ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The effect of postoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for esophageal carcinoma (EC) was investigated. Patients who can obtain benefit from this treatment modality have not yet been well identified. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library for studies published from January 1993 to July 2016. Research comparing surgery alone (SA) with postoperative CRT in patients with resectable EC was procured; collected articles were written in English. RESULTS: Nine studies comparing of postoperative CRT versus SA (n = 1650) in patients with resectable EC met the inclusion criteria. No survival benefit was achieved for postoperative CRT compared with SA. Subgroup analysis was conducted for patients under resection with positive lymph node carcinoma; there was a significant survival benefit at 1 year [risk ratio (RR) = 0.55 95% CI: 0.37-0.82; P = 0.003], 3 years (RR = 0.71 95% CI: 0.61-0.83; P<0.0001), as well as 5 years (RR = 0.86 95% CI: 0.78-0.94; P = 0.0007). Subgroup analysis by tumor histology of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was also performed, but there was no significant survival benefit when postoperative CRT was compared with SA. Fail models after surgery were performed; the RR for local control rate and distant metastasis rate were 0.64 (95% CI 0.49-0.85; P = 0.002) and 0.87 (95% CI 0.67-1.15; P = 0.34), which indicates lower local recurrence rates of post-CRT than that of SA. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis demonstrated a survival benefit of postoperative CRT over SA in resectable EC patients with positive lymph nodes. Improvements of local control rates with postoperative CRT were also detected.
Subject(s)
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/mortality , Chemoradiotherapy/mortality , Esophageal Neoplasms/mortality , Esophagectomy/mortality , Lymph Nodes/pathology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy , Esophageal Neoplasms/pathology , Esophageal Neoplasms/therapy , Humans , Postoperative Period , Prognosis , Survival RateABSTRACT
The Rab protein family belongs to a superfamily of ras-like GTP-binding proteins. Rab proteins regulate many steps of membrane trafficking. In this study, three Rab family members, Rab5B, Rab6A, and Rab7, designated LvRab5B, LvRab6A, and LvRab7, were cloned from Litopenaeus vannamei. The full-length cDNA sequences of LvRab5B, LvRab6A, and LvRab7 were 1383, 873, and 767 nucleotides in length and they encoded proteins of 211, 212, and 205 amino acids, respectively. Using qRT-PCR, the mRNA expression levels of the three proteins were determined in the hepatopancreas of L. vannamei at different stages after infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus and white spot syndrome virus challenge. The results indicated that the mRNA expression levels of LvRab5B, LvRab6A, and LvRab7 were all significantly up-regulated after virus injection, suggesting that these genes may play essential roles in the immune response to viral infection in shrimp.
Subject(s)
Gene Expression Regulation , Penaeidae/genetics , rab GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics , rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics , Amino Acid Sequence , Animals , Blotting, Western , Cloning, Molecular , Densovirinae , Gene Expression Profiling , Molecular Sequence Data , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction , RNA, Messenger/genetics , RNA, Messenger/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Analysis, DNA , White spot syndrome virus 1 , rab GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry , rab GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins/chemistry , rab5 GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism , rab7 GTP-Binding ProteinsABSTRACT
We developed a forced non-electric-shock running wheel (FNESRW) system that provides rats with high-intensity exercise training using automatic exercise training patterns that are controlled by a microcontroller. The proposed system successfully makes a breakthrough in the traditional motorized running wheel to allow rats to perform high-intensity training and to enable comparisons with the treadmill at the same exercise intensity without any electric shock. A polyvinyl chloride runway with a rough rubber surface was coated on the periphery of the wheel so as to permit automatic acceleration training, and which allowed the rats to run consistently at high speeds (30 m/min for 1 h). An animal ischemic stroke model was used to validate the proposed system. FNESRW, treadmill, control, and sham groups were studied. The FNESRW and treadmill groups underwent 3 weeks of endurance running training. After 3 weeks, the experiments of middle cerebral artery occlusion, the modified neurological severity score (mNSS), an inclined plane test, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed platform. The proposed platform showed that enhancement of motor function, mNSS, and infarct volumes was significantly stronger in the FNESRW group than the control group (P<0.05) and similar to the treadmill group. The experimental data demonstrated that the proposed platform can be applied to test the benefit of exercise-preconditioning-induced neuroprotection using the animal stroke model. Additional advantages of the FNESRW system include stand-alone capability, independence of subjective human adjustment, and ease of use.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Exercise Test/methods , Exercise Therapy/methods , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/prevention & control , Physical Exertion , Physical Conditioning, Animal/instrumentation , Calibration , Cerebral Infarction/pathology , Cerebral Infarction/prevention & control , Disease Models, Animal , Equipment Design , Inventions , Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology , Physical Endurance , Random Allocation , Rats, Wistar , Severity of Illness Index , Software , Time FactorsABSTRACT
We developed a forced non-electric-shock running wheel (FNESRW) system that provides rats with high-intensity exercise training using automatic exercise training patterns that are controlled by a microcontroller. The proposed system successfully makes a breakthrough in the traditional motorized running wheel to allow rats to perform high-intensity training and to enable comparisons with the treadmill at the same exercise intensity without any electric shock. A polyvinyl chloride runway with a rough rubber surface was coated on the periphery of the wheel so as to permit automatic acceleration training, and which allowed the rats to run consistently at high speeds (30 m/min for 1 h). An animal ischemic stroke model was used to validate the proposed system. FNESRW, treadmill, control, and sham groups were studied. The FNESRW and treadmill groups underwent 3 weeks of endurance running training. After 3 weeks, the experiments of middle cerebral artery occlusion, the modified neurological severity score (mNSS), an inclined plane test, and triphenyltetrazolium chloride were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed platform. The proposed platform showed that enhancement of motor function, mNSS, and infarct volumes was significantly stronger in the FNESRW group than the control group (P<0.05) and similar to the treadmill group. The experimental data demonstrated that the proposed platform can be applied to test the benefit of exercise-preconditioning-induced neuroprotection using the animal stroke model. Additional advantages of the FNESRW system include stand-alone capability, independence of subjective human adjustment, and ease of use.