with novel and multi-dimensional stimulation, has been reported to exert therapeutic effects on physical and cognitive function. In addition, EE also had potential positive effects on emotional disorders after ischemic stroke; however, the underling mechanisms have not been well elucidated. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of EE on emotional disorders after cerebral ischemia and its underling mechanism. Sensorimotor cortical infarction was induced by photothrombosis with stable infarct location and volume, resulting in motor dysfunction, anxiety and depression-like behaviors in mice, with decreased ALFF and ReHo values and decreased c-fos expression in the infarction area and adjacent regions. Seven days' EE treatment significantly improved motor function of contralateral forelimb and exhibited anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in infarcted mice. Compared to the mice housing in a standard environment, those subjected to acute EE stimulation had significantly increased ALFF and ReHo values in the bilateral somatosensory cortex (S1, S2), dorsal dentate gyrus (dDG), dorsal CA1 of hippocampus (dCA1), lateral habenular nucleus (LHb), periaqueductal gray (PAG), ipsilateral primary motor cortex (M1), retrosplenial cortex (RSC), parietal association cortex (PtA), dorsal CA3 of hippocampus (dCA3), claustrum (Cl), ventral pallidum (VP), amygdala (Amy), and contralateral auditory cortex (Au). Some of, but not all, the ipsilateral brain regions mentioned above showed accompanying increases in c-fos expression with the most significant changes in the dDG. The number of FosB positive cells in the dDG, decreased in infarcted mice, was significantly increased after chronic EE treatment. Chemogenetic activation of dDG neurons reduced anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in infarcted mice, while neuronal inhibition resulted in void of the anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of EE. Altogether, these findings indicated that dDG neurons may mediate EE-triggered anxiolytic and antidepressant effects in cortical infarcted mice.

High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation promotes ipsilesional functional hyperemia and motor recovery in mice with ischemic stroke.

Neurovascular decoupling plays a significant role in dysfunction following an ischemic stroke. This study aimed to explore the effect of low- and high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on neurovascular remodeling after ischemic stroke. To achieve this goal, we compared functional hyperemia, cerebral blood flow regulatory factors, and neurochemical transmitters in the peri-infract cortex 21 days after a photothrombotic stroke. Our findings revealed that low- and high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation increased the real-time cerebral blood flow in healthy mice and improved neurobehavioral outcomes after stroke. Furthermore, high-frequency (5-Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation revealed stronger functional hyperemia recovery and increased the levels of post-synaptic density 95, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, phosphorylated-endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the peri-infract cortex compared with low-frequency (1-Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. The magnetic resonance spectroscopy data showed that low- and high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation reduced neuronal injury and maintained excitation/inhibition balance. However, 5-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation showed more significant regulation of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters after stroke than 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation. These results indicated that high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation could more effectively promote neurovascular remodeling after stroke, and specific repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation frequencies might be used to selectively regulate the neurovascular unit.

Biobased Biodegradable Copolyesters from 2,5-Thiophenedicarboxylic Acid: Effect of Aliphatic Diols on Barrier Properties and Degradation.

The demand for sustainable development has led to increasing attention in biobased polyesters due to their adjustable thermal and mechanical properties and biodegradability. In this study, we used a novel bioderived aromatic diacid, 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid (TDCA) to synthesize a list of novel aromatic-aliphatic poly(alkylene adipate-co-thiophenedicarboxylate) (PAATh) copolyesters through a facile melt polycondensation method. PAAThs are random copolyesters with weight-average molecular weights of 58400 to 84200 g·mol-1 and intrinsic viscosities of 0.80 to 1.27 dL·g-1. All PAAThs exhibit sufficiently high thermal stability as well as the highest tensile strength of 6.2 MPa and the best gas barrier performances against CO2 and O2, 4.3- and 3.3-fold better than those of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT). The biodegradability of PAAThs was fully evaluated through a degradation experiment and various experimental parameters, including residue weights, surface morphology, and molecular compositions. The state-of-the-art molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were applied to elucidate the different enzymatic degradation behaviors of PAAThs due to the effect of diols with different chain structures. The sterically hindered carbonyl carbon of the PHATh-enzyme complex was more susceptible to nucleophilic attack and exhibited a higher tendency to enter a prereaction state. This study has introduced a group of novel biobased copolyesters with their structure-property relationships investigated thoroughly, and the effect of diol components on the enzymatic degradation was revealed by computational analysis. These findings may lay the foundation for the development of promising substitutes for commercial biodegradable polyesters and shed light on their complicated degradation mechanisms.

Vegetation drought risk assessment based on the multi-weight methods in Northwest China.

Vegetation makes an outstanding contribution to the stability of ecosystems and to a certain extent reflects the state of the terrestrial ecosystem. Drought conditions greatly affect the growth and development process of vegetation due to its remarkable stochasticity and complexity. Due to the complex coupling mechanism between vegetation and drought, the research on vegetation drought risk is still limited. In this work, we focus on Northwest China and use the improved vegetation health index (VHI) and other multi-source data. We selected indicator factors based on both hazard and vulnerability, and adopt three weight determination methods, namely entropy method, critic method, and coefficient of variation method, to construct the corresponding index model, and also to establish a vegetation drought risk assessment model to quantitatively evaluate the drought risk of vegetation in northwest China. Results show that the percentage of each drought category remarkably changed during the period encompassing 1981-2020, and the vegetation drought shows deterioration in more areas of northwest China. The vegetation drought risks derived from the three weight determination methods were generally consistent, but differed for a particular vegetation type. The overall spatial distribution pattern of vegetation drought risk in Northwest China is higher in the west and lower in the east, and the vegetation in southern Qinghai and northwestern Xinjiang presents higher drought risk. This study may be used as a tool to provide quantitative basis for vegetation protection and vegetation drought management.

Hepatorenal Toxicity after 7-Day Oral Administration of Low-Dose Tetrodotoxin and Its Distribution in the Main Tissues in Mice.

Tetrodotoxin (TTX) is a highly toxic compound detected in various edible marine animals even in European waters. To characterize the hazard by oral exposure to TTX, its tissue distribution was evaluated after single (75 µg/kg) or 7-day (25-125 µg/kg) oral administration in mice. Moreover, TTX liver and renal toxicity was evaluated after 7-day oral administration. The elimination cycle of a single oral dose of TTX (75 µg/kg) was found to be approximately 168 h (7 days). Daily oral administration of TTX at doses of 25, 75, and 125 µg/kg for 7 consecutive days revealed dose-dependent toxic effects on the liver and kidney. Histopathological examination showed increased inflammatory cell infiltration in the liver and kidney with higher TTX doses, along with disorganization of the hepatic cord and renal tubular cell arrangement. The study results indicated that TTX had more hepatotoxicity than nephrotoxicity in mice. These findings provide insights into the unintentional ingestion of a low dose of TTX in mammals, including humans, and emphasize the importance of food safety.

Drought characteristics and dominant factors across China: Insights from high-resolution daily SPEI dataset between 1979 and 2018.

Drought, a complex phenomenon exacerbated by climate change, is influenced by various climate factors. The escalating global temperatures associated with climate change, impact precipitation patterns and water cycle processes, consequently intensifying the occurrence and severity of droughts. To effectively address and adapt to these challenges, it is crucial to identify the dominant climate factors driving drought events. In this study, we utilized the 1979-2018 Chinese meteorological forcing dataset to calculate the daily Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). The Theil-Sen and Mann-Kendall (M-K) tests were employed to analyze the spatial and temporal trends of drought severity and duration. Additionally, partial correlation analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between climate factors (precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET)) and drought characteristic (drought severity and duration). Through this comprehensive analysis, we aimed to identify the primary factors influencing drought severity and duration. The findings revealed the following key results: (1) Over the 40-year period from 1979 to 2018, drought trends in China and its seven climate divisions exhibited an increasing pattern. (2) During drought periods, most regions exhibited a positive correlation between PET and drought severity and duration, while precipitation demonstrated a negative correlation. However, certain areas experiencing severe drought displayed a negative correlation between PET and drought severity and duration, precipitation demonstrated a positive correlation with drought severity and duration. (3) PET emerged as the dominant climatic factor for meteorological drought in the majority of China. These findings contribute valuable insights for policymakers in the development of climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies. By understanding the dominant climate factors driving drought events, policymakers can implement effective measures to mitigate the adverse socioeconomic and environmental impacts associated with climate change.

UPLC-MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Valnemulin and Its Metabolites in Crucian Carp: In Vivo Metabolism and Tissue Distribution Analyses.

Valnemulin (VML) is a semi-synthetic pleuromutilin derivative widely used to treat animal bacterial diseases. However, no study has comprehensively evaluated VML metabolism in aquatic animals, including crucian carp. This study aimed to investigate VML metabolism in crucian carp. VML metabolites in crucian carp were quantified via intraperitoneal injection and analyzed via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Three VML metabolites were detected in crucian carp via ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) structural analysis. The enrichment and metabolism rules of the metabolites were summarized based on tissue distribution and concentration changes of the three metabolites. The metabolites were mainly found in the liver at 0.1 h after VML injection. The levels of the metabolites were abundant in the bile from 4 h to 12 h and in the skin after 72 h. The levels of the metabolites in the bile first increased, then decreased. The metabolism in the liver was completed at 72 h. The metabolites were detected in the skin following a 72 h period, which increased with time.

Evidence Accumulation and Neural Correlates of Uncertainty in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Decision making is frequently associated with risk taking under uncertainty. Elevated intolerance of uncertainty is suggested to be a critical feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, impairments of latent constructs of uncertainty processing and its neural correlates remain unclear in OCD. METHODS: In 83 participants (24 OCD patients treated with capsulotomy, 28 OCD control participants, and 31 healthy control participants), we performed magnetic resonance imaging using a card gambling task in which participants made decisions whether to bet or not that the next card would be larger than the current one. A hierarchical drift diffusion model was used to dissociate speed and amount of evidence accumulated before a decisional threshold (i.e., betting or no betting) was reached. RESULTS: High uncertainty was characterized by a smaller amount of evidence accumulation (lower thresholds), thus dissociating uncertainty from conflict tasks and highlighting the specificity of this task to test value-based uncertainty. OCD patients exhibited greater caution with poor performance and greater evidence accumulation overall along with slower speed of accumulation, particularly under low uncertainty. Bilateral dorsal anterior cingulate and anterior insula distinguished high- and low-uncertainty decision processes in healthy control participants but not in the OCD groups, indicating impairments in anticipation of differences in outcome variance and salience network activity. There were no behavioral or imaging differences relating to capsulotomy despite improvements in OCD symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight greater impairments particularly in more certain trials in the OCD groups along with impaired neural differentiation of high and low uncertainty and suggest uncertainty processing as a trait cognitive endophenotype rather than a state-specific factor.

Melt polycondensation of poly (butylene oxalate-co-succinate) with great potential in curbing marine plastic pollution.

Marine plastic pollution, with annual emissions into the marine over 53 million metric tons, has been a major worldwide concern. Many of so-called "biodegradable" polymers degrade very slowly in seawater. Oxalate have attracted attention because the electron-withdrawing effect of adjacent ester bonds promotes their natural hydrolysis, particularly in the ocean. However, the low boiling point and poor thermal stability of oxalic acids severely limits their applications. The successful synthesis of light-colored poly(butylene oxalate-co-succinate) (PBOS), with weight average molecular weight higher than 1 × 105 g/mol, displays the breakthroughs in the melt polycondensation of oxalic acid-based copolyesters. The copolymerization of oxalic acid retains the crystallization rate of PBS, with minimum half-crystallization times from 16 s (PBO10S) to 48 s (PBO30S). PBO10S-PBO40S exhibit good mechanical properties with elastic modulus of 218-454 MPa, and tensile strength between 12 and 29 MPa, better than packaging materials such as biodegradable PBAT and non-degradable LLDPE. PBOS achieve rapid degradation in the marine environment, with a mass loss 8%- 45% after 35 days. The characterization of structural changes demonstrate that the introduced oxalic acid plays a key role in the process of seawater degradation. This new class of polymers therefore provide highly promising materials for sustainable packaging with unique seawater degradation properties.

MATR3-antisense LINE1 RNA meshwork scaffolds higher-order chromatin organization.

Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) play essential roles in shaping chromatin states, while the factors that cooperate with LINEs and their roles in higher-order chromatin organization remain poorly understood. Here, we show that MATR3, a nuclear matrix protein, interplays with antisense LINE1 (AS L1) RNAs to form a meshwork via phase separation, providing a dynamic platform for chromatin spatial organization. MATR3 and AS L1 RNAs affect the nuclear localization of each other. After MATR3 depletion, the chromatin, particularly H3K27me3-modified chromatin, redistributes in the cell nuclei. Topologically associating domains (TADs) that highly transcribe MATR3-associated AS L1 RNAs show decreased intra-TAD interactions in both AML12 and ES cells. MATR3 depletion increases the accessibility of H3K27me3 domains adjacent to MATR3-associated AS L1, without affecting H3K27me3 modifications. Furthermore, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated MATR3 mutants alter biophysical features of the MATR3-AS L1 RNA meshwork and cause an abnormal H3K27me3 staining. Collectively, we reveal a role of the meshwork formed by MATR3 and AS L1 RNAs in gathering chromatin in the nucleus.

An improved global vegetation health index dataset in detecting vegetation drought.

Due to global warming, drought events have become more frequent, which resulted in aggravated crop failures, food shortage, larger and more energetic wildfires, and have seriously affected socio-economic development and agricultural production. In this study, a global long-term (1981-2021), high-resolution (4 km) improved vegetation health index (VHI) dataset integrating climate, vegetation and soil moisture was developed. Based on drought records from the Emergency Event Database, we compared the detection efficiency of the VHI before and after its improvement in the occurrence and scope of observed drought events. The global drought detection efficiency of the improved high-resolution VHI dataset reached values as high as 85%, which is 14% higher than the original VHI dataset. The improved VHI dataset was also more sensitive to mild droughts and more accurate regarding the extent of droughts. This improved dataset can play an important role in long-term drought monitoring but also has the potential to assess the impact of drought on the agricultural, forestry, ecological and environmental sectors.

Comparison of R1ρ Imaging Between Rapid Acquisition with Relaxation Enhancement (RARE) and Ultrashort TE (UTE) Sequence in the Assessment of Rat Liver Iron Overload at 11.7T.

INTRODUCTION: Since the most prominent effect of iron is increasing R2* and R2 relaxation rates, the iron-overload liver shows little signal with conventional T1ρ sequences like RARE. Whereas UTE MR imaging sequences can detect the signal from short T2/T2* relaxation components in tissues. This study aims to evaluate the difference in R1ρ profiles and compare the correlations between RARE-based and UTE-based sequences with LIC in assessing rat liver iron overload. METHODS: Iron dextran (Sigma, 100 mg Fe/ml) was injected into thirty-five rats (25-100 mg/kg body weight), while the rats in the control group were injected with saline (n=5). The liver specimen was taken after one week. A portion of the largest hepatic lobe was extracted to quantify the LIC by inductively coupled plasma, and the remaining liver tissue was stored in 4% buffered paraformaldehyde for 24 h before MRI. Spin-lock preparation with RARE readout and 2D UTE readout pulses were developed to quantify R1ρ on a Bruker 11.7T MR system. RESULTS: The mean R1ρ value of the rat liver with UTE-based R1ρ sequence was significantly higher compared to the RARE-based R1ρ sequence (p<0.001). Spearman's correlation analysis (two-tailed) indicated that the R1ρ values were significantly correlated with LIC for both UTE-R1ρ and RARER1ρ sequences (r = 0.727, P < 0.001, and r = 0.712, P < 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: The current study adds to evidence that there is a correlation between iron concentration and R1ρ. Moreover, the UTE-based R1ρ sequence is more sensitive to the liver iron than the RAREbased R1ρ sequence. R1ρ might serve as a complementary imaging biomarker for liver iron overload quantification.

Does Tibetan Household Livelihood Capital Enhance Tourism Participation Sustainability? Evidence from China's Jiaju Tibetan Village.

Identifying effective transformations to reduce poverty and approach rural sustainability is at the core of the first sustainable development goal of the United Nations. This article offers scientific support for continued efforts in sustaining rural development and livelihood resilience. Many studies have examined drivers of livelihood transition from farming to non-farm activities, especially participation in tourism against the backdrop of rural tourism development. However, few studies have identified ways to measure the level of tourism participation or have discussed how household-level capital influences decisions regarding tourism participation made by Tibetan ethnic households. This article assesses the role of livelihood capital in the adoption of tourism activities at the household level in Jiaju Tibetan Village, an ethnic region that is experiencing struggling agricultural business and developing tourism sector. Using household survey data, this study presents an ordinal logistic regression model to identify the determinants of the household tourism participation level. The results showed that households' tourism participation was influenced by physical capital (e.g., proximity to major roads, odds ratio = 2.83 at p = 0.024; fixed capitals, odds ratio = 101.19 at p = 0.039), human capital (e.g., availability of family labor, odds ratio = 0.25 at p = 0.004; availability of skilled member, odds ratio = 2.91 at p = 0.002), and social capital (e.g., relatives in governmental sectors, odds ratio = 5.22 at p = 0.044; government payments, odds ratio = 8.78 at p = 0.04), while the influence of financial capital was not significant. The proximity to major roads, availability of skilled members, fixed assets, and direct and indirect support from the government to households were significantly and positively associated with tourism participation level. The effects of household labor availability and annual family income remain unclear. Overall, household livelihood capital plays a critical role in the enhancement of tourism participation in Jiaju Tibetan Village. Our findings have implications for understanding the shift of on-farm occupation to off-farm activities in tourism and for the pursuit of policies contributing to poverty reduction and rural revitalization in China as well as to the Sustainable Development Goals.

Original karst tiankeng with underground virgin forest as an inaccessible refugia originated from a degraded surface flora in Yunnan, China.

Karst tiankengs are rare natural habitats, having a local microclimate different from surrounding regions. A contrast study on plant communities at the inside and outside of the primitive tiankeng was carried out by performing the qualitative analysis of species compositions of arborous and shrub layers. We found that plant communities in the primitive tiankeng belong to the subtropical moist evergreen broad-leaf forest, whereas those outside the tiankeng belong to subtropical semi-moist needle-broadleaved mixed forest. Trapped habitat of primitive karst tiankeng protects the plant communities significantly different from those in external karst ecosystems, so karst tiankeng has the great value in the plant species protection. Although the trapped habitat decreases plant species abundance inside tiankeng to some extent, highly diverse shrub species are present in the inside-tiankeng plant communities, and the primitive karst tiankeng plays an important role in the plant diversity protection. The primitive karst tiankeng is an important refugia for plant not only as a plant species protection library, but a plant diversity protection library. When implementing measures for the reduction of damages to biodiversity due to global climate changes and human activities, more attention should be paid to the primitive karst tiankeng as a small ecological refugia and biodiversity protection library.

An improved daily standardized precipitation index dataset for mainland China from 1961 to 2018.

The standardized precipitation index (SPI), one of the most commonly used drought indicators, is widely used in the research areas of drought analysis and drought prediction in different fields such as meteorology, agriculture, and hydrology. However, its main disadvantage is the relatively coarse time resolution of one month. To improve the time resolution of SPI to identify flash droughts, we have refined the traditional SPI calculation method and developed a new multi-scale daily SPI dataset based on data from 484 meteorological stations in mainland China from 1961 to 2018. SPI data from three different sites (located in Henan, Yunnan, and Fujian Provinces) at the three-month timescale were analyzed by comparing with historically recorded drought events. We found that the new multi-scale daily SPI can effectively capture drought events in different periods and locations and identify the specific start and end times of drought events. In short, our SPI dataset appears reasonable and capable of facilitating drought research in different fields.

Controlled fabrication of core-shell γ-Fe2O3@C-Reduced graphene oxide composites with tunable interfacial structure for highly efficient microwave absorption.

The design of a high-performance microwave absorbing material is highly dependent on the synergistic structural design of heterostructure and the appropriate material compositions. Herein, a series of composites of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and core-shell structured γ-Fe2O3@C nanoparticles have been achieved by a hydrothermal and in-situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. In particular, the structure of the carbon layer, including its graphitization and thickness, can be controlled by optimizing the CVD conditions, which is beneficial to tailor the impedance matching and dielectric loss. The rationally designed RGO/γ-Fe2O3@C composite has multiple electromagnetic dissipation mechanisms. The effective absorption ranges of an optimal sample at a filling rate of 20% can cover 100% X-band and 98% Ku-band at thicknesses of 3.0 mm and 2.2 mm, respectively. This finding suggested that the controllable fabrication of core-shell heterostructures could be viable approach to upgrade the microwave absorption performance of transition metal oxides.

Staging Liver Fibrosis: Comparison of Native T1 Mapping, T2 Mapping, and T1ρ: An Experimental Study in Rats With Bile Duct Ligation and Carbon Tetrachloride at 11.7 T MRI.

BACKGROUND: T1, T2, and T1ρ might be potential biomarkers for assessing liver fibrosis. However, few studies reported the value of them in different animal models. PURPOSE: To investigate and compare the performances of T1, T2, and T1ρ for noninvasively staging liver fibrosis in bile duct ligation (BDL) or carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) model. STUDY TYPE: Prospective animal model. SUBJECTS: Liver fibrosis was induced by BDL or injection of CCl4 in 120 rats. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 11.7 T, T1 mapping with 10 repetition times, T2 mapping with 32 echo times, and T1ρ with 10 spin-lock times. ASSESSMENT: T1, T2, and T1ρ were measured and correlated with liver fibrosis stages, as well as the degree of inflammation, steatosis, iron deposition, and the expression of cytokeratin 19. The discriminative performance of T1, T2, and T1ρ for staging liver fibrosis was compared. STATISTICAL TESTS: One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Spearman's correlation analysis, factorial design ANOVA, and receiver operating characteristic curves (P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant). RESULTS: T1, T2, and T1ρ (BDL: rho = 0.73, 0.85, 0.68; CCl4 : rho = 0.80, 0.29, 0.61) were significantly correlated with liver fibrosis stages, while there was no significant difference in T2 among stage F0-F4 in the CCl4 model (P = 0.204). The area under the curves (AUCs) range of T1, T2, and T1ρ for predicting ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 were 0.76-0.95, 0.89-0.98, and 0.80-0.94 in the CCl4 model. For the CCl4 model, the AUCs range of T1, T2, and T1ρ for predicting ≥F1, ≥F2, ≥F3, and F4 were 0.83-0.95, 0.61-0.74, and 0.73-0.89, respectively. T2 had significantly higher AUC in the BDL model than CCl4 model for diagnosing liver fibrosis. DATA CONCLUSION: The most sensitive and accurate method for staging liver fibrosis appeared to be T1 in our animal models followed by T1ρ. T2 may not be suitable for evaluating liver fibrosis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 1 TECHNICAL EFFICACY STAGE: 2.