Patrones de alimentación perceptiva durante la primera infancia en conglomerados urbanos. Argentina, 2018-19 / Responsive feeding patterns during early childhood in urban areas. Argentina, 2018­2019

Introducción. La calidad de la alimentación implica tanto la cantidad y calidad de los alimentos que se ofrecen como la forma en que se ofrecen, el entorno y las respuestas de quien los ofrece. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar patrones de comportamiento relacionados a la alimentación perceptiva en niños entre 6 y 23 meses de áreas urbanas de la Argentina en 2018-19. Población y métodos. Análisis secundario de datos de la 2da Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19, de una muestra probabilística polietápica de localidades urbanas de 5000 habitantes y más de Argentina. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y análisis de componentes principales para identificar los patrones de alimentación perceptiva en 4379 niños y niñas de 6 a 23 meses. Resultados. Se identificaron cinco patrones de alimentación perceptiva, las dos primeras dimensiones explicaron el 71,1 % de la inercia (p = 0,013). El patrón donde prevalecía la posibilidad de experimentación, la autonomía, la interacción y la ausencia de pantallas, premios y distracciones se asoció a niños/as mayores de 12 meses, de las regiones del centro y sur (Cuyo, Pampeana, Gran Buenos Aires y Patagonia), mientras que el patrón relacionado con menor autonomía, experimentación y autorregulación correspondió a las regiones Noroeste y Noreste, y a niños/as entre 6 y 11 meses. Conclusión. Se evidencian prácticas de alimentación perceptiva que se corresponden con patrones diferenciados entre sí, asociados a diferentes etapas y a la región donde viven los niños/as.

Introduction. Dietary quality involves both the quantity and quality of food offered, the way and the setting in which it is offered, and the responses of the person offering it. The objective of this study was to identify behavioral patterns related to responsive feeding in children aged 6 to 23 months in urban areas from Argentina in 2018­2019. Population and methods. Secondary analysis based on data from the second National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018­2019 conducted in a multistage probability sample from urban areas of 5000 inhabitants or more in Argentina. A descriptive analysis and a principal component analysis were performed to identify responsive feeding patterns in 4379 children aged 6 to 23 months. Results. Five responsive feeding patterns were identified; the first 2 dimensions explained 71.1% of inertia (p = 0.013). The pattern with a prevailing possibility of experimentation, autonomy, interaction, and the absence of screens, rewards and distractions was associated with children older than 12 months from the central and south regions (Cuyo, Pampa, Greater Buenos Aires, and Patagonia), whereas the pattern related to a lower autonomy, experimentation, and self-regulation corresponded to children aged 6 to 11 months from the Northwest and Northeast regions. Conclusion. There is evidence of responsive feeding practices that correspond to distinguishable patterns, associated with different stages of life and with the region where the children live

Desigualdad en las prácticas de lactancia y alimentación complementaria en la Argentina, según nivel de ingresos del hogar en 2018-19 / Inequality in breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in Argentina by household income level in 2018­2019

Introducción. La calidad de la alimentación es un derecho vinculado con la supervivencia, el crecimiento saludable, la prevención de enfermedades crónicas y malnutrición en todas sus formas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las prácticas de lactancia y de alimentación de menores de 2 años de áreas urbanas de la Argentina en 2018-19, según el nivel de ingreso de los hogares. Población y métodos. Estudio secundario con datos de la 2da. Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19. Se analizaron indicadores de lactancia y alimentación complementaria, según metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y Unicef. Se estratificó según nivel de ingresos del hogar. Resultados. El análisis incluyó 5763 menores de 24 meses. Aunque el 97 % fue alguna vez amamantado, solo el 47 % de los menores de 6 meses tuvo lactancia exclusiva el día previo y el 48 % mantenía la lactancia luego del año, con mayor prevalencia en los niños/as de menores ingresos. En el día previo, el 23 % de los niños/as de 6 a 23 meses no consumió ninguna verdura o fruta; el 60 % consumió alimentos no saludables y el 50 %, bebidas dulces. Las bebidas dulces y la ausencia de frutas y verduras fueron mayores en aquellos de hogares de menores ingresos. Conclusión. La calidad de la alimentación de los niños/as dista de las recomendaciones y está condicionada por los ingresos. En los sectores empobrecidos, es menor el inicio temprano de la lactancia, la diversidad alimentaria mínima y el consumo de frutas y verduras, y es mayor el consumo de bebidas dulces.

Introduction. Diet quality is a right related to survival, healthy growth, prevention of chronic diseases, and malnutrition in all its forms. The objective of this study was to analyze breastfeeding and feeding practices in children younger than 2 years from urban areas of Argentina in 2018­2019 according to their household income level. Population and methods. Secondary analysis of data of the Second National Survey on Nutrition and Health (ENNyS2) of 2018­2019. Breastfeeding and complementary feeding indicators proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) were analized. Data were stratified by household income level. Results. The analysis included 5763 children younger than 24 months old. Although 97% was ever breastfed, only 47% of infants younger than 6 months were exclusively breastfed the previous day and 48% continued with breastfeeding after 1 year old, with a higher prevalence in low-income children. The previous day, 23% of children aged 6 to 23 months did not eat any fruit or vegetable, 60% consumed unhealthy foods, and 50% consumed sweet beverages. The consumption of sweet beverages and the absence of fruit and vegetables were higher in low-income households. Conclusion. The quality of children's diet is far from the recommendations and is conditioned by income. Early initiation of breastfeeding, minimum dietary diversity, fruit and vegetable consumption are lower and sweet beverage consumption is greater in impoverished sectors.

Análisis del desarrollo infantil temprano según el marco de cuidado cariñoso y sensible, por quintiles de riqueza y regiones de Argentina (2019-2020) / Analysis of early childhood development according to the nurturing care framework, by wealth quintiles and regions of Argentina (2019­2020)

Introducción. Uno de los principales desafíos para la primera infancia es brindar cuidados adecuados que reduzcan desigualdades y promuevan desarrollo infantil temprano (DIT). El objetivo del trabajo fue describir relaciones entre los cuidados que reciben niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años, según el marco para el cuidado cariñoso y sensible (NC, por sus siglas en inglés), y sus niveles de DIT en Argentina, considerando región y quintiles de riqueza. Población y métodos. Estudio analítico observacional de corte transversal, a partir de las bases de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes (MICS) Argentina 2019-2020. Se seleccionaron 11 indicadores de NC y se estimó el nivel de DIT utilizando el Índice de Desarrollo Infantil Temprano (ECDI) para un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados. En 2638 niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años evaluados, el promedio de acceso a indicadores de cuidados fue del 79,1 %; el acceso fue alto en 7 indicadores (entre el 84,2 % y el 97,9 %) y medio en 4 (entre el 46,9 % y el 65,1 %); la mayor frecuencia fue contar con registro de nacimiento (97,9 %) y la menor, la cobertura de seguro de salud (46,9 %). El 87,9 % alcanzó niveles adecuados de ECDI. Los resultados registran diferencias según quintiles de riqueza y regiones. Conclusiones. Los resultados evidencian desigualdades de acceso a cuidados y en DIT adecuado de niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años de áreas urbanas de Argentina según la región donde viven y el nivel de riqueza de sus hogares.

Introduction. One of the main challenges for early childhood is to provide adequate care to reduce inequalities and promote an early childhood development (ECD). The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between the care provided to children aged 3 and 4 years according to the nurturing care (NC) framework and their ECD levels in Argentina, considering the region and wealth quintiles. Population and methods. This was an observational, cross-sectional analytical study based on data from the National Survey of Children and Adolescents (MICS) of Argentina 2019­2020. A total of 11 NC indicators were selected; the level of ECD was estimated using the Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI) for a descriptive, statistical analysis. Results. In 2638 children aged 3 and 4 years assessed, the average access to care indicators was 79.1%; access was high for 7 indicators (between 84.2% and 97.9%) and middle for 4 indicators (between 46.9% and 65.1%); the highest and lowest frequency corresponded to having a birth certificate (97.9%) and health insurance coverage (46.9%), respectively. Adequate ECDI levels were observed in 87.9%. Results show differences by wealth quintile and region. Conclusions. The results evidence inequalities in terms of access to care and an adequate ECD of children aged 3 and 4 years from urban areas of Argentina, depending on the region where they live and their household wealth level.

[Digital marketing of commercial infant formula in Argentina: a digital ethnographic study]. / Marketing digital de fórmulas comerciales infantiles en Argentina: un estudio etnográfico digital.

Although evidence of the benefits of breastfeeding is widespread, there are several challenges to initiate and sustain it. Infant formula companies use marketing strategies that violate existing regulations, contributing to its early abandonment. We explore the digital marketing exposure of infant formulas in Argentina by analyzing people's interactions with brands and the traces of these interactions in conversations engaged in Facebook groups during 2022, from a qualitative approach based on digital ethnography. Results show that companies deploy regulatory avoidance tactics and seek contact with mothers. Users do not interact with the accounts but are exposed to their strategies given the correlation between product attributes present in advertising with their motivations and aspirations. The mediators between marketing and mothers are medical professionals, used as marketing resources. We conclude that authorities should promote new agreements on the practices of medical professionals and develop regulations taking into account digital environments.

Si bien es extendida la evidencia de los beneficios de la lactancia materna, diversos son los desafíos para iniciarla y sostenerla. Las empresas productoras de fórmulas infantiles utilizan estrategias de marketing violatorias de las regulaciones existentes, contribuyendo a su temprano abandono. Exploramos la exposición al marketing digital de las fórmulas infantiles en Argentina mediante el análisis de las interacciones de la población con las marcas y las huellas de dichas interacciones en conversaciones entabladas en grupos de Facebook durante 2022, desde un enfoque cualitativo basado en la etnografía digital. Los resultados muestran que las empresas despliegan tácticas elusivas de las regulaciones y buscan el contacto con las madres. Las usuarias no interactúan con las cuentas, pero están expuestas a sus estrategias dado el correlato entre los atributos del producto presentes en la publicidad con sus motivaciones y aspiraciones. Los mediadores entre el marketing y las madres son los profesionales médicos, utilizados como recursos del marketing. Concluimos que las autoridades deben promover nuevos acuerdos sobre las prácticas de los profesionales médicos y desarrollar regulaciones teniendo en cuenta los entornos digitales.

Responsive feeding patterns during early childhood in urban areas. Argentina, 2018-2019. / Patrones de alimentación perceptiva durante la primera infancia en conglomerados urbanos. Argentina, 2018-19.

Introduction. Dietary quality involves both the quantity and quality of food offered, the way and the setting in which it is offered, and the responses of the person offering it. The objective of this study was to identify behavioral patterns related to responsive feeding in children aged 6 to 23 months in urban areas from Argentina in 2018-2019. Population and methods. Secondary analysis based on data from the second National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018-2019 conducted in a multistage probability sample from urban areas of 5000 inhabitants or more in Argentina. A descriptive analysis and a principal component analysis were performed to identify responsive feeding patterns in 4379 children aged 6 to 23 months. Results. Five responsive feeding patterns were identified; the first 2 dimensions explained 71.1% of inertia (p = 0.013). The pattern with a prevailing possibility of experimentation, autonomy, interaction, and the absence of screens, rewards and distractions was associated with children older than 12 months from the central and south regions (Cuyo, Pampa, Greater Buenos Aires, and Patagonia), whereas the pattern related to a lower autonomy, experimentation, and self-regulation corresponded to children aged 6 to 11 months from the Northwest and Northeast regions. Conclusion. There is evidence of responsive feeding practices that correspond to distinguishable patterns, associated with different stages of life and with the region where the children live.

Introducción. La calidad de la alimentación implica tanto la cantidad y calidad de los alimentos que se ofrecen como la forma en que se ofrecen, el entorno y las respuestas de quien los ofrece. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar patrones de comportamiento relacionados a la alimentación perceptiva en niños entre 6 y 23 meses de áreas urbanas de la Argentina en 2018-19. Población y métodos. Análisis secundario de datos de la 2.a Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19, de una muestra probabilística polietápica de localidades urbanas de 5000 habitantes y más de Argentina. Se realizó análisis descriptivo y análisis de componentes principales para identificar los patrones de alimentación perceptiva en 4379 niños y niñas de 6 a 23 meses. Resultados. Se identificaron cinco patrones de alimentación perceptiva, las dos primeras dimensiones explicaron el 71,1 % de la inercia (p = 0,013). El patrón donde prevalecía la posibilidad de experimentación, la autonomía, la interacción y la ausencia de pantallas, premios y distracciones se asoció a niños/as mayores de 12 meses, de las regiones del centro y sur (Cuyo, Pampeana, Gran Buenos Aires y Patagonia), mientras que el patrón relacionado con menor autonomía, experimentación y autorregulación correspondió a las regiones Noroeste y Noreste, y a niños/as entre 6 y 11 meses. Conclusión. Se evidencian prácticas de alimentación perceptiva que se corresponden con patrones diferenciados entre sí, asociados a diferentes etapas y a la región donde viven los niños/as.

Inequality in breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices in Argentina by household income level in 2018-2019. / Desigualdad en las prácticas de lactancia y alimentación complementaria en la Argentina, según nivel de ingresos del hogar en 2018-19.

Introduction. Diet quality is a right related to survival, healthy growth, prevention of chronic diseases, and malnutrition in all its forms. The objective of this study was to analyze breastfeeding and feeding practices in children younger than 2 years from urban areas of Argentina in 2018-2019 according to their household income level. Population and methods. Secondary analysis of data of the Second National Survey on Nutrition and Health (ENNyS2) of 2018-2019. Breastfeeding and complementary feeding indicators proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) were analized. Data were stratified by household income level. Results. The analysis included 5763 children younger than 24 months old. Although 97% was ever breastfed, only 47% of infants younger than 6 months were exclusively breastfed the previous day and 48% continued with breastfeeding after 1 year old, with a higher prevalence in low-income children. The previous day, 23% of children aged 6 to 23 months did not eat any fruit or vegetable, 60% consumed unhealthy foods, and 50% consumed sweet beverages. The consumption of sweet beverages and the absence of fruit and vegetables were higher in low-income households. Conclusion. The quality of children's diet is far from the recommendations and is conditioned by income. Early initiation of breastfeeding, minimum dietary diversity, fruit and vegetable consumption are lower and sweet beverage consumption is greater in impoverished sectors.

Introducción. La calidad de la alimentación es un derecho vinculado con la supervivencia, el crecimiento saludable, la prevención de enfermedades crónicas y malnutrición en todas sus formas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las prácticas de lactancia y de alimentación de menores de 2 años de áreas urbanas de la Argentina en 2018-19, según el nivel de ingreso de los hogares. Población y métodos. Estudio secundario con datos de la 2.a Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19. Se analizaron indicadores de lactancia y alimentación complementaria, según metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) y Unicef. Se estratificó según nivel de ingresos del hogar. Resultados. El análisis incluyó 5763 menores de 24 meses. Aunque el 97 % fue alguna vez amamantado, solo el 47 % de los menores de 6 meses tuvo lactancia exclusiva el día previo y el 48 % mantenía la lactancia luego del año, con mayor prevalencia en los niños/as de menores ingresos. En el día previo, el 23 % de los niños/as de 6 a 23 meses no consumió ninguna verdura o fruta; el 60 % consumió alimentos no saludables y el 50 %, bebidas dulces. Las bebidas dulces y la ausencia de frutas y verduras fueron mayores en aquellos de hogares de menores ingresos. Conclusión. La calidad de la alimentación de los niños/as dista de las recomendaciones y está condicionada por los ingresos. En los sectores empobrecidos, es menor el inicio temprano de la lactancia, la diversidad alimentaria mínima y el consumo de frutas y verduras, y es mayor el consumo de bebidas dulces.

Analysis of early childhood development according to the nurturing care framework, by wealth quintiles and regions of Argentina (2019-2020). / Análisis del desarrollo infantil temprano según el marco de cuidado cariñoso y sensible, por quintiles de riqueza y regiones de Argentina (2019-2020).

Introduction. One of the main challenges for early childhood is to provide adequate care to reduce inequalities and promote an early childhood development (ECD). The objective of this study was to describe the relationship between the care provided to children aged 3 and 4 years according to the nurturing care (NC) framework and their ECD levels in Argentina, considering the region and wealth quintiles. Population and methods. This was an observational, cross-sectional analytical study based on data from the National Survey of Children and Adolescents (MICS) of Argentina 2019-2020. A total of 11 NC indicators were selected; the level of ECD was estimated using the Early Childhood Development Index (ECDI) for a descriptive, statistical analysis. Results. In 2638 children aged 3 and 4 years assessed, the average access to care indicators was 79.1%; access was high for 7 indicators (between 84.2% and 97.9%) and middle for 4 indicators (between 46.9% and 65.1%); the highest and lowest frequency corresponded to having a birth certificate (97.9%) and health insurance coverage (46.9%), respectively. Adequate ECDI levels were observed in 87.9%. Results show differences by wealth quintile and region. Conclusions. The results evidence inequalities in terms of access to care and an adequate ECD of children aged 3 and 4 years from urban areas of Argentina, depending on the region where they live and their household wealth level.

Introducción. Uno de los principales desafíos para la primera infancia es brindar cuidados adecuados que reduzcan desigualdades y promuevan desarrollo infantil temprano (DIT). El objetivo del trabajo fue describir relaciones entre los cuidados que reciben niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años, según el marco para el cuidado cariñoso y sensible (NC, por sus siglas en inglés), y sus niveles de DIT en Argentina, considerando región y quintiles de riqueza. Población y métodos. Estudio analítico observacional de corte transversal, a partir de las bases de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Niñas, Niños y Adolescentes (MICS) Argentina 2019-2020. Se seleccionaron 11 indicadores de NC y se estimó el nivel de DIT utilizando el Índice de Desarrollo Infantil Temprano (ECDI) para un análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados. En 2638 niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años evaluados, el promedio de acceso a indicadores de cuidados fue del 79,1 %; el acceso fue alto en 7 indicadores (entre el 84,2 % y el 97,9 %) y medio en 4 (entre el 46,9 % y el 65,1 %); la mayor frecuencia fue contar con registro de nacimiento (97,9 %) y la menor, la cobertura de seguro de salud (46,9 %). El 87,9 % alcanzó niveles adecuados de ECDI. Los resultados registran diferencias según quintiles de riqueza y regiones. Conclusiones. Los resultados evidencian desigualdades de acceso a cuidados y en DIT adecuado de niños y niñas de 3 y 4 años de áreas urbanas de Argentina según la región donde viven y el nivel de riqueza de sus hogares.

Marketing digital de fórmulas comerciales infantiles en Argentina: un estudio etnográfico digital / Digital marketing of commercial infant formula in Argentina: a digital ethnographic study

RESUMEN Si bien es extendida la evidencia de los beneficios de la lactancia materna, diversos son los desafíos para iniciarla y sostenerla. Las empresas productoras de fórmulas infantiles utilizan estrategias de marketing violatorias de las regulaciones existentes, contribuyendo a su temprano abandono. Exploramos la exposición al marketing digital de las fórmulas infantiles en Argentina mediante el análisis de las interacciones de la población con las marcas y las huellas de dichas interacciones en conversaciones entabladas en grupos de Facebook durante 2022, desde un enfoque cualitativo basado en la etnografía digital. Los resultados muestran que las empresas despliegan tácticas elusivas de las regulaciones y buscan el contacto con las madres. Las usuarias no interactúan con las cuentas, pero están expuestas a sus estrategias dado el correlato entre los atributos del producto presentes en la publicidad con sus motivaciones y aspiraciones. Los mediadores entre el marketing y las madres son los profesionales médicos, utilizados como recursos del marketing. Concluimos que las autoridades deben promover nuevos acuerdos sobre las prácticas de los profesionales médicos y desarrollar regulaciones teniendo en cuenta los entornos digitales.

ABSTRACT Although evidence of the benefits of breastfeeding is widespread, there are several challenges to initiate and sustain it. Infant formula companies use marketing strategies that violate existing regulations, contributing to its early abandonment. We explore the digital marketing exposure of infant formulas in Argentina by analyzing people's interactions with brands and the traces of these interactions in conversations engaged in Facebook groups during 2022, from a qualitative approach based on digital ethnography. Results show that companies deploy regulatory avoidance tactics and seek contact with mothers. Users do not interact with the accounts but are exposed to their strategies given the correlation between product attributes present in advertising with their motivations and aspirations. The mediators between marketing and mothers are medical professionals, used as marketing resources. We conclude that authorities should promote new agreements on the practices of medical professionals and develop regulations taking into account digital environments.

Contribution of hospitals and clinical services to global warming: protocol for a scoping review.

INTRODUCTION: Climate change is one of the greatest threats to public health today, placing considerable pressure on the healthcare sector. During patient care processes, hospital facilities contribute to greenhouse gas emissions through the use of greater resources and higher energy consumption. Consequently, there is growing interest among researchers, universities, organisations and governments to study the impact of the healthcare sector on the environment and to develop strategies to mitigate its effects. The aim of this scoping review is to determine the extent and nature of current literature on global warming from hospitals and clinical services, and ways in which they contribute to its effect. Planning and execution of future research are possible once those areas with existing gaps are identified. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: A broad literature search will be carried out to illustrate the ways in which hospitals and clinical services, processes and activities contribute to climate change. Our protocol was drafted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. The final protocol was registered prospectively with the Open Science Framework. All identified studies indexed in Medline, Scopus and Embase will be examined. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This project is literature-based research; therefore, it does not require ethical approval. The results will be presented to researchers as well as policymakers in this particular area, via conferences, webinars, podcasts and online events. A peer-reviewed publication will be submitted to specific journals of interest.

Descripción de la ingesta de energía según grado de procesamiento de los alimentos. Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19 / Description of energy intake by degree of food processing. National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018­2019

Introducción. A nivel mundial los niños, niñas y adolescentes lideran el consumo de productos ultraprocesados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la ingesta de energía según el grado de procesamiento de los alimentos por grupo etario, en la población urbana mayor de 2 años de la Argentina. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal, con datos de la 2da Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19, en una muestra probabilística polietápica de localidades urbanas de Argentina. A partir de la información recopilada con el recordatorio de 24 horas, se analizó la ingesta diaria de energía, para cada grupo etario, de 1) alimentos sin procesar o mínimamente procesados; 2) ingredientes culinarios procesados; 3) alimentos procesados, y 4) productos ultraprocesados. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados. En 15 444 individuos mayores de 2 años, los alimentos mínimamente procesados representaron el 34,5 % de la energía diaria; los productos ultraprocesados, el 26,0 %; los alimentos procesados, el 23,0 %, y los ingredientes culinarios, el 16,6 %. El porcentaje de energía aportada por ultraprocesados es mayor en niños, niñas y adolescentes que en los adultos (p <0,01), mientras que para alimentos procesados e ingredientes culinarios la tendencia es opuesta (p <0,01). Las galletitas, los amasados de pastelería, las bebidas azucaradas y las golosinas representaron dos tercios de la energía aportada por ultraprocesados. Conclusión. Los niños, niñas y adolescentes de entornos urbanos de la Argentina presentan la mayor ingesta de energía a partir de productos ultraprocesados. Las políticas alimentarias deben contemplar la situación de cada grupo etario para promover una alimentación más saludable.

Introduction. Worldwide, children and adolescents lead the consumption of ultra-processed foods. The objective of this study was to describe the energy intake by the degree of food processing by age group in the urban population over 2 years of age in Argentina. Population and methods. Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2nd National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018­2019 conducted using a multistage probability sample from urban areas of Argentina. Data were collected from a 24-hour recall and were analized, for each age group, the daily energy intake from 1) unprocessed or minimally processed foods; 2) processed culinary ingredients; 3) processed foods; and 4) ultra-processed foods. A descriptive, statistical analysis was performed. Results. In 15 444 individuals older than 2 years, minimally processed foods accounted for 34.5% of daily energy; ultra-processed foods, 26.0%; processed foods, 23.0%; and culinary ingredients, 16.6%. The percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods is higher in children and adolescents than in adults (p < 0.01), while the trend is the opposite from processed foods and culinary ingredients (p < 0.01). Cookies, pastries, sweetened beverage and confectionery accounted for two-thirds of the energy contributed by ultra-processed foods. Conclusion. Children and adolescents in urban areas in Argentina showed the highest energy intake from ultra-processed. Food policies should consider the characteristics of each age group to promote a healthier diet.

Ultra-processed food consumption in Argentina according to income level and its association with the intake of healthy foods.

Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are associated with unhealthy diets and chronic diseases. Hence, knowing the consumption pattern of UPFs in the general population is crucial to design policies to improve public health, such as the recently approved law for the Promotion of Healthy Eating in Argentina (Law N° 27.642). The aim of the study was to characterise the consumption of UPFs according to income level and to assess their association with the intake of healthy foods in the Argentinian population. Healthy foods were defined in this study as those non-UPF groups that have been shown to reduce the risk of non-communicable diseases and excluded certain natural or minimally processed foods such as red meat, poultry and eggs. We retrieved data from the 2018-2019 National Nutrition and Health Survey (ENNyS 2), a cross-sectional, nationally representative survey performed in Argentina, including 15 595 inhabitants. We classified the 1040 food items recorded by the degree of processing using the NOVA system. UPFs represented nearly 26% of daily energy. The intake of UPFs increased with income, with a difference of up to 5 percentage points between the lowest (24%) and the highest (29%) income levels (p < 0.001). Cookies, industrial pastries, cakes and sugar-sweetened beverages were the most consumed UPF items, accounting for 10% of daily energy intake. We found that UPF intake was associated with a decrease in consumption of healthy food groups, mainly fruits and vegetables, where a difference of -28.3 g/2000 kcal and -62.3 g/2000 kcal between tertile 1 and tertile 3 was estimated, respectively. Therefore, Argentina still maintains a UPF consumption pattern of a low- and middle-income country, where UPF intake increases with income, but these foods also compete with the intake of healthy foods.

Association of vitiligo with multiple cutaneous and extra-cutaneous autoimmune diseases: a nationwide cross-sectional study.

Previous studies found conflicting results about associations of vitiligo with different autoimmune diseases. To evaluate associations of vitiligo with multiple autoimmune diseases. A cross-sectional study representative of 612,084,148 US patients from the Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS) 2015-2019 was performed. Vitiligo and autoimmune diseases were identified using International Classification of Diseases-10 codes. The most frequent autoimmune disorders in patients with vitiligo were type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), autoimmune thyroiditis, Addison's disease, and systemic sclerosis (SSc). Vitiligo was associated with any autoimmune disorder (adjusted odds ratio [95% confidence interval] 1.45 [1.32-1.58]). Cutaneous disorders with largest effect-sizes were alopecia areata (186.22 [115.31-300.72]) and SSc (32.13 [25.28-40.82]). Non-cutaneous comorbidities with largest effect-sizes were primary sclerosing cholangitis (43.12 [18.98-97.99]), pernicious anemia (41.26 [31.66-53.78]), Addison's disease (33.85 [26.68-42.9]), and autoimmune thyroiditis (31.65 [26.34-38.02]). Vitiligo is associated with multiple cutaneous and non-cutaneous autoimmune diseases, especially in females and older age.

Description of energy intake by degree of food processing. National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018-2019. / Descripción de la ingesta de energía según grado de procesamiento de los alimentos. Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19.

Introduction. Worldwide, children and adolescents lead the consumption of ultra-processed foods. The objective of this study was to describe the energy intake by the degree of food processing by age group in the urban population over 2 years of age in Argentina. Population and methods. Cross-sectional study based on data from the 2nd National Survey on Nutrition and Health of 2018-2019 conducted using a multistage probability sample from urban areas of Argentina. Data were collected from a 24-hour recall and were analized, for each age group, the daily energy intake from 1) unprocessed or minimally processed foods; 2) processed culinary ingredients; 3) processed foods; and 4) ultra-processed foods. A descriptive, statistical analysis was performed. Results. In 15 444 individuals older than 2 years, minimally processed foods accounted for 34.5% of daily energy; ultra-processed foods, 26.0%; processed foods, 23.0%; and culinary ingredients, 16.6%. The percentage of energy from ultra-processed foods is higher in children and adolescents than in adults (p < 0.01), while the trend is the opposite from processed foods and culinary ingredients (p < 0.01). Cookies, pastries, sweetened beverage and confectionery accounted for two-thirds of the energy contributed by ultra-processed foods. Conclusion. Children and adolescents in urban areas in Argentina showed the highest energy intake from ultra-processed. Food policies should consider the characteristics of each age group to promote a healthier diet.

Introducción. A nivel mundial los niños, niñas y adolescentes lideran el consumo de productos ultraprocesados. El objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar la ingesta de energía según el grado de procesamiento de los alimentos por grupo etario, en la población urbana mayor de 2 años de la Argentina. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal, con datos de la 2.a Encuesta Nacional de Nutrición y Salud 2018-19, en una muestra probabilística polietápica de localidades urbanas de Argentina. A partir de la información recopilada con el recordatorio de 24 horas, se analizó la ingesta diaria de energía, para cada grupo etario, de 1) alimentos sin procesar o mínimamente procesados; 2) ingredientes culinarios procesados; 3) alimentos procesados, y 4) productos ultraprocesados. Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados. En 15 444 individuos mayores de 2 años, los alimentos mínimamente procesados representaron el 34,5 % de la energía diaria; los productos ultraprocesados, el 26,0 %; los alimentos procesados, el 23,0 %, y los ingredientes culinarios, el 16,6 %. El porcentaje de energía aportada por ultraprocesados es mayor en niños, niñas y adolescentes que en los adultos (p <0,01), mientras que para alimentos procesados e ingredientes culinarios la tendencia es opuesta (p <0,01). Las galletitas, los amasados de pastelería, las bebidas azucaradas y las golosinas representaron dos tercios de la energía aportada por ultraprocesados. Conclusión. Los niños, niñas y adolescentes de entornos urbanos de la Argentina presentan la mayor ingesta de energía a partir de productos ultraprocesados. Las políticas alimentarias deben contemplar la situación de cada grupo etario para promover una alimentación más saludable.

Cost-utility and budget impact analysis of CPAP therapy compared to no treatment in the management of moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea in Colombia from a third-party payer perspective.

OBJECTIVES: To conduct cost-utility and budget impact analysis of providing Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) therapy versus no treatment for moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in Colombia from a third-party payer perspective. METHODS: We used a Markov model to assess the cost-utility and budget impact analysis of CPAP in patients over 40 years old with moderate to severe OSA. Data on effectiveness and utility values were obtained from published literature. A discount rate of 5% was applied for outcomes and costs. ICER was calculated and compared against the threshold estimated for Colombia, which is 86% of the GDP per capita. RESULTS: Over a lifetime horizon, the base case analysis showed the incremental cost per quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) gained with CPAP therapy was COP$3,503,804 (USD$1,011 in 2020 prices). The budget impact analysis showed that the adoption of CPAP therapy in the target population would lead to a cumulative net budget impact of COP$411,722 million (USD$118,784,412 in, 2020 prices) over five years of time horizon. CONCLUSIONS: CPAP was cost-effective compared to no-treatment in OSA. According to the budget impact analysis, adopting this technology would require a budget allocation that is partially offset by reduced number of strokes and traffic accident events.

Ultra-processed foods consumption and diet quality among preschool children and women of reproductive age from Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between the consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and diet quality among preschool children and women of reproductive age from Argentina. DESIGN: Cross-sectional and nationally representative survey. The food items were classified according to the NOVA system. Consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, seeds and wholegrains was estimated, and the energy and nutrients related to non-communicable disease (NCD) intake. Linear regression was used to assess the associations. SETTING: Argentina. PARTICIPANTS: Children aged 2-5 years (n 7022), female adolescent aged 10-19 years (n 2165) and women aged 20-49 years (n 4414). RESULTS: UPF represented more than a quarter of total energy intake, 27 % in children, 31 % in female adolescents and 26 % in women. Across all age groups, the major contributors to UPF consumption were cookies and pastries (about 6·0-7·0 %), soft drinks (about 2·7-3·7 %), candies (about 1·8-4·6 %), and juices (about 1·3-1·7 %). The consumption of fresh vegetables, fresh fruits and legumes was negatively associated with UPF consumption. A significant positive association was found between the dietary share of UPF and the dietary content of NCD-promoting nutrients such as free sugars and total saturated and trans-fats. In contrast, a significant negative association was found with the content of NCD-protective such as fibre and protein. CONCLUSIONS: UPF were associated with lower consumption of healthy foods and higher intake of nutrients related to NCD in children and women of reproductive age in Argentina. It is necessary to design food policies that simultaneously reduce the consumption of UPF while promoting the intake of fresh and whole foods to improve the dietary quality.

Community-led housing: Between 'right to the city', 'actually existing neoliberalism' and post-pandemic cities.

This paper examines the Self-Managed Housing Program (Law 341), in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This programme created 45 cooperative housing units between 2001 and 2020 in consolidated urban areas currently undergoing renewal processes. It investigates the conditions that the programme has generated for the realisation of the 'right to the city' in the context of 'actually existing neoliberalism' and challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. This paper analyses the origins of the process and mode of cooperative housing production, including tangible and intangible aspects and capacities acquired by the inhabitants. This study used a mixed quantitative and qualitative methodology. The analytical strategy focused on defining a set of dimensions that characterised the self-managed mode of production, conditions of social and urban insertion in the case studied and participants' perceptions of the influence of material characteristics and organisational arrangements during the pandemic. This paper contributes to our understanding of the socio-economic dynamics in the production of urban space by elucidating the role of the state and specific tensions arising due to bottom-up policies, specific forms adopted by urban experiences of resistance and their contribution in the promotion of concrete conditions of urban life. Finally, this paper characterises an emergent self-managed urbanism and reflects on its possibilities of dialogue with the construction of alternative local policies that challenge growing territorial inequality caused by the subordination of policies to real estate financialisation and its deepening tendencies in the pandemic context.

Vaccines for the common cold.

BACKGROUND: The common cold is a spontaneously remitting infection of the upper respiratory tract, characterised by a runny nose, nasal congestion, sneezing, cough, malaise, sore throat, and fever (usually < 37.8 ºC). Whilst the common cold is generally not harmful, it is a cause of economic burden due to school and work absenteeism. In the United States, economic loss due to the common cold is estimated at more than USD 40 billion per year, including an estimate of 70 million workdays missed by employees, 189 million school days missed by children, and 126 million workdays missed by parents caring for children with a cold. Additionally, data from Europe show that the total cost per episode may be up to EUR 1102. There is also a large expenditure due to inappropriate antimicrobial prescription. Vaccine development for the common cold has been difficult due to antigenic variability of the common cold viruses; even bacteria can act as infective agents. Uncertainty remains regarding the efficacy and safety of interventions for preventing the common cold in healthy people, thus we performed an update of this Cochrane Review, which was first published in 2011 and updated in 2013 and 2017. OBJECTIVES: To assess the clinical effectiveness and safety of vaccines for preventing the common cold in healthy people. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (April 2022), MEDLINE (1948 to April 2022), Embase (1974 to April 2022), CINAHL (1981 to April 2022), and LILACS (1982 to April 2022). We also searched three trials registers for ongoing studies, and four websites for additional trials (April 2022). We did not impose any language or date restrictions. SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of any virus vaccine compared with placebo to prevent the common cold in healthy people. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used Cochrane's Screen4Me workflow to assess the initial search results. Four review authors independently performed title and abstract screening to identify potentially relevant studies. We retrieved the full-text articles for those studies deemed potentially relevant, and the review authors independently screened the full-text reports for inclusion in the review, recording reasons for exclusion of the excluded studies. Any disagreements were resolved by discussion or by consulting a third review author when needed. Two review authors independently collected data on a data extraction form, resolving any disagreements by consensus or by involving a third review author. We double-checked data transferred into Review Manager 5 software. Three review authors independently assessed risk of bias using RoB 1 tool as outlined in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. We carried out statistical analysis using Review Manager 5. We did not conduct a meta-analysis, and we did not assess publication bias. We used GRADEpro GDT software to assess the certainty of the evidence and to create a summary of findings table.  MAIN RESULTS: We did not identify any new RCTs for inclusion in this update. This review includes one RCT conducted in 1965 with an overall high risk of bias. The RCT included 2307 healthy young men in a military facility, all of whom were included in the analyses, and compared the effect of three adenovirus vaccines (live, inactivated type 4, and inactivated type 4 and 7) against a placebo (injection of physiological saline or gelatin capsule). There were 13 (1.14%) events in 1139 participants in the vaccine group, and 14 (1.19%) events in 1168 participants in the placebo group. Overall, we do not know if there is a difference between the adenovirus vaccine and placebo in reducing the incidence of the common cold (risk ratio 0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 2.02; very low-certainty evidence). Furthermore, no difference in adverse events when comparing live vaccine preparation with placebo was reported. We downgraded the certainty of the evidence to very low due to unclear risk of bias, indirectness because the population of this study was only young men, and imprecision because confidence intervals were wide and the number of events was low. The included study did not assess vaccine-related or all-cause mortality.  AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: This Cochrane Review was based on one study with very low-certainty evidence, which showed that there may be no difference between the adenovirus vaccine and placebo in reducing the incidence of the common cold. We identified a need for well-designed, adequately powered RCTs to investigate vaccines for the common cold in healthy people. Future trials on interventions for preventing the common cold should assess a variety of virus vaccines for this condition, and should measure such outcomes as common cold incidence, vaccine safety, and mortality (all-cause and related to the vaccine).

Sex differences regarding the impact of a standardized adaptation session in Colombian patients with obstructive sleep apnea and poor adherence to positive airway pressure devices / Diferencias por sexo respecto al impacto de una sesión de adaptación en pacientes colombianos con apnea obstructiva del sueño y mala adherencia a dispositivos de presión positiva

Abstract Introduction: Positive airway pressure (PAP) is the most effective treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) but adherence to this device is poor. The Sleep and Breathing Disorders Clinic of Fundación Neumológica Colombiana (FNC) has a standardized adaptation session (SAS) aimed at patients with difficulties in using PAP devices. Objective: To evaluate the impact of a SAS in short-term adherence to PAP therapy in patients with OSA, and to determine differences by sex. Materials and methods: Before-and-after single cohort study conducted in 40 people aged >18 years with an apnea-hypopnea index >15/hour and treated at the FNC, Bogotá D.C. (Colombia) between 2015 and 2017, who attended a SAS due to poor adherence to PAP therapy (defined as <4 hours use in 70% of nights). Data on the hours of use of the PAP device and the percentage of days in which it was used >4 hours were recorded before and after the intervention to evaluate changes in patients' adherence. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The paired samples t-test was used for the comparison of variables before and after the intervention. Results: A significant increase was observed in PAP device use (1.8 hours, 95%CI: 1.3-2.3; p<0.001) and in the percentage of days it was used >4 hours (35.6%, 95%CI: 26.0-45.3; p<0.001). Among men, the increase was higher in both cases (2.3 hours, 95%CI: 1.7-2.9; p=0.029 and 47.8%, 95%CI: 32.9-62.8; p=0.029). Conclusion: The SAS offered by the FNC, which includes education strategies and the identification and solving of barriers hindering the use of PAP devices, significantly increased the hours of PAP device use and the percentage of days in which it was used >4 hours in the study population, particularly in men.

Resumen Introducción. La terapia de presión positiva en la vía aérea (PAP) es el tratamiento más efectivo de la apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS); sin embargo, la adherencia no es óptima. La clínica de trastornos respiratorios del sueño de la Fundación Neumológica Colombiana (FNC) tiene una sesión de adaptación estandarizada (SAE) dirigida a pacientes con dificultades en el uso de equipo PAP. Objetivo. Evaluar el impacto de una SAE en la adherencia a corto plazo a la terapia de PAP en pacientes con AOS y determinar diferencias por sexo. Materiales y métodos. Estudio de cohorte única de antes y después realizado en 40 pacientes >18 años con un índice de apnea-hipopnea >15/hora atendidos en la FNC, en Bogotá D.C., Colombia, entre 2015 y 2017 y que asistieron a una SAE debido a una pobre adherencia a la terapia de PAP (<4 horas de uso el 70% de las noches). Se registraron los datos de uso en horas del equipo de PAP y el porcentaje de días en que se usó más de 4 horas antes y después de la intervención. Los datos se analizaron mediante estadística descriptiva y se empleó la prueba T de muestras emparejadas para comparar las variables antes y después de la intervención. Resultados. Se observó un aumento significativo después de la SAE en las horas de uso del equipo de PAP (1.8 horas, IC95%: 1.3-2.3; p<0.001) y del porcentaje de días en que su uso fue >4 horas (35.6%, IC95%: 26.0-45.3; p<0.001); el incremento fue mayor en los hombres en ambos casos (2.3 horas, IC95%: 1.7-2.9; p=0.029, y 47.8%, IC95%: 32.9-62.8; p=0.029). Conclusión. La SAE que brinda la FNC, la cual incluye estrategias educativas y la identificación y solución de barreras que dificultan el uso del equipo de PAP, aumentó de forma significativa las horas de uso de los dispositivos de PAP y el porcentaje de días con uso >4 horas en la población de estudio, en particular en los hombres.

Nutritional Quality of School Breakfasts: An Experience Based on Improvements of the School Food Program in Buenos Aires.

BACKGROUND: Since 2016, the School Food Program in the Buenos Aires Province, Argentina, implemented a nutritional regulatory framework (NRF) and varying administration systems (AS). Here, we examined the association between the interventions (only NRF and NRF + AS) and breakfast nutritional and food indicators between 2016 and 2019. METHODS: Data collected from the Survey of the School Food Program, 2016-2019, were analyzed. The dependent variables were the energy, macro-and micronutrients, milk/yogurt, and fruit quantities in school breakfasts. The independent variables were the school's status: (a) control group, (b) Intervention 1 (only NRF), and (c) Intervention 2 (NRF + AS). We preformed crude and adjusted linear regressions with robust variances. RESULTS: We evaluated 4,060 schools (control group: 24%; Intervention 1: 39%; Intervention 2: 37%). Only vitamin A levels increased after Intervention 1, and almost all indicators (80%) showed better values when applying Intervention 2. SCHOOL HEALTH POLICY IMPLICATIONS: Nutritional and food indicator improvements were associated with the implementation of the NRF and AS, emphasizing the significance of design and management of school food public policies, along with the amount of investment/territorial coverage. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight the importance of school food and nutrition policies with a potential impact on improving the nutritional status of children.

Social inequalities in fruit and vegetable consumption by household characteristics in Argentina.

Low consumption of fruits and vegetables contributes to an increased burden of non-communicable diseases. In order to analyze the impact of different factors on fresh fruit and vegetable consumption, an observational, correlational, and cross-sectional study was conducted using data collected in the 2017-2018 National Household Expenditure Survey. We calculated apparent intake of fresh fruits and vegetables in net grams. Descriptive bivariate and multivariate analyses were conducted using multiple linear regression. Apparent intake of fresh fruits and vegetables was well below the recommended level; the lowest consumption was observed in households with lower incomes, with lower educational levels, without elderly members, with children under age 14, with a male head of household, and those residing in the Argentine Northeast region. Identifying social inequalities in food consumption contributes to the development of policies aimed at promoting food and nutrition security.

El bajo consumo de verduras y frutas contribuye al aumento de la carga de enfermedades no transmisibles. Con el objetivo de analizar cómo inciden distintos factores en el consumo de verduras y frutas frescas se realizó un estudio observacional, correlacional y transversal con datos obtenidos de la Encuesta Nacional de Gastos de los Hogares 2017-2018. Se estimó el consumo aparente de verduras y frutas frescas, en gramos de peso neto. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo bivariado y uno multivariado a partir de regresiones lineales múltiples. El consumo aparente de verduras y frutas frescas está muy por debajo de lo recomendado, los menores consumos se observaron en hogares de menores ingresos, con menor clima educativo, sin adultos mayores, con menores de 14 años, con jefatura masculina y que residen en la región del nordeste argentino. Conocer las desigualdades sociales en el consumo contribuye a la planificación de políticas que garanticen la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional.