Wnt5a-mediated autophagy contributes to the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human bronchial epithelial cells during asthma.

BACKGROUND: The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) is essential for airway remodeling during asthma. Wnt5a has been implicated in various lung diseases, while its role in the EMT of HBECs during asthma is yet to be determined. This study sought to define whether Wnt5a initiated EMT, leading to airway remodeling through the induction of autophagy in HBECs. METHODS: Microarray analysis was used to investigate the expression change of WNT5A in asthma patients. In parallel, EMT models were induced using 16HBE cells by exposing them to house dust mites (HDM) or interleukin-4 (IL-4), and then the expression of Wnt5a was observed. Using in vitro gain- and loss-of-function approaches via Wnt5a mimic peptide FOXY5 and Wnt5a inhibitor BOX5, the alterations in the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin and the mesenchymal marker protein were observed. Mechanistically, the Ca2+/CaMKII signaling pathway and autophagy were evaluated. An autophagy inhibitor 3-MA was used to examine Wnt5a in the regulation of autophagy during EMT. Furthermore, we used a CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 to determine whether Wnt5a induced autophagy overactivation and EMT via the Ca2+/CaMKII signaling pathway. RESULTS: Asthma patients exhibited a significant increase in the gene expression of WNT5A compared to the healthy control. Upon HDM and IL-4 treatments, we observed that Wnt5a gene and protein expression levels were significantly increased in 16HBE cells. Interestingly, Wnt5a mimic peptide FOXY5 significantly inhibited E-cadherin and upregulated α-SMA, Collagen I, and autophagy marker proteins (Beclin1 and LC3-II). Rhodamine-phalloidin staining showed that FOXY5 resulted in a rearrangement of the cytoskeleton and an increase in the quantity of stress fibers in 16HBE cells. Importantly, blocking Wnt5a with BOX5 significantly inhibited autophagy and EMT induced by IL-4 in 16HBE cells. Mechanistically, autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 reduced the EMT of 16HBE cells caused by FOXY5, as well as the increase in stress fibers, cell adhesion, and autophagy. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates a new link in the Wnt5a-Ca2+/CaMKII-autophagy axis to triggering airway remodeling. Our findings may provide novel strategies for the treatment of EMT-related diseases.

Hybrid integrated optical chaos circuits with optoelectronic feedback.

A chip-scale chaotic laser system with optoelectronic delayed feedback is proposed and analyzed by numerical simulation. This chip eliminates the need for bulky delay components such as long optical fibers, free propagation and external cavities, relying solely on internal devices and waveguides to achieve feedback delay. This approach simplifies integration, maintaining a compact chip size. According to the results, the chip-scale system exhibits rich dynamics, including periodicity, quasi-periodicity, and chaotic states. Chaos resembling Gaussian white noise is achieved with picosecond-level delay time, highlighting the complexity of chip-scale signals. Furthermore, time delay signature (TDS) concealment is enhanced with a short delay comparable to the inverse bandwidth τ, albeit at a cost of sacrificing chaotic signal complexity. Applying the photonic integrated circuits to practical applications, 1 Gbps back-to-back communication transmission is feasible. Results demonstrate low bit error rates (BERs) for authorizers (<10-6) and high BERs for eavesdroppers (>10-2), ensuring communication confidentiality and chaotic synchronization. Lastly, preliminary experiments validate the feasibility. Our theoretical work has demonstrated the feasibility of hybrid integrated optical chaos circuits with optoelectronic feedback based on photonic wire bonding, which can provide a stable and flexible integrated chaos source.

Submental Artery Perforator Flap Drained Solely With the Vena Comitans of Facial Artery.

BACKGROUND: The submental artery perforator flap (SMAPF) is an alternative to reconstruct oral and maxillofacial defects secondary to oral cancers. However, vascular anomalies or surgical damage often lead to vascular crises or harvest failure. Our clinical findings suggest that the vena comitans of the facial artery (cFA) very commonly exist. This study aimed to investigate the reliability of the cFA as a sole venous reflux route for the SMAPF. METHOD: The patients were from the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University. All patients were treated for oral cancer between January 2016 and September 2022. Seventeen SMAPFs were successfully raised to reconstruct the postoperative defects, of which 7 had cFA as the sole reflux route. RESULTS: The size of the flaps varied from 4.0×3.0 cm to 12.0×3.0 cm. All flaps survived. Patients were followed from 1 month to 5 years. Satisfactory restoration of contour and functional outcomes were achieved at the recipient sites. The scars were well camouflaged in the submental region. No local or regional recurrence was detected during follow-up. Patients had an overall 2-year survival rate of 100% with no suspected flaps-related recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The cFA as the sole venous reflux route for SMAPF is reliable for flap harvesting and is applicable for immediate defect reconstruction secondary to cancer resection.

Clinical Value of the Diagonal Earlobe Crease in Patients with Chest Pain for Diagnosing Coronary Heart Disease.

Purpose: To investigate the clinical application value of diagonal earlobe crease (DELC) in patients with chest pain for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease (CHD) and to construct a risk model by multivariate logistic regression. Patients and Methods: Our trial enrolled prospectively and consecutively 706 chest pain patients with suspected CHD between January 2021 to June 2023 from Chengde Central Hospital. According to coronary angiography results, they were categorized into the CHD (n=457) and non-CHD groups (n=249). Results: The trial demonstrated a significant positive relationship between DELC and CHD. Independent risk factors were sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, LP (a), Cys C, and DELC, whilst HDL-C was a protective factor, for CHD. Patients with-DELC were older than those in the without-DELC arm (P<0.001) and had a higher proportion of males than females (61.6% vs 50.0%, P=0.026). After multifactorial correction, independent risk factors for CHD included DELC (OR=1.660, 95% CI:1.153 to 2.388, P=0.006), age (OR=1.024, 95% CI:1.002 to 1.045, P=0.030), gender (OR=1.702, 95% CI:1.141 to 2.539, P=0.009), hypertension (OR=1.744, 95% CI:1.226 to 2.482, P=0.002), diabetes mellitus (OR=2.113, 95% CI:1.404 to 3.179, P<0.001), LP(a) (OR=1.010, 95% CI:1.003 to 1.017, P=0.005), Cys C (OR=3.549, 95% CI:1.605 to 7.846, P=0.002). The Hosmer and Lemeshow (H-L) test (P=0.818) suggests a high goodness of fit, and the area under the ROC curve was calculated to be 0.721 (95% CI:0.682 to 0.760, P<0.001), which demonstrates that the model has a superior diagnostic value for CHD. Conclusion: DELC is an independent risk factor for CHD after adjusting for sex, age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking index, LP (a), Cys C, and HDL-C. Our model can be used clinically for assessing the risk of CHD.

Adaptive Feature Medical Segmentation Network: an adaptable deep learning paradigm for high-performance 3D brain lesion segmentation in medical imaging.

Introduction: In neurological diagnostics, accurate detection and segmentation of brain lesions is crucial. Identifying these lesions is challenging due to its complex morphology, especially when using traditional methods. Conventional methods are either computationally demanding with a marginal impact/enhancement or sacrifice fine details for computational efficiency. Therefore, balancing performance and precision in compute-intensive medical imaging remains a hot research topic. Methods: We introduce a novel encoder-decoder network architecture named the Adaptive Feature Medical Segmentation Network (AFMS-Net) with two encoder variants: the Single Adaptive Encoder Block (SAEB) and the Dual Adaptive Encoder Block (DAEB). A squeeze-and-excite mechanism is employed in SAEB to identify significant data while disregarding peripheral details. This approach is best suited for scenarios requiring quick and efficient segmentation, with an emphasis on identifying key lesion areas. In contrast, the DAEB utilizes an advanced channel spatial attention strategy for fine-grained delineation and multiple-class classifications. Additionally, both architectures incorporate a Segmentation Path (SegPath) module between the encoder and decoder, refining segmentation, enhancing feature extraction, and improving model performance and stability. Results: AFMS-Net demonstrates exceptional performance across several notable datasets, including BRATs 2021, ATLAS 2021, and ISLES 2022. Its design aims to construct a lightweight architecture capable of handling complex segmentation challenges with high precision. Discussion: The proposed AFMS-Net addresses the critical balance issue between performance and computational efficiency in the segmentation of brain lesions. By introducing two tailored encoder variants, the network adapts to varying requirements of speed and feature. This approach not only advances the state-of-the-art in lesion segmentation but also provides a scalable framework for future research in medical image processing.

Case reports of oral choristomas and a review of the literature.

Choristomas are proliferative growths that occur when normal tissue develops in abnormal locations and may resemble tumors. Oral choristomas commonly present as slow-growing, indolent, and firm masses. The diagnosis primarily relies on histopathologic examination. Given their tumor-like growth and developmental pathogenesis, it is critical to differentiate them from neoplasms. In this article, we present two clinical cases of oral choristomas, a cartilaginous choristoma, and an osseous choristoma of the tongue. We also offer a brief review of the literature discussing clinical presentation, microscopic features, and therapeutic options.

MiRNA and mRNA-Controlled Double-Cascaded Amplifying Circuit Nanosensor for Accurate Discrimination of Breast Cancers in Living Cells, Animals, and Organoids.

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in patients with breast cancer. Detecting high-risk breast cancer, including micrometastasis, at an early stage is vital for customizing the right and efficient therapies. In this study, we propose an enzyme-free isothermal cascade amplification-based DNA logic circuit in situ biomineralization nanosensor, HDNAzyme@ZIF-8, for simultaneous imaging of multidimensional biomarkers in live cells. Taking miR-21 and Ki-67 mRNA as the dual detection targets achieved sensitive logic operations and molecular recognition through the cascade hybridization chain reaction and DNAzyme. The HDNAzyme@ZIF-8 nanosensor has the ability to accurately differentiate breast cancer cells and their subtypes by comparing their relative fluorescence intensities. Of note, our nanosensor can also achieve visualization within breast cancer organoids, faithfully recapitulating the functional characteristics of parental tumor. Overall, the combination of these techniques offers a universal strategy for detecting cancers with high sensitivity and holds vast potential in clinical cancer diagnosis.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of Nrf2 modulators for the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a prevalent primary brain tumor. However, no specific therapeutic drug has been developed for it. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a crucial transcription factor involved in the cellular response to oxidative stress. Numerous studies have demonstrated that Nrf2 plays a pivotal role in GBM angiogenesis, and inhibiting Nrf2 can significantly enhance patient prognosis. Using virtual screening technology, we examined our in-house library and identified pinosylvin as a potential compound with high activity. Pinosylvin exhibited robust hydrogen bond and Π-Π interaction with Nrf2. Cell experiments revealed that pinosylvin effectively reduced the proliferation of U87 tumor cells by regulating Nrf2 and demonstrated greater inhibitory activity than temozolomide. Consequently, we believe that this study will offer valuable guidance for the future development of highly efficient therapeutic drugs for GBM.

Identification of novel pathogenic variants of CUBN in patients with isolated proteinuria.

BACKGROUND: Although proteinuria is long recognized as an independent risk factor for progressive chronic kidney diseases, not all forms of proteinuria are detrimental to kidney function, one of which is isolated proteinuria caused by cubilin (CUBN)-specific mutations. CUBN encodes an endocytic receptor, initially found to be responsible for the Imerslund-Gräsbeck syndrome (IGS; OMIM #261100) characterized by a combined phenotype of megaloblastic anemia and proteinuria. METHODS: After analyzing their clinical and pathological characterizations, next-generation sequencing for renal disease genes or whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed on four patients with non-progressive isolated proteinuria. CUBN biallelic pathogenic variants were identified and further analyzed by cDNA-PCR sequencing, immunohistochemistry, minigene assay, and multiple in silico prediction tools, including 3D protein modeling. RESULTS: Here, we present four patients with isolated proteinuria caused by CUBN C-terminal biallelic pathogenic variants, all of which showed no typical IGS symptoms, such as anemia and vitamin B12 deficiency. Their urine protein levels fluctuated between +~++ and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were normal or slightly higher. Mild mesangial hypercellularity was found in three children's renal biopsies. A homozygous splice-site variant of CUBN (c.6821+3 (IVS44) A>G) was proven to result in the exon 44 skipping and premature translation termination by cDNA sequencing and immunohistochemistry. Compound heterozygous mutations were identified among the other three children, including another novel splice-site variant (c.10764+1 (IVS66) G>A) causing the retention of first 4 nucleotides in intron 66 by minigene assay, two unreported missense mutations (c.4907G>A (p.R1636Q); c. 9095 A>G (p.Y3032C)), and two reported missense mutations in China (c.8938G>A (p.D2980N); c. 9287T>C (p.L3096P)), locating behind the vitamin B12-binding domain, affecting CUB11, CUB16, CUB22, CUB23, and CUB27 domains, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that above CUBN mutations may cause non-progressive and isolated proteinuria, expanding the variant spectrum of CUBN and benefiting our understanding of proteinuria and renal function.

The Clinical Effect of Octreotide Combined with Upper Endoscopy in the Treatment of Peptic Ulcer Complicated with Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage.

Background: With the development of endoscopic technology, the application of upper endoscopy can quickly target the lesion site of patients with peptic ulcer complicated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Objective: This study aims to discuss the clinical effect of octreotide combined with upper endoscopy in treating peptic ulcer complicated with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Methods: A total of 82 patients diagnosed with peptic ulcer complicated with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were recruited as study objects in the researchers' hospital. According to the treatment method, this retrospective study divided the patients into a control group (n=41, receiving adrenaline injection under upper endoscopy only) and a treatment group (n=41, receiving adrenaline injection under upper endoscopy and Octreotide intravenously). Results: After treatment, the volume of blood loss, average hemostasis time, hospital stay, and time of occult blood turning negative in the treatment group were shorter than those in the control group (P < .05). After treatment, the clinical efficacy of the treatment group was better than that of the control group (P < .05). The levels of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin time (TT) levels in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group, with significant differences (P < .05). Conclusion and Relevance: Combining octreotide and upper endoscopy has affirmative efficacy and good hemostatic effect on treating peptic ulcer complicated with upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage with less pain and short recovery time, which is worthy of clinical application.

Macrophage-enriched Sectm1a promotes efficient efferocytosis to attenuate ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury.

Efficient clearance and degradation of apoptotic cardiomyocytes by macrophages (collectively termed efferocytosis) is critical for inflammation resolution and restoration of cardiac function after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Here, we define secreted and transmembrane protein 1a (Sectm1a), a cardiac macrophage-enriched gene, as a modulator of macrophage efferocytosis in I/R-injured hearts. Upon myocardial I/R, Sectm1a-KO mice exhibited impaired macrophage efferocytosis, leading to massive accumulation of apoptotic cardiomyocytes, cardiac inflammation, fibrosis, and consequently, exaggerated cardiac dysfunction. By contrast, therapeutic administration of recombinant SECTM1A protein significantly enhanced macrophage efferocytosis and improved cardiac function. Mechanistically, SECTM1A could elicit autocrine effects on the activation of glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR) at the surface of macrophages, leading to the upregulation of liver X receptor α (LXRα) and its downstream efferocytosis-related genes and lysosomal enzyme genes. Our study suggests that Sectm1a-mediated activation of the Gitr/LXRα axis could be a promising approach to enhance macrophage efferocytosis for the treatment of myocardial I/R injury.

Efficacy and safety of levosimendan in patients with sepsis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis.

Objective: We conducted a systematic review to assess the advantages and disadvantages of levosimendan in patients with sepsis compared with placebo, milrinone, and dobutamine and to explore the clinical efficacy of different concentrations of levosimendan. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, CNKI, Wanfang data, VIP, and CBM databases were searched using such keywords as simendan, levosimendan, and sepsis. The search time was from the establishment of the database to July 2023. Two researchers were responsible for literature screening and data collection respectively. After the risk of bias in the included studies was evaluated, network meta-analysis was performed using R software gemtc and rjags package. Results: Thirty-two randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included in the network meta-analysis. Meta-analysis results showed that while levosimendan significantly improved CI levels at either 0.1 µg/kg/min (mean difference [MD] [95%CrI] = 0.41 [-0.43, 1.4]) or 0.2 µg/kg/min (MD [95%CrI] =0.54 [0.12, 0.99]). Levosimendan, at either 0.075 µg/kg/min (MD [95% CrI] =0.033 [-0.75, 0.82]) or 0.2 µg/kg/min (MD [95% CrI] = -0.014 [-0.26, 0.23]), had no significant advantage in improving Lac levels. Levosimendan, at either 0.1 µg/kg/min (RR [95% CrI] = 0.99 [0.73, 1.3]) or 0.2 µg/kg/min (RR [95% CrI] = 1.0 [0.88, 1.2]), did not have a significant advantage in reducing mortality. Conclusion: The existing evidence suggests that levosimendan can significantly improve CI and lactate levels in patients with sepsis, and levosimendan at 0.1 µg/kg/min might be the optimal dose. Unfortunately, all interventions in this study failed to reduce the 28-day mortality. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42023441220.

New Therapeutic Targets and Drugs for Schizophrenia Beyond Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists.

Schizophrenia is a disease with a complex pathological mechanism that is influenced by multiple genes. The study of its pathogenesis is dominated by the dopamine hypothesis, as well as other hypotheses such as the 5-hydroxytryptamine hypothesis, glutamate hypothesis, immune-inflammatory hypothesis, gene expression abnormality hypothesis, and neurodevelopmental abnormality hypothesis. The first generation of antipsychotics was developed based on dopaminergic receptor antagonism, which blocks dopamine D2 receptors in the brain to exert antipsychotic effects. The second generation of antipsychotics acts by dual blockade of 5-hydroxytryptamine and dopamine receptors. From the third generation of antipsychotics onwards, the therapeutic targets for antipsychotic schizophrenia expanded beyond D2 receptor blockade to explore D2 receptor partial agonism and the antipsychotic effects of new targets such as D3, 5-HT1A, 5-HT7, and mGlu2/3 receptors. The main advantages of the second and third generation antipsychotics over first-generation antipsychotics are the reduction of side effects and the improvement of negative symptoms, and even though third-generation antipsychotics do not directly block D2 receptors, the modulation of the dopamine transmitter system is still an important part of their antipsychotic process. According to recent research, several receptors, including 5-hydroxytryptamine, glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine receptors and norepinephrine, play a role in the development of schizophrenia. Therefore, the focus of developing new antipsychotic drugs has shifted towards agonism or inhibition of these receptors. Specifically, the development of NMDARs stimulants, GABA receptor agonists, mGlu receptor modulators, cholinergic receptor modulators, 5-HT2C receptor agonists and alpha-2 receptor modulators has become the main direction. Animal experiments have confirmed the antipsychotic effects of these drugs, but their pharmacokinetics and clinical applicability still require further exploration. Research on alternative targets for antipsychotic drugs, beyond the dopamine D2 receptor, has expanded the potential treatment options for schizophrenia and gives an important way to address the challenge of refractory schizophrenia. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the research on therapeutic targets and medications for schizophrenia, offering valuable insights for both treatment and further research in this field.

Microstructure and molten pool morphology of TiB2/ AlSi7Mg composites fabricated by infrared-blue hybrid laser powder bed fusion.

A hybrid laser composed of infrared and blue laser is applied in fabricating TiB2/AlSi7Mg composites on AlSi7Mg substrate by LPBF. The effect on formability, molten pool morphology, molten pool size and microstructure under infrared, blue and hybrid laser were compared. It was confirmed that hybrid laser can make up for the unbalanced energy distribution of infrared laser and the low energy density of blue laser. The increased energy input improves the molten pool size and cellular dendrites size. Therefore, the hybrid laser can improve the formability and forming stability in the LPBF process of low absorption rate alloys.

Mining strategies for isolating plastic-degrading microorganisms.

Plastic waste is a growing global pollutant. Plastic degradation by microorganisms has captured attention as an earth-friendly tactic. Although the mechanisms of plastic degradation by bacteria, fungi, and algae have been explored over the past decade, a large knowledge gap still exists regarding the identification, sorting, and cultivation of efficient plastic degraders, primarily because of their uncultivability. Advances in sequencing techniques and bioinformatics have enabled the identification of microbial degraders and related enzymes and genes involved in plastic biodegradation. In this review, we provide an outline of the situation of plastic degradation and summarize the methods for effective microbial identification using multidisciplinary techniques such as multiomics, meta-analysis, and spectroscopy. This review introduces new strategies for controlling plastic pollution in an environmentally friendly manner. Using this information, highly efficient and colonizing plastic degraders can be mined via targeted sorting and cultivation. In addition, based on the recognized rules and plastic degraders, we can perform an in-depth analysis of the associated degradation mechanism, metabolic features, and interactions.

Determining acute ischemic stroke onset time using machine learning and radiomics features of infarct lesions and whole brain.

Accurate determination of the onset time in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients helps to formulate more beneficial treatment plans and plays a vital role in the recovery of patients. Considering that the whole brain may contain some critical information, we combined the Radiomics features of infarct lesions and whole brain to improve the prediction accuracy. First, the radiomics features of infarct lesions and whole brain were separately calculated using apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences of AIS patients with clear onset time. Then, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (Lasso) was used to select features. Four experimental groups were generated according to combination strategies: Features in infarct lesions (IL), features in whole brain (WB), direct combination of them (IW) and Lasso selection again after direct combination (IWS), which were used to evaluate the predictive performance. The results of ten-fold cross-validation showed that IWS achieved the best AUC of 0.904, which improved by 13.5% compared with IL (0.769), by 18.7% compared with WB (0.717) and 4.2% compared with IW (0.862). In conclusion, combining infarct lesions and whole brain features from multiple sequences can further improve the accuracy of AIS onset time.

Efficacy and Safety of a Pharmaco-Invasive Strategy Using Half-Dose Recombinant Human Prourokinase in Patients with ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction During Hospitalization.

This study investigated the efficacy and safety of pharmaco-invasive strategy with half-dose recombinant human prourokinase (PHDP) during hospitalization for patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) to provide references for the treatment of STEMI. Patients with STEMI who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria and attended Chengde Central Hospital, Hebei Province, China, between September 3, 2019, and December 28, 2021, were included in this study. The experimental group received PHDP and the control group underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI). This study enrolled 150 patients with STEMI, 75 in the experimental group and 75 in the control group. Coronary angiography revealed successful thrombolysis in 64 (85.33%) patients. Compared with the control group, the experimental group had shorter first medical contact-reperfusion time (P < 0.001), less slow flow/no-reflow (P < 0.001), and a lower utilization rate of Tirofiban (P < 0.001). Validity endpoints: no statistically significant differences between the two groups. Safety endpoints: no statistically significant differences between bleeding and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs), but the experimental group was more prone to arrhythmias (P = 0.040), particularly premature ventricular beats (PVB) (P = 0.008). In conclusion, the efficacy and safety of PHDP in the treatment of patients with STEMI were positive. Complete epicardial and myocardial reperfusion rates, risk for bleeding during hospitalization, and incidence of MACCEs were similar to those of the PPCI strategy. Although the PHDP group has a higher incidence of PVB, it does not increase the incidence of malignant arrhythmia. This study aimed to provide a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of STEMI in hospitals without adequate PPCI resources condition.