Fucoidan enhances the anti-tumor effect of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy by regulating gut microbiota.

Currently, the clinical efficacy of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy strategies against breast cancer is limited, and low response rates need to be improved. Gut microbiota plays a crucial role in the sensitization process of immunotherapy. As a natural dietary supplement, fucoidan has been reported to have immunomodulatory effects, while some studies have found that oral fucoidan may act as a potential prebiotic to modulate the gut microbiota. Therefore, this study investigated whether fucoidan could enhance the effects of anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody antitumor immunotherapy by modulating gut microbiota and its metabolites. We found that the anti-tumor effect of the combination treatment was significantly enhanced, while fucoidan significantly improved the composition of the gut microbiota by increasing the number of potentially beneficial bacteria, such as Bifidobacterium, Faecalibaculum and Lactobacillus. Interference with the gut microbiota by antibiotics revealed impaired antitumor efficacy, confirming the necessity of gut microbiota in the antitumor effects of fucoidan in vivo. Metabolomics further revealed that fucoidan may have reversed the metabolic disturbances induced by the breast cancer model through tryptophan metabolism and glycerophospholipid metabolism pathways, with the most significant increase in the content of short-chain fatty acids, especially acetic and butyric acids. These modulations improved the function of effector T cells and suppressed Treg cell production. Thus, our findings suggest that fucoidan combined with the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody may be a novel strategy to sensitize breast cancer patients to anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody immunotherapy. Meanwhile, the gut microbiota might serve as a new biomarker to predict the anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody response to breast cancer immunotherapy.

A Deep Neural Network for Predicting Synergistic Drug Combinations on Cancer.

The exploration of drug combinations presents an opportunity to amplify therapeutic effectiveness while alleviating undesirable side effects. Nevertheless, the extensive array of potential combinations poses challenges in terms of cost and time constraints for experimental screening. Thus, it is crucial to narrow down the search space. Deep learning approaches have gained widespread popularity in predicting synergistic drug combinations tailored for specific cell lines in vitro settings. In the present study, we introduce a novel method termed GTextSyn, which utilizes the integration of gene expression data and chemical structure information for the prediction of synergistic effects in drug combinations. GTextSyn employs a sentence classification model within the domain of Natural Language Processing (NLP), wherein drugs and cell lines are regarded as entities possessing biochemical relevance. Meanwhile, combinations of drug pairs and cell lines are construed as sentences with biochemical relational significance. To assess the efficacy of GTextSyn, we conduct a comparative analysis with alternative deep learning approaches using a standard benchmark dataset. The results from a five-fold cross-validation demonstrate a 49.5% reduction in Mean Square Error (MSE) achieved by GTextSyn, surpassing the performance of the next best method in the regression task. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive literature survey on the predicted novel drug combinations and find substantial support from prior experimental studies for many of the combinations identified by GTextSyn.

Shape Memory Polymer Composites: 4D Printing, Smart Structures, and Applications.

Shape memory polymers (SMPs) and their composites (SMPCs) are smart materials that can be stably deformed and then return to their original shape under external stimulation, thus having a memory of their shape. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is an advanced technology for fabricating products using a digital software tool. Four-dimensional (4D) printing is a new generation of additive manufacturing technology that combines shape memory materials and 3D printing technology. Currently, 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs are gaining considerable research attention and are finding use in various fields, including biomedical science. This review introduces SMPs, SMPCs, and 4D printing technologies, highlighting several special 4D-printed structures. It summarizes the recent research progress of 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs in various fields, with particular emphasis on biomedical applications. Additionally, it presents an overview of the challenges and development prospects of 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs and provides a preliminary discussion and useful reference for the research and application of 4D-printed SMPs and SMPCs.

A new Chinese crow's feet grading scale based on the DermaTOP system.

Many Chinese wrinkle studies continue to use non-Chinese scales because few Chinese-based wrinkle scales have been developed. The study aims to develop a crow's feet grading scale for Chinese individuals. We enrolled 608 healthy Chinese subjects and measured data through the DermaTOP system. We chose exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to reduce the dimensions of the data. A three-factor structure was obtained by using EFA, and it explained a cumulative total of 89.551% of the variance. A computational formula was obtained by calculating the total factor tilt scores and taking the variance contribution rate of three factors as the weight. Based on the computational formula, a grading map was designed and tested. The model validation was conducted using both subjective assessments from the expert panel and objective results from the model calculations. The results showed that our grading scale model is stable. This study developed a Chinese crow's feet (CCF) grading scale, which included a parameter, a grading map, and literal descriptions. The CCF grading scale is a validated tool for evaluating the effects of cosmetics or specific therapies. More importantly, the CCF scale was developed based on objective data, which may inspire new ideas for wrinkle grading scale development in the future.

The pivotal role of Bifida Ferment Lysate on reinforcing the skin barrier function and maintaining homeostasis of skin defenses in vitro.

BACKGROUND: The semiactive or inactive probiotics or their extracts used in dermatology have interesting properties to ameliorate signs of irritated skin and enhance the skin barrier. Bifidobacterium, as the most common probiotics, which has been found to be effective in reducing acne and improving the skin barrier function of atopic dermatitis. Bifida Ferment Lysate (BFL) can be obtained from Bifidobacterium by fermentation and extraction. PURPOSE: In this study, we investigated the effect of a topically used BFL on the skin using in vitro evaluation methods. RESULTS: The results showed that upregulation of skin physical barrier gene (FLG, LOR, IVL, TGM1, and AQP3) and antimicrobial peptide gene (CAMP and hBD-2) in HaCaT cells by BFL might be responsible for skin barrier resistance. In addition, BFL had strong antioxidant properties representing a dose-dependent increasing of the scavenging capacity of DPPH, ABTS, hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals. BFL treatment also fundamentally inhibited the intracellular ROS and MDA production and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT and GSH-Px) in H2 O2 -stimulated HaCaT cells. As a good immunomodulatory factor, BFL efficiently decreased the secretion of IL-8 and TNF-α cytokines, and COX-2 mRNA expression in LPS-induced THP-1 macrophages. CONCLUSION: BFL can strengthen the skin barrier function and stimulate skin barrier resistance, to reinforce the skin against oxidative stress and inflammatory stimuli.

Nrf2 regulates the activation of THP-1 cells induced by chloral hydrate.

Trichloroethylene (TCE) triggers a severe hypersensitivity syndrome in the occupational population dependent on dendritic cells (DCs). Chloral hydrate (CH), the major oxidative metabolite of TCE, has been proved to be the culprit causative substance of TCE-induced hypersensitivity by human patch tests. Because redox imbalance is essential for chemical sensitizers-induced maturation of DCs, we predicted that CH would activate DCs by the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated antioxidant response. This study selected THP-1 cells as the in vitro DC model, and we evaluated the cell activation markers, intracellular oxidative stress, and Nrf2 pathway related genes expression in response to CH in THP-1 cells. CH displayed significant stimulation of THP-1 cells activation, including CD54 and CD86 expression, IL-8 release, and cell migration, and damaged the redox balance by triggering ROS generation, GSH consumption, and antioxidase activities modulation. The levels of Nrf2 and its downstream genes (HO-1 and NQO1) in mRNA and protein expressions were upregulated by CH, and CH also promoted the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. Subsequently, we investigated the effects of antioxidant on Nrf2-mediated cell defense in CH treated cells. Pretreatment with curcumin dramatically reduced cell activation and oxidative stress triggered by CH in THP-1 cells. We also confirmed the specific role of Nrf2 in CH-induced cell activation using NRF2-knockout cells. Deficiency of Nrf2 inhibited cell activation and downregulated HO-1 and NQO1 expression in CH-challenged cells. These findings suggest that Nrf2-dependent redox homeostasis plays a pivotal role in CH-induced activation of THP-1 cells, thereby providing new knowledge of the allergen as well as the molecular mechanism involving in TCE-induce hypersensitivity syndrome.

The Challenges in Investigating the Pathogenesis of Sensitive Skin by Noninvasive Measurements: A Systematic Review.

Sensitive skin (SS) is a common cutaneous condition that seriously affects people's quality of life, but studies of sensitive skin pathogenesis are unclear, the exploration are ongoing, and the biophysical properties of sensitive skin disagree with the study results. In this paper, we summarize the noninvasive biophysical and imaging instrumental methods used for sensitive skin and provide support for the classification of sensitive skin subtypes to prescribe precise treatment. PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched according to PRISMA guidelines for articles from January 1971 to May 2022 that used noninvasive biophysical or imaging methods to monitor adult subjects with sensitive skin. The quality of the included articles was determined based on 22 items of the STrengthening the Reporting of OBservational studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement. A total of 55 studies were included, representing 8 biophysical and 5 imaging methods and their applications in treatment efficacy evaluation studies. The biophysical parameter and cutaneous morphological property changes in sensitive skin subjects were observed. The quality of the studies was relatively low, and there was high variability in results between studies. Several parameters have shown tremendous potential in exploring the pathogenesis with different sensitive skin subtypes: type I may be detected with higher transepidermal water loss and lower stratum corneum hydration values, as well as with thinner epidermis with a shallower and more irregular honeycomb structure; Type II and III are more prone to higher blood flow, lower current perception threshold than normal skin. This systematic review identifies key reasons for the lack of uniform trends in noninvasive measurements and recommends the use of effective selection instruments or relevant parameters to explore the pathogenesis of sensitive skin, and to differentiate the subtypes of sensitive skin for achieving the precise treatment.

Dual encoder network with transformer-CNN for multi-organ segmentation.

Medical image segmentation is a critical step in many imaging applications. Automatic segmentation has gained extensive concern using a convolutional neural network (CNN). However, the traditional CNN-based methods fail to extract global and long-range contextual information due to local convolution operation. Transformer overcomes the limitation of CNN-based models. Inspired by the success of transformers in computer vision (CV), many researchers focus on designing the transformer-based U-shaped method in medical image segmentation. The transformer-based approach cannot effectively capture the fine-grained details. This paper proposes a dual encoder network with transformer-CNN for multi-organ segmentation. The new segmentation framework takes full advantage of CNN and transformer to enhance the segmentation accuracy. The Swin-transformer encoder extracts global information, and the CNN encoder captures local information. We introduce fusion modules to fuse convolutional features and the sequence of features from the transformer. Feature fusion is concatenated through the skip connection to smooth the decision boundary effectively. We extensively evaluate our method on the synapse multi-organ CT dataset and the automated cardiac diagnosis challenge (ACDC) dataset. The results demonstrate that the proposed method achieves Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) metrics of 80.68% and 91.12% on the synapse multi-organ CT and ACDC datasets, respectively. We perform the ablation studies on the ACDC dataset, demonstrating the effectiveness of critical components of our method. Our results match the ground-truth boundary more consistently than the existing models. Our approach gains more accurate results on challenging 2D images for multi-organ segmentation. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, our proposed method achieves superior performance in multi-organ segmentation tasks. Graphical Abstract The key process in medical image segmentation.

Obesity intervention studies in children and adolescents need compliance evaluation / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#To curb the epidemic of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out various intervention studies. But the effects of similar intervention measures are not consistent, which may be related to the compliance of intervention studies. Compliance evaluation can better explain the correlation between intervention measures and effects, and strengthening compliance can promote intervention effects. However, at present, there are some problems in compliance evaluation, such as a small number of studies, incomplete evaluation indicators, low quality of evaluation methods, and difficulty in specific implementation, which need to be further solved. In future studies, it is necessary to think about measures that can promote compliance before the intervention, and collect data as much detail as possible on compliance during the implementation process to better evaluate the effects of intervention.

Association of gestational hypertension and preeclampsia with offspring adiposity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: The association of gestational hypertension (GH) and preeclampsia (PE) with offspring adiposity outcomes had controversial results in different studies. Objective: We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between maternal GH/PE and offspring adiposity outcomes. Search strategy: Studies were identified in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane databases, with keywords including "gestational hypertension", "preeclampsia", "offspring", "weight", "cohort study", etc., without year restriction. This study was registered with PROSPERO, CRD42022292084. Selection criteria: We set the selection criteria for six aspects: population, outcome, time frame, study design, and availability. For the studies included in the meta-analysis, we required the potential confounders in these studies have been adjusted. Data collection and analysis: Two reviewers independently evaluated the data from the included studies. The meta-analyses included mean differences, regression coefficients, and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results were performed using RevMan software (version 5.4; Cochrane Collaboration). Heterogeneity among the included studies was assessed using the I2 statistic. Main results: A total of 16 studies were included in our review, 15 of which were evaluated as high quality. In all offspring, during the early life (28 days-36 months), GH/PE exposure was found to be not or inversely associated with offspring obesity, then become positively associated at larger ages (3-19 years old). In offspring with adverse birth outcomes, the maternal GH/PE-exposed group had a lower weight in the short term (28 days to 18 months), but there was a trend of rapid weight gain as they grew older, compared with the non-exposed group. The meta-analysis showed that the BMI of the female offspring in the maternal PE-exposed group was significantly higher than that of the non-exposed offspring (MD=1.04, 95% CI: 0.67~1.42, P < 0.05). Conclusions: The systematic review suggested that maternal exposure to de novo hypertension disorders of pregnancy (HDP) was associated with obesity in offspring, extending from early childhood to adolescence. The meta-analysis showed that PE was associated with higher BMI in female offspring. More studies are needed to conduct stratified analyses by PE/GH, the severity of HDP, or gender. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO, identifier CRD42022292084.

A TaqMan Probe-Based Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Simultaneous Detection of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Subtypes G1 and G2, and Porcine Rotavirus Groups A and C.

Porcine viral diarrhea diseases affect the swine industry, resulting in significant economic losses. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) genotypes G1 and G2, and groups A and C of the porcine rotavirus, are major etiological agents of severe gastroenteritis and profuse diarrhea, particularly among piglets, with mortality rates of up to 100%. Based on the high prevalence rate and frequent co-infection of PEDV, RVA, and RVC, close monitoring is necessary to avoid greater economic losses. We have developed a multiplex TaqMan probe-based real-time PCR for the rapid simultaneous detection and differentiation of PEDV subtypes G1 and G2, RVA, and RVC. This test is highly sensitive, as the detection limits were 20 and 100 copies/µL for the G1 and G2 subtypes of PEDV, respectively, and 50 copies/µL for RVA and RVC, respectively. Eighty-eight swine clinical samples were used to evaluate this new test. The results were 100% in concordance with the standard methods. Since reassortment between porcine and human rotaviruses has been reported, this multiplex test not only provides a basis for the management of swine diarrheal viruses, but also has the potential to impact public health as well.

Calcium alginate/PNIPAAm hydrogel with body temperature response and great biocompatibility: Application as burn wound dressing.

Deep burns often do not heal easily, because the dermis of the skin is severely damaged, leading to severe inflammation and bacterial infection. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to develop a dressing that promotes the healing process of deep burn wound. In this study, we used N-isopropyl acrylamide, sodium alginate and calcium chloride as the main materials, a series of calcium alginate/ poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide)(NIPAAm) hydrogel (CAPH) with different component ratios were synthesized. Its swelling properties, temperature response properties, rheological properties, biocompatibility properties, and in vitro drug release properties were investigated. Based on the above conditions, the CAPH(sodium alginate:NIPAAm = 2:15) with the best comprehensive performance was selected, which has a good biocompatibility. In addition, 0.02 % (w/v) mupirocin was loaded in CAPH. The temperature-responsive property of PNIPAAm in CAPH at 34 °C not only allowed the CAPH to rapidly release the drug under to prevent infection, but also to assist in wound contraction. Application of CAPH to localized wounds of deep second-degree burns in mice showed a faster healing rate and tissue regeneration. At the same time, collagen recovery was enhanced, collagen bundles were arranged in an orderly manner, and the scarring was not obvious after 16 days. Therefore, this research prepared a new safe and effective biomaterial.

The Selectivity and Suitability of Online Learning Resources as Predictor of the Effects of Self-Efficacy on Teacher Satisfaction During the COVID-19 Lockdown.

Online learning resources (OLR) play an important role in teaching and learning in the process of online learning. Teachers will be satisfied with selectable and suitable online learning resources, which can promote their self-efficacy to facilitate online teaching and learning. This study proposed a model to examine the effects of the selectivity of online learning resources (SE-OLR) and the suitability of online learning resources (SU-OLR) on teachers' online teaching satisfaction, and the mediating role of technology self-efficacy (TECHN-SE) and online teaching self-efficacy (OT-SE) between them. The results indicated that SE-OLR and SU-OLR positively affected teachers' online teaching satisfaction; TECHN-SE and OT-SE positively influenced teachers' online teaching satisfaction, while TECHN-SE and OT-SE played mediating roles between SE-OLR and SU-OLR and teachers' online teaching satisfaction. The findings have implications for the design and development of online learning resources to improve teachers' satisfaction and facilitate students' learning effectiveness and teachers' online teaching.

Bifidobacterium infantis strain YLGB-1496 possesses excellent antioxidant and skin barrier-enhancing efficacy in vitro.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a recurring allergic skin disease that has a high incidence. Orally applied Bifidobacteria ameliorate signs of irritated skin and enhance the skin barrier. The present study investigated the safety and efficacy of a topically used cell-free culture supernatant (CFS) from a Bifidobacterium infantis strain using in vitro evaluation methods. The results showed that CFS had strong free radical scavenging activity on DPPH, ABTS, ·OH and O2 -radicals. CFS treatment fundamentally reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD and GSH-Px) in H2 O2 -treated HaCaT cells. Notably, the upregulation of skin physical barrier gene (FLG, LOR, IVL, AQP3 and TGM1) expression and skin antimicrobial peptide gene (CAMP, hBD-2 and hBD-3) expression by CFS might contribute to skin barrier resistance. CFS was non-irritating to the skin and eyes. CFS from the Bifidobacterium infantis strain had strong antioxidant properties on the skin and strengthened skin barrier function, and it was safe for topical use.

Plasma folate levels in relation to cognitive impairment: a community-based cohort of older adults in China.

PURPOSE: Lower plasma level of folate has been associated with an increased risk of age-related cognitive impairment. However, studies that examined this relation have yielded mixed results. We aimed to examine the prospective association of plasma folate level with risk of cognitive impairment in a community-based prospective cohort of older adults in China. METHODS: This study included 615 participants (mean age: 76.3 years) without baseline cognitive impairment from the Rugao Longevity and Ageing Study (RuLAS). We used logistic regression to examine the prospective association between baseline plasma folate and risk of cognitive impairment in the next two years. Fasting blood samples were collected and assayed for plasma folate level at baseline. Cognitive impairment was defined as Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS) score ≤ 21.5 points. RESULTS: During two years' follow-up, 20.7% of the participants developed cognitive impairment. After controlled for age, gender, and plasma homocysteine, a higher level of plasma folate was associated with lower odds of cognitive impairment. The corresponding odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval was 0.41 (0.19-0.89) comparing participants at extreme quintiles of plasma folate (median level 17.2 vs. 6.3 nmol/L). The associations were similar after further adjustment for major demographic and lifestyle factors (OR = 0.42, 0.18-0.98). Moreover, the inverse association was particularly stronger among males (OR = 0.12, 0.03-0.52) but was non-significant among females. CONCLUSION: Our findings support a potential beneficial role of higher plasma folate levels in cognitive function in older Chinese adults, particularly among males. Future studies with larger sample size and longer follow-up are warranted to confirm these findings and to identify the optimal plasma folate level for cognitive function.

Patterns of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecologic Problems in China: A Hospital-Based Retrospective Study of 97,252 Patients.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To describe the pattern and population characteristics of pediatric and adolescent gynecologic (PAG) problems in China DESIGN: A clinic-based retrospective study of gynecologic patients (aged 0-18 years) over a period of 13 years SETTING: Department of PAG in the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine PARTICIPANT: The final analyses included 97,252 patients with gynecologic problems. INTERVENTIONS/METHODS: Descriptive analysis was conducted to evaluate the pattern of PAG problems. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Spectrum of PAG problems RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The number of first-visit PAG patients increased from 4,582 to 11,876 from 2006 to 2018. Overall, genital inflammation was the most common presentation (57.0%), followed by precocious puberty (18.2%). The disease pattern varied across age groups; the most common problems were genital inflammation for age 0-6 years, genital inflammation and precocious puberty for age 7-9 years, and consultation, genital inflammation, and menstrual disorders for age 10-18 years. Overall, genital inflammation, precocious puberty, consultation, and menstrual disorders were common issues for pediatric and adolescent patients with gynecologic problems in China.

The relationship between depression and social avoidance of college students: A moderated mediation model.

BACKGROUND: The fact that depression and anxiety are highly prevalent and often co-occur has been well documented. The present study hypothesized that loneliness and interpersonal trust mediate the relationship between depression and social anxiety, with self-esteem playing a moderating role. METHODS: 1021 college students completed the interpersonal trust scale (ITS), self-rating depression scale (SDS), UCLA loneliness scale, self-esteem scale (SES), and social avoidance and distress (SAD) scale. And descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis, structural equation model analysis were conducted. RESULTS: 1) The correlations between depression, loneliness, interpersonal trust, self-esteem and social avoidance were all statistically significant. 2) Loneliness and interpersonal trust mediated the relationship between depression and social avoidance. 3) Self-esteem moderated the relationship between interpersonal trust and social avoidance. Specifically, compared with individuals who had high self-esteem, social avoidance in those with low self-esteem individuals was more susceptible to the effects of interpersonal trust. LIMITATIONS: First, the questionnaire data may be influenced by social approval. Second, most of the participants were college students. Finally, the causal relationship between the variables could not be inferred. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicated that loneliness and interpersonal trust played mediating roles between depression and social avoidance, and the relationship between interpersonal trust and social avoidance was moderated by self-esteem. It provides a new way to explain the mechanism of depression, and a new perspective for the clinical intervention of depression, that is, from the perspective of their self-experience and self-esteem.

A clean process for phosphorus recovery and gallium enrichment from phosphorus flue dust by sodium carbonate roasting.

Phosphorus flue dust (PFD) is a solid waste product from phosphorus (P) production that contains P and is enriched with gallium (Ga). The recovery of these valuable components not only protects the environment, but also reduces resource waste. This study aimed to develop a green and efficient method to recover P and enriched Ga from PFD. The effects of different parameters on the P leaching rate and Ga loss rate during Na2CO3 roasting and water leaching were investigated and optimized. The reaction mechanisms during the experiment were characterized, revealing that the P-containing compounds in PFD mainly transformed into water-soluble Na3PO4. Furthermore, the leaching rate of P reached 85.38%, while Ga was mainly concentrated in the residue and its loss rate was only about 1%. Ga content in the residue reached about 0.1%. An attempt was made to recover Na+ and PO43- from the aqueous solution by evaporative crystallization and XRD analysis showed that the main phase of the crystallization product was Na2HPO4. The proposed process is technically simple, only Na2CO3 is added and no hazardous substances are generated, and represents a new method for recovering P and enriching Ga from PFD.

Tunable graphene-based metasurface for an ultra-low sidelobe terahertz phased array antenna.

In this paper, we propose an all-solid-state, electrically tunable, and reflective graphene metasurface array that can generate a specific phase or continuous scanning between 0° and 352.5° in the terahertz band. By optimizing the structural parameters of the metasurface, the average reflectivity can reach 68.3%, and the maximum reflectivity variation range is only 30%. We also simulate the results that an electrically tunable terahertz phased array can be achieved by adjusting the Fermi levels of a monolayer graphene resonator. The maximum deflection of the reflected beam is 46.05°, and the resolution can be improved to 1.10°. It should be noted that the sidelobe energy only accounts for 1.06% of the main lobe energy, due to the slight change in reflectivity with the phase gradient.