INDIVIDUAL ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY OF THE ANTEROPOSTERIOR LATERAL DIMENSIONS OF THE FACIAL SKULL IN MATURE ADULTS.

Despite the significance of anatomical variability in various specialties, there is currently limited research dedicated to this topic. Most studies focus on the brain, with only a small number examining the human skull, primarily in relation to anatomical variability in childhood. AIM: Therefore, the aim of our work is to determine the individual anatomical variability of the lateral dimensions of the facial section of the adult human skull. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 115 skulls of mature individuals, comprising 35 dry bone specimens from the anatomy museum collection and 80 results from human head CT scans without bone tissue pathologies. To detail the craniometric characteristics of the lateral surface of the facial section of the skull, polygons (polygons) were constructed with dividing of the facial section of the skull is into the orbital-frontal, nasal, and maxillary. The facial profilegram of the skull was formed as a set of predetermined dimensions between facial profile points, presenting a continuous line passing through points gl-n-rhi-ns-pr-id-pg, reflecting the shape, dimensions, and position of the cranial profile of mature adults regardless of sex or cranial type. RESULTS: It was established that the longitudinal anteroposterior dimensions of the facial skull exhibit a certain range of variability in mature individuals depending on gender. For instance, the distance between the points gl-po (glabella-porion) reaches its maximum values in individuals with a brachycranial skull shape, ranging from 107 mm to 130 mm in men and from 104 mm to 128 mm in women. In individuals with a mesocranial skull shape, this parameter gradually decreases to 109-126 mm in men and 107-124 mm in women. A similar decrease is observed in those with a dolichocranial skull shape, where the range is 109-121 mm in men and 109-120 mm in women. The distance between n-po (nasion-porion) in brachycranial and mesocranial individuals remains within 96-123 mm and 102-123 mm, regardless of gender, indicating that this parameter is relatively stable. However, in dolichocranial individuals, this distance decreases to 104-115 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Individual anatomical variability of the anteroposterior lateral dimensions of the facial skeleton in mature individuals has been determined. A more in-depth analysis of the existing range of individual variability in the profile configuration of the facial skull was conducted using sagittal polygons. It was found that the polygons gl-po-n, n-po-rhi, and rhi-po-ns relate to the structure of the bony profile of the orbital-temporal and nasal regions of the facial skull, reflecting the upper, combined orbital-nasal section of the head.

VARIANT ANATOMY OF THE MAXILLARY SINUS BASED ON MULTISPIRAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY DATA.

The structural features of the paranasal sinuses play a key role in the development of pathological processes within them. The aim of our study was to examine the variations in the anatomical structure of the maxillary sinus based on Multispiral Computed Tomography (MSCT) data. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 400 individuals aged 18 to 44 years, both male and female. During the study, attention was given to the following topographical and structural indicators: linear dimensions of the maxillary sinus2. The position relative to the nasal cavity, which is also important for reconstructive surgeries and cosmetic procedures. For planning surgical interventions in plastic surgery, the location and prevalence in height of the sinuses were also parameters studied in this work; pneumatization features, which deserve special attention from both researchers and practicing physicians; the average volume, wall thickness, and density, measured as key structural indicators of the sinus. Additionally, these data can indirectly indicate potential risks of complications; the study also determined the dependence of the calculated indicators on gender and age. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The maximum average sinus volume was found in men aged 60-74 years and women aged 18-44 years. This measure was 19.05±2.33 x10⁻6m³ and 19.3±2.9 x10⁻6m³, respectively. The minimum average volume was observed in men aged 45-59 years, where it was 13.02±2.3 x10⁻6m³. In the corresponding age group of women, the minimum average volume was slightly higher, at 11.9±2.1 x10⁻6m³. In other groups studied, the average volume values were intermediate between the maximum and minimum values. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study provide insights into the variations in the structure of the human maxillary sinus based on MSCT data. The average sinus volume indicators were calculated, with a maximum of 19.05±2.33 x10⁻6m³ and a minimum of 11.9±2.1 x10⁻6m³. Additionally, the study identified features of the topographical location of the maxillary sinuses in relation to the external nose.

ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY OF THE ALVEOLAR PROCESS OF THE MAXILLA BASED ON MULTISLICE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY DATA.

Modern research methods, widely implemented in routine medical practice, open new horizons for the study of anatomical structures. The maxilla is one of the regions of the human skull that shows significant variability with age and gender. This is due to the peculiarities of tooth eruption and age-related changes in the periodontium and adjacent structures, which undoubtedly affect the structure of the alveolar process, sometimes drastically altering it over time. The aim of our study was to determine the anatomical variability of the alveolar process of the maxilla based on multislice computed tomography data. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The research was conducted based on the results of 400 spiral computed tomography scans of males and females aged 18 to 95 years with detection of the anatomical variability of the alveolar process. RESULTS: The average height of the alveolar process was 14.3±0.99x10^-3 m. The thickness of the wall also showed considerable variability. It was maximal in the middle part and minimal in the lateral part of the wall, measuring 1.905±0.021x10^-3 m and 1.15±0.011x10^-3 m, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We determined its thickness, density, and identified teeth whose roots are connected to the maxillary sinus. The thickness of the alveolar process correlates with the volume of the sinus, showing a strong negative correlation (r=-0.92). Thus, with larger sinus sizes, the alveolar process has a smaller thickness. According to calculations, there is a correlation between the upper facial index and the size of the alveolar process (r=0.64). In dolichocephalic individuals, the longitudinal size is greater than in brachycephalic individuals, where the transverse size of the alveolar process prevails.

PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE IMPACT OF SMOKING ON THE HUMAN BODY BASED ON RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY INDICATORS OF MAXILLARY SINUS BONE WALLS.

The most effective process of quitting smoking can be achieved through precise and complete identification of the adverse effects on the human body. The aim was to examine the influence of smoking on the density of the walls of the paranasal sinuses. 80 individuals of the young age and both genders were included into the research. Depending on the presence of pathological changes in the sinuses and smoking habits, all participants were divided into four groups. It was found that in the group of smokers without any paranasal sinus pathology, the density is 2.66% lower than the intact group. This figure is significantly higher in patients suffering from rhinosinusitis but not smoking, where it is 45.18%. The maximum difference from the control group is observed in individuals suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis and being smokers, with a difference of 81.03%. Pedagogical aspects of the impact of smoking on the human body based on radiographic density indicators of maxillary sinus bone walls were detected. It has been observed that smoking can exacerbate the negative impact of inflammatory processes in the paranasal sinuses.

PREVAILING CLINICO-PATHOGENETIC PARAMETERS IN PATIENTS WITH POLYPOUS RHINOSINUSITIS.

Aim - Improvement of polypous rhinosinusitis anti-relapse treatment efficacy by distinguishing of the core meaningful factors of the disease's development. The study included 300 patients with polypous rhinosinusitis aged 18-77 years. Comprehensive evaluation of the data is done by means of factor analysis by the method of the main components with subsequent varimax-rotation of the factor axes. The critical value of p-level was 0.05. As a result of the factorial analysis, 6 main factors were identified, the joint action of which explains 53.72% of the variability of indicators for the polypous rhinosinusitis. The factor analysis allowed to distinguish the groups of indicators and estimate the specific weight of individual pathogenetic factors in the development of polypous rhinosinusitis, which might be conditionally combined under the general names of «clinic-immune¼, «clinic-pathomorphological¼, «immunoregulatory¼, «clinical-microbiological¼, «violation local protection¼,¼epidemiological and demographic «factors. The effect of two of the most powerful factors («clinical-immune¼ and «clinic-pathomorphological factor¼) is explained by 46.47% of the variability of indicators. Factor estimates for the most potent «clinically-immune-causative factor¼ with a high degree of reliability distinguished groups of patients with the first identified polypous rhinosinusitis and its relapse. Perspectives of further investigations are related to mathematical modeling of the pathological process using artificial neural networks.