Nonmagnetic framboid and associated iron nanoparticles with a space-weathered feature from asteroid Ryugu.

Extraterrestrial minerals on the surface of airless Solar System bodies undergo gradual alteration processes known as space weathering over long periods of time. The signatures of space weathering help us understand the phenomena occurring in the Solar System. However, meteorites rarely retain the signatures, making it impossible to study the space weathering processes precisely. Here, we examine samples retrieved from the asteroid Ryugu by the Hayabusa2 spacecraft and discover the presence of nonmagnetic framboids through electron holography measurements that can visualize magnetic flux. Magnetite particles, which normally provide a record of the nebular magnetic field, have lost their magnetic properties by reduction via a high-velocity (>5 km s-1) impact of a micrometeoroid with a diameter ranging from 2 to 20 µm after destruction of the parent body of Ryugu. Around these particles, thousands of metallic-iron nanoparticles with a vortex magnetic domain structure, which could have recorded a magnetic field in the impact event, are found. Through measuring the remanent magnetization of the iron nanoparticles, future studies are expected to elucidate the nature of the nebular/interplanetary magnetic fields after the termination of aqueous alteration in an asteroid.

Successful multidisciplinary treatment for synchronous advanced esophageal and cecal cancers after total gastrectomy with reconstruction by jejunal interposition.

BACKGROUND: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma is characterized by field cancerization, wherein multiple cancers occur in the esophagus, head and neck, and stomach. Synchronous esophageal and colorectal cancers are also encountered with a certain frequency. A good prognosis can be expected if the tumors in both locations can be safely and completely removed. For patients with multiple cancers that occur simultaneously with esophageal cancer, it is necessary to perform a staged operation, taking into consideration the associated surgical invasiveness. It is also necessary to select multidisciplinary treatment depending on the degree of progression of the multiple lesions. We report our rare experience with a staged operation for a patient with synchronous advanced cancers of the esophagus and cecum who had previously undergone total gastrectomy with reconstruction by jejunal interposition for gastric cancer. CASE PRESENTATION: A 71-year-old man with a history of reconstruction by jejunal interposition after total gastrectomy was diagnosed as having multiple synchronous esophageal and cecal cancers. After neoadjuvant chemotherapy, we performed a planned two-stage operation, with esophagectomy and jejunostomy in the first stage and ileocecal resection and jejunal reconstruction with vascular anastomosis in the second. Postoperatively, the patient was relieved without major complications, and both tumors were amenable to curative pathologic resection. CONCLUSIONS: Our procedure reported here may be recommended as an option for staged resection and reconstruction in patients with simultaneous advanced esophageal and cecal cancer after total gastrectomy.

Facilely Fabricated Zero-Bias Silicon-Based Plasmonic Photodetector in the Near-Infrared Region with a Schottky Barrier Properly Controlled by Nanoalloys.

Plasmonic Schottky devices have attracted considerable attention for use in practical applications based on photoelectric conversion, because they enable light to be harvested below the bandgap of semiconductors. In particular, silicon-based (Si) plasmonic Schottky devices have great potential for useful photodetection in the near-infrared region. However, the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) values of previously reported devices are low because the Schottky barrier is excessively high. Here, we are the first to develop AuAg nanoalloy-n-type Si plasmonic Schottky devices by cathodic arc plasma deposition. Interestingly, it is found that a novel nanostructure, which leads to the improvement of responsivities, is formed. Moreover, these plasmonic nanostructures can be fabricated in only ∼1 min. The fabricated AuAg nanoparticle-film structure enables proper control of the Schottky barrier height and increases the area of the Schottky interface for electron transfer. As a result, the considerably enhanced IQE of our device at a telecommunication wavelength of 1310 nm (1550 nm) without external bias is 4.6 (6.5) times higher than those in previous reports, and these responsivities are a record high. This approach can be applied to realize efficient photodetection in the NIR region and extend the use of light below the bandgap of semiconductors. This paves the way for future application advancements in a variety of fields, including photodetection, imaging, photovoltaics, and photochemistry.

High-Mannose-Type Glycan of Basigin in Endothelial Cells Is Essential for the Opening of the Blood-Brain Barrier Induced by Hypoxia, Cyclophilin A, or Tumor Necrosis Factor-α.

Pathologic opening of the blood-brain barrier accelerates the progression of various neural diseases. Basigin, as an essential molecule for the opening of the blood-brain barrier, is a highly glycosylated transmembrane molecule specified in barrier-forming endothelial cells. This study analyzed the involvement of basigin in the regulation of the blood-brain barrier focusing on its glycosylation forms. First, basigin was found to be expressed as cell surface molecules with complex-type glycan as well as those with high-mannose-type glycan in barrier-forming endothelial cells. Monolayers of endothelial cells with suppressed expression of basigin with high-mannose-type glycan were then prepared and exposed to pathologic stimuli. These monolayers retained their barrier-forming properties even in the presence of pathologic stimuli, although their expression of basigin with complex-type glycan was maintained. In vivo, the blood-brain barrier in mice pretreated intravenously with endoglycosidase H was protected from opening under pathologic stimuli. Pathologically opened blood-brain barrier in streptozotocin-injected mice was successfully closed by intravenous injection of endoglycosidase H. These results show that high-mannose-type glycan of the basigin molecule is essential for the opening of the blood-brain barrier and therefore a specific target for protection as well as restoration of pathologic opening of the blood-brain barrier.

Atrial electrical remodeling and function after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in patients with aortic stenosis.

To examine reverse atrial electrical remodeling in patients with aortic stenosis (AS) after trans-catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). In 65 consecutive patients with severe AS (83 ± 4 years, 47 (72.3%) females), we analyzed ECG records for the P wave duration (PWD) in lead II and P-terminal force (PTFV1) in V1, and measured cardiac dimensions and function by echocardiography (ECHO) following TAVR. Biomarkers were measured to assess myocardial injury by TAVR. TAVR was successfully performed without major complications: the aortic valve area increased from 0.62 ± 0.14 cm2 to 1.52 ± 0.24cm2, and the trans-aortic pressure gradient decreased from 58.4 ± 15.9 mmHg to 15.0 ± 19.6 mmHg. PWD and PTFV increased immediately after TAVR and returned to the pre-TAVR levels on the next day. Then, the PWD declined toward 6 months after TAVR non-significantly in all patients, but significantly in 25 patients with baseline PWD ≥ 130 ms (P = 0.039). PTFV1 showed no long-term change. Improvement was observed in the ejection fraction, all thickness of the left ventricle and in the left atrial dimensions on ECHO. After recovery from transient aggravation by TAVR procedure, PWD reversed slowly, and the change was significant in those with baseline PWD ≥ 130 ms while change in PTFV1 was not significant at 6 months of follow-up. ECHO showed a reversal of remodeling in the left ventricle and in the left atrial dimension after TAVR.

One-carbon metabolizing enzyme ALDH1L1 influences mitochondrial metabolism through 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide accumulation and serine depletion, contributing to tumor suppression.

Tumor cells generally require large amounts of nucleotides, and thus activate de novo purine synthesis (dnPS). In the dnPS reactions, 10-formyltetrahydorofolate (10-fTHF) supplied by one-carbon metabolism is utilized as a formyl group donor. We focused on aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L1 (ALDH1L1), which metabolizes 10-fTHF to tetrahydrofolate and whose expression is often attenuated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We generated ALDH1L1-expressing HuH-7 cells to perform metabolome analysis and found that intracellular levels of serine were reduced and glycine was increased. In addition, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (ZMP), a dnPS intermediate, accumulated due to the consumption of 10-fTHF by ALDH1L1, which inhibited ZMP formylation. Importantly, ALDH1L1-expressing cells showed reduced ZMP sensitivity and higher mitochondrial activity. The suppression of mitochondrial serine catabolism by ALDH1L1 expression was speculated to be closely related to this phenotype. Gene set enrichment analysis utilizing The Cancer Genome Atlas data revealed that genes related to oxidative phosphorylation were enriched in HCC patients with high ALDH1L1 expression. Moreover, drug sensitivity data analysis demonstrated that HCC cell lines with low expression of ALDH1L1 were sensitive to ZMP and cordycepin, a structural analog of ZMP and AMP. Our study revealed that ZMP and AMP analogs might be effective in the pharmacotherapy of HCC patients with low expression of ALDH1L1.

Visualization of nanoscale magnetic domain states in the asteroid Ryugu.

In the samples collected from the asteroid Ryugu, magnetite displays natural remanent magnetization due to nebular magnetic field, whereas contemporaneously grown iron sulfide does not display stable remanent magnetization. To clarify this counterintuitive feature, we observed their nanoscale magnetic domain structures using electron holography and found that framboidal magnetites have an external magnetic field of 300 A m-1, similar to the bulk value, and its magnetic stability was enhanced by interactions with neighboring magnetites, permitting a disk magnetic field to be recorded. Micrometer-sized pyrrhotite showed a multidomain magnetic structure that was unable to retain natural remanent magnetization over a long time due to short relaxation time of magnetic-domain-wall movement, whereas submicron-sized sulfides formed a nonmagnetic phase. These results show that both magnetite and sulfide could have formed simultaneously during the aqueous alteration in the parent body of the asteroid Ryugu.

Enhancing performance of electron holography with mathematical and machine learning-based denoising techniques.

Electron holography is a useful tool for analyzing functional properties, such as electromagnetic fields and strains of materials and devices. The performance of electron holography is limited by the 'shot noise' inherent in electron micrographs (holograms), which are composed of a finite number of electrons. A promising approach for addressing this issue is to use mathematical and machine learning-based image-processing techniques for hologram denoising. With the advancement of information science, denoising methods have become capable of extracting signals that are completely buried in noise, and they are being applied to electron microscopy, including electron holography. However, these advanced denoising methods are complex and have many parameters to be tuned; therefore, it is necessary to understand their principles in depth and use them carefully. Herein, we present an overview of the principles and usage of sparse coding, the wavelet hidden Markov model and tensor decomposition, which have been applied to electron holography. We also present evaluation results for the denoising performance of these methods obtained through their application to simulated and experimentally recorded holograms. Our analysis, review and comparison of the methods clarify the impact of denoising on electron holography research.

Switching mechanism from AR to EGFR signaling via 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate in castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Androgen deprivation therapy is given to suppress prostate cancer growth; however, some cells continue to grow hormone-independently as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). Sulfated glycosaminoglycans promote ligand binding to receptors as co-receptors, but their role in CRPC remains unknown. Using the human prostate cancer cell line C4-2, which can proliferate in hormone-dependent and hormone-independent conditions, we found that epidermal growth factor (EGF)-activated EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling via 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (HS) produced by HS 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 (HS3ST1) is activated in C4-2 cells under hormone depletion. Knockdown of HS3ST1 in C4-2 cells suppressed hormone-independent growth, and inhibited both EGF binding to the cell surface and activation of EGFR-ERK1/2 signaling. Gefitinib, an EGFR inhibitor, significantly suppressed C4-2 cell proliferation and growth of a xenografted C4-2 tumor in castrated mouse. Collectively, our study has revealed a mechanism by which cancer cells switch to hormone-independent growth and identified the key regulator as 3-O-sulfated HS.

Low-dose measurement of electric potential distribution in organic light-emitting diode by phase-shifting electron holography with 3D tensor decomposition.

To improve the performance of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), it is essential to understand and control the electric potential in the organic semiconductor layers. Electron holography (EH) is a powerful technique for visualizing the potential distribution with a transmission electron microscope. However, it has a serious issue that high-energy electrons may damage the organic layers, meaning that a low-dose EH is required. Here, we used a machine learning technique, three-dimensional (3D) tensor decomposition, to denoise electron interference patterns (holograms) of bilayer OLEDs composed of N,N'-di-[(1-naphthyl)-N,N'-diphenyl]-(1,1'-biphenyl)-4,4'-diamine (α-NPD) and tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline)aluminum (Alq3), acquired under a low-dose rate of 130 e- nm-2 s-1. The effect of denoising on the phase images reconstructed from the holograms was evaluated in terms of both the phase measurement error and the peak signal-to-noise ratio. We achieved a precision equivalent to that of a conventional measurement that had an exposure time 60 times longer. The electric field within the Alq3 layer decreased as the cumulative dose increased, which indicates that the Alq3 layer was degraded by the electron irradiation. On the basis of the degradation of the electric field, we concluded that the tolerance dose without damaging the OLED sample is about 1.7 × 105 e- nm-2, which is about 0.6 times that of the conventional EH. The combination of EH and 3D tensor decomposition denoising is capable of making a time series measurement of an OLED sample without any effect from the electron irradiation.

Construction of mouse cochlin mutants with different GAG-binding specificities and their use for immunohistochemistry.

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) is a polysaccharide present on the cell surface as an extracellular matrix component, and is composed of repeating disaccharide units consisting of an amino sugar and uronic acid except in the case of the keratan sulfate. Sulfated GAGs, such as heparan sulfate, heparin, and chondroitin sulfate mediate signal transduction of growth factors, and their functions vary with the type and degree of sulfated modification. We have previously identified human and mouse cochlins as proteins that bind to sulfated GAGs. Here, we prepared a recombinant cochlin fused to human IgG-Fc or Protein A at the C-terminus as a detection and purification tag and investigated the ligand specificity of cochlin. We found that cochlin can be used as a specific probe for highly sulfated heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate E. We then used mutant analysis to identify the mechanism by which cochlin recognizes GAGs and developed a GAG detection system using cochlin. Interestingly, a mutant lacking the vWA2 domain bound to various types of GAGs. The N-terminal amino acid residues of cochlin contributed to its binding to heparin. Pathological specimens from human myocarditis patients were stained with a cochlin-Fc mutant. The results showed that both tryptase-positive and tryptase-negative mast cells were stained with this mutant. The identification of detailed modification patterns of GAGs is an important method to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of various diseases. The method developed for evaluating the expression of highly sulfated GAGs will help understand the biological and pathological importance of sulfated GAGs in the future.

Stress exacerbates pancreatic cancer both directly and indirectly by creating an immunosuppressive environment.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: Sympathetic nerve stimulation by stress exacerbates various solid tumors, including pancreatic cancer (PCa). The relationship between cancer and immunity has been suggested; however, there is limited information about the effects of nerve stimulation on immunity and cancer. We aimed to investigate the involvement of sympathetic nerve stimulation in immune cells and its effects on PCa using a restraint stress mouse model. METHODS: In the in vitro experiment, the mouse-derived PCa cell line (LTPA) was cultured in a noradrenalin-supplemented medium. In the in vivo experiment, mice were divided into non-stress and stress groups. RESULTS: LTPA proliferated significantly more when cultured in a noradrenalin-supplemented medium than in a normal medium. Flow cytometry analysis of blood immune cells revealed a significant decrease in B cells, T cells, and macrophages and a significant increase in myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the stress group. Furthermore, a significant increase in blood noradrenaline levels was observed in the stress group (p < .01). In the PCa mice model, immune cells in the blood showed a similar trend, and the stress group had a poor prognosis. Furthermore, immunostaining at the tumor site showed that there was a lower number of B and T cells in the stress group. In addition, MDSCs were present at the tumor margins. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that sympathetic nerve stimulation is not only directly involved in PCa growth but also exacerbates PCa by creating an immunosuppressive environment in the blood and tumor tissue.

Compounds in cigarette smoke induce EGR1 expression via the AHR, resulting in apoptosis and COPD.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of mortality worldwide, and pulmonary epithelial cell apoptosis is regarded as one of the most important factors in its pathogenesis. Here, we examined the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis caused by cigarette smoke (CS). In the normal bronchial epithelium cell line BEAS-2B, a CS extract markedly induced apoptosis together with transient early growth response 1 (EGR1) protein expression, which is activated over time via the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). The CS extract-induced apoptosis decreased cell count of BEAS-2B cells and was significantly reversed by knockdown of either EGR1 or AHR. In vivo, the CS extract caused alveolar wall destruction, mimicking COPD, 1 week after intrathoracic injection. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from the CS extract-treated mice contained massive numbers of apoptotic epithelial cells. Furthermore, it was found that aminoanthracene induced EGR1 expression and cell apoptosis. By contrast, the AHR antagonist stemregenin 1 (SR1) restored apoptosis upon CS treatment. These results suggest that aryl hydrocarbons, such as aminoanthracene, induce EGR1 expression via the AHR, resulting in cell apoptosis and that this can be prevented by administration of an antagonist of AHR.

[Stanford Type A Acute Aortic Dissection with Acute Myocardial Infarction due to Compression of Left Main Coronary Artery:Report of a Case].

A 58-year-old man was admitted to our institution with sudden onset of hypotension and acute ischemia of left lower extremity. Electrocardiography showed ST segment elevation in leads V1~V6 and a transthoracic echocardiogram revealed antero-septal wall hypokinesis. He was given a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction caused by left main coronary artery compression due to acute aortic dissection by enhanced computed tomography. We implanted a stent in the left main coronary artery and performed right external iliac-left femoral arterial bypass under general anesthesia. We performed a conventional total arch replacement and frozen elephant trunk and mitral valve repair at day 16. His postoperative course was good. Implantation of a left main trunk stent is an effective strategy for Stanford type A acute aortic dissection with left main coronary arterial occlusion before surgical repair.

Involvement of cochlin binding to sulfated heparan sulfate/heparin in the pathophysiology of autosomal dominant late-onset hearing loss (DFNA9).

Late-onset non-syndromic autosomal dominant hearing loss 9 (DFNA9) is a hearing impairment caused by mutations in the coagulation factor C homology gene (COCH). COCH encodes for cochlin, a major component of the cochlear extracellular matrix. Though biochemical and genetic studies have characterized the properties of wild-type and mutated cochlins derived from DFNA9, little is known about the underlying pathogenic mechanism. In this study, we established a cochlin reporter cell, which allowed us to monitor the interaction of cochlin with its ligand(s) by means of a ß-galactosidase assay. We found a class of highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), heparin, that were selectively bound to cochlin. The interaction was distinctly abrogated by N-desulfation, but not by 2-O- or 6-O-desulfation. The binding of cochlin to GAG was diminished by all of the point mutations found in DFNA9 patients. Through GAG composition analysis and immunostaining using mouse cochlin/immunoglobulin-Fc fusion protein, we identified moderately sulfated GAGs in mouse cochlea tissue; this implies that cochlin binds to such sulfated GAGs in the cochlea. Since GAGs play an important role in cell growth and survival as co-receptors of signal transduction mechanisms, the interaction of cochlin with GAGs in the extracellular matrix could aid the pathological research of autosomal dominant late-onset hearing loss in DFNA9.

Triple patch technique to repair ventricular septal rupture.

Postinfarction ventricular septal rupture (VSR) remains an important and life-threatening complication of myocardial infarction (MI). Although several techniques have improved surgical outcomes of postinfarction VSR, the treatment is still challenging with a high mortality rate. In addition, it is well known that a postoperative residual shunt after VSR repair is associated with poor outcomes; however, late outcomes involving patients with a residual shunt after VSR repair are lacking. This paper presents the early and late outcomes of patients who underwent the triple patch technique to repair a VSR and the usefulness in reducing a postoperative residual shunt. The main process of this technique is that the patch is gently placed on the myocardium with over and over suture and is firmly attached using glue. Therefore, the triple patch technique is simple and easy to perform, and is designed to minimize residual shunt and exclude infarcted myocardium. In the present keynote lecture, we describe our surgical technique and the results of VSR repair.

Disaccharide-tag for highly sensitive identification of O-GlcNAc-modified proteins in mammalian cells.

O-GlcNAcylation is the only sugar modification for proteins present in the cytoplasm and nucleus and is thought to be involved in the regulation of protein function and localization. Currently, several methods are known for detecting O-GlcNAcylated proteins using monoclonal antibodies or wheat germ agglutinin, but these methods have some limitations in their sensitivity and quantitative comparison. We developed a new disaccharide-tag method to overcome these problems. This is a method in which a soluble GalNAc transferase is expressed intracellularly, extended to a disaccharide of GalNAc-GlcNAc, and detected using a Wisteria japonica agglutinin specific to this disaccharide. We verified the method using human c-Rel protein and also highly sensitively compared the difference in O-GlcNAc modification of intracellular proteins associated with differentiation from embryonic stem cell (ESC) to epiblast-like cells (EpiLC). As one example of such a modification, a novel O-GlcNAc modification was found in the transcription factor Sox2 at residue Ser263, and the modification site could be identified by nano liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Turkeys possess diverse Siaα2-3Gal glycans that facilitate their dual susceptibility to avian influenza viruses isolated from ducks and chickens.

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulating in wild ducks are rarely transmitted directly to chickens. Previous studies demonstrated that chickens possess fucosylated and/or sulfated α2,3 sialosides on their tracheal epithelia, whereas intestinal epithelia of ducks express canonical α2,3 sialosides. Turkeys, the third major poultry species in the world, are known to show broad susceptibility to various avian influenza viruses. To elucidate the molecular basis of the broad susceptibility of turkeys to duck and chicken AIVs, we characterized various receptors for AIVs on their tissues. The experimental infection of turkeys demonstrated their dual susceptibility to duck and chicken AIVs. Further, comprehensive histochemical analyses using lectins, anti-glycan antibodies, and recombinant hemagglutinins, combined with glycosidase digestions, identified the presence of fucosylated and/or sulfated in addition to canonical α2,3 sialosides on their respiratory epithelia. The receptor distributions in turkeys were consistent with their dual susceptibility to duck and chicken AIVs. Also, our findings suggested the potential roles of turkeys in interspecies transmission of AIVs from ducks to chickens.

[Infectious Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Purulent Pericarditis due to Staphylococcus aureus:Report of a Case].

The objective of this case report is to highlight a rare case of infectious thoracic aortic aneurysm and purulent pericarditis simultaneously in a 56-year-old woman. The patient complained of left anterior chest pain and contrast computed tomography (CT) revealed infectious thoracic aortic aneurysm and purulent pericarditis accompanied by massive pericardial effusion. She underwent a pericardial drainage immediately, and antibiotic treatment was initiated. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus was detected in blood and pericardial fluid cultures. On day eight of hospitalization, contrast CT scan showed enlargement of the aortic aneurysm. Therefore, total arch replacement was performed on day 10 using rifampicin-soaked graft. After surgery, antibiotic treatment was continued, till inflammatory markers became negative. She was discharged on day 66 without developing anastomotic pseudoaneurysms nor constrictive pericarditis.

A comprehensive and comparative proteomic analysis of horse serum proteins in colitis.

BACKGROUND: Equine colitis is a diarrhoeal disease caused by inflammation of the large bowel and can potentially be life-threatening due to its rapid progression. Pathogenesis is multifactorial and pathophysiology is highly complicated, therefore, reliable diagnostic biomarkers are needed in the veterinary field. OBJECTIVE: Serum is one of the most commonly used diagnostic tools in equine clinical investigation. To discover diagnostic or prognostic protein markers for colitis in horse serum, comprehensive and comparative proteomic analysis was conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from 36 healthy Thoroughbreds and 12 Thoroughbreds with colitis. Serum from each horse suffering from colitis was collected daily until death or recovery. Collected sera were digested with trypsin. Peptides obtained from serum proteins were measured by Q-Exactive HF Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The identification and quantification of peptides were performed using Proteome Discoverer version 2.2. RESULTS: On day 1 of treatment, eight proteins in the colitis group were upregulated (P < .05, more than a twofold change) compared with the healthy group. Among the eight proteins, biliverdin reductase B was significantly upregulated (P < .05) in the non-survivor group (n = 5) compared with the survivor group (n = 7). On the last day of the treatment, haemoglobin subunit alpha, clusterin, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and biliverdin reductase B showed significant increases (P < .05) in the non-survivor group. MAIN LIMITATIONS: The number of the identified proteins is limited due to the existence of abundant proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Measuring the changes of these proteins together may enable a potential prognosis or early diagnosis of horses suffering from colitis.