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Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer among females globally, with a high incidence and high mortality among females in developing countries. This retrospective case-control study aimed to investigate the association between oral contraceptives and cervical cancer, on which insufficient evidence still exists. Material and Methods: To examine the association between oral contraceptives and cervical cancer based on 7,496 females aged over 20 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, multivariable logistic regression conducted from 1999 to 2016 was used. Results: Contraceptive use was positively associated with cervical cancer risk. In model 1 (unadjusted), a 195% increased risk of cervical cancer was observed among those who used oral contraceptives (odds ratio [OR] = 2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.39-3.98, p = 0.002) compared to those who did not. In addition, the ORs for the exposed population were 1.74 (95% CI = 1.05-3.08, p = 0.041) and 1.93 (95% CI = 1.16-3.44, p = 0.017) in model 2 (adjusted for age, race, and body mass index [BMI]) and model 3 (adjusted for education level, ratio of family income to poverty, drinking status, smoking status, number of pregnancies, age at first sex, number of sexual partners, and whether to receive the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in addition to model 2), respectively. Furthermore, subgroup analyses stratified by age, smoking status, BMI, age at first sex, number of sexual partners, and whether to receive the HPV vaccine also revealed that oral contraceptives were significantly associated with cervical cancer. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that oral contraceptive use increased the risk of cervical cancer. In addition, the higher risk, including individuals older than 45 years, having a high BMI (≥30 kg/m2), being current smokers, and having more than five sexual partners, may contribute to the development of cervical cancer.
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Heritable symbionts are common among animals in nature, but the molecular mechanisms underpinning symbiont invasions of host populations have been elusive. In this study, we demonstrate the spread of Rickettsia in an invasive agricultural pest, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED), across northeastern China from 2018 to 2023. Here, we show that the beneficial symbiont Rickettsia spreads by manipulating host hormone signals. Our analyses suggest that Rickettsia have been horizontally acquired by B. tabaci MED from another invasive whitefly B. tabaci Middle East-Asia Minor 1 during periods of coexistence. Rickettsia is transmitted maternally and horizontally from female B. tabaci MED individuals. Rickettsia infection enhances fecundity and results in female bias among whiteflies. Our findings reveal that Rickettsia infection stimulates juvenile hormone (JH) synthesis, in turn enhancing fecundity, copulation events, and the female ratio of the offspring. Consequently, Rickettsia infection results in increased whitefly fecundity and female bias by modulating the JH pathway. More female progeny facilitates the transmission of Rickettsia. This study illustrates that the spread of Rickettsia among invasive whiteflies in northeastern China is propelled by host hormone regulation. Such symbiont invasions lead to rapid physiological and molecular evolution in the host, influencing the biology and ecology of an invasive species.
Subject(s)
Fertility , Hemiptera , Rickettsia , Sex Ratio , Symbiosis , Animals , Rickettsia/physiology , Hemiptera/microbiology , Hemiptera/physiology , Female , Male , Juvenile Hormones/metabolism , ChinaABSTRACT
The albino tea cultivar is one of the most important germplasms for key gene mining and high-quality tea producing. In order to elucidate the chlorophyll-deficient mechanism of albino cultivar 'Huangjinya' and its offspring, color difference, photosynthetic pigments and the relevant genes' expression of the tender shoots were comprehensively investigated in this study. Among the tested 16 offspring, 5 exhibited albino phenotype in spring and autumn, 3 showed albino phenotype in spring but normal green in autumn, while the rests were all normal green. The shoot of albino offspring had significantly higher lightness and/or yellowness than that of green ones, and possessed dramatically lower photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll precursor protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), as well as higher chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b but lower chlorophylls/carotenoids in comparison with green ones. Among the tested genes involved in chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolism pathways, expression of the magnesium protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester cyclase (CRD), 3,8-divinyl chlorophyllide 8-vinyl reductase (DVR), 5-aminolevulinate dehydratase 1 (HEMB1), 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase 1 (DXS1) and 4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase (ISPH) was remarkably down-regulated in shoots of the albino offspring. Color difference indices of the offspring were significantly correlated with the levels of photosynthetic pigments and Pchlide, and low level of chlorophylls in shoot of albino offspring was mainly due to conversion obstacle from magnesium protoporphyrin â ¨ (Mg-Proto IX) to Pchlide which might be attributed to down-regulatory expression of CRD and DVR.
Subject(s)
Chlorophyll , Phenotype , Protochlorophyllide , Protoporphyrins , Chlorophyll/metabolism , Protochlorophyllide/metabolism , Protoporphyrins/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation, Plant , Plant Proteins/metabolism , Plant Proteins/genetics , PhotosynthesisABSTRACT
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The Sang Yu granule (SY), a traditional Chinese medicine prescription of Xijing Hospital, was developed based on the Guanyin powder in the classical prescription "Hong's Collection of Proven Prescriptions" and the new theory of modern Chinese medicine. It has been proved to have a certain therapeutic effect on drug-induced liver injury (DILI), but the specific mechanism of action is still unclear. AIM OF STUDY: Aim of the study was to explore the effect of SangYu granule on treating drug-induced liver injury induced by acetaminophen in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The chemical composition of SY, serum, and liver tissue was analyzed using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To assess hepatic function, measurements were taken using kits for total bile acids, as well as serum AST, ALT, and ALP activity. Concentrations of IL-1ß and TNF-α in serum were quantified using ELISA kits. Transcriptome Sequencing Analysis and 2bRAD-M microbial diversity analysis were employed to evaluate gene expression variance in liver tissue and fecal microbiota diversity among different groups, respectively. Western blotting was performed to observe differences in the activation levels of FXR, SHP, CYP7A1 and PPARα in the liver, and the levels of FXR and FGF-15 genes and proteins in the ileum of mice. Additionally, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) experiments were conducted to investigate the potential therapeutic effect of administering the intestinal microbial suspension from mice treated with SY on drug-induced liver injury. RESULTS: SY treatment exhibited significant hepatoprotective effects in mice, effectively ameliorating drug-induced liver injury while concurrently restoring intestinal microbial dysbiosis. Furthermore, SY administration demonstrated a reduction in the concentration of total bile acids, the expression of FXR and SHP proteins in the liver was up-regulated, CYP7A1 protein was down-regulated, and the expressions of FXR and FGF-15 proteins in the ileum were up-regulated. However, no notable impact on PPARα was observed. Furthermore, results from FMT experiments indicated that the administration of fecal suspensions derived from mice treated with SY did not yield any therapeutic benefits in the context of drug-induced liver injury. CONCLUSION: The aforementioned findings strongly suggest that SY exerts a pronounced ameliorative effect on drug-induced liver injury through its ability to modulate the expression of key proteins involved in bile acid secretion, thereby preserving hepato-enteric circulation homeostasis.
Subject(s)
Acetaminophen , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Gastrointestinal Microbiome , Liver , PPAR alpha , Animals , Acetaminophen/toxicity , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/prevention & control , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury/drug therapy , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology , Male , Liver/drug effects , Liver/metabolism , Liver/pathology , Mice , PPAR alpha/metabolism , Gastrointestinal Microbiome/drug effects , Fibroblast Growth Factors , Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/metabolism , Cholesterol 7-alpha-Hydroxylase/genetics , Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood , Bile Acids and Salts/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/metabolism , Interleukin-1beta/geneticsABSTRACT
Host reproduction can be manipulated by bacterial symbionts in various ways. Parthenogenesis induction is the most effective type of reproduction manipulation by symbionts for their transmission. Insect sex is determined by regulation of doublesex (dsx) splicing through transformer2 (tra2) and transformer (tra) interaction. Although parthenogenesis induction by symbionts has been studied since the 1970s, its underlying molecular mechanism is unknown. Here we identify a Wolbachia parthenogenesis-induction feminization factor gene (piff) that targets sex-determining genes and causes female-producing parthenogenesis in the haplodiploid parasitoid Encarsia formosa. We found that Wolbachia elimination repressed expression of female-specific dsx and enhanced expression of male-specific dsx, which led to the production of wasp haploid male offspring. Furthermore, we found that E. formosa tra is truncated and non-functional, and Wolbachia has a functional tra homolog, termed piff, with an insect origin. Wolbachia PIFF can colocalize and interact with wasp TRA2. Moreover, Wolbachia piff has coordinated expression with tra2 and dsx of E. formosa. Our results demonstrate the bacterial symbiont Wolbachia has acquired an insect gene to manipulate the host sex determination cascade and induce parthenogenesis in wasps. This study reveals insect-to-bacteria horizontal gene transfer drives the evolution of animal sex determination systems, elucidating a striking mechanism of insect-microbe symbiosis.
Subject(s)
Gene Transfer, Horizontal , Symbiosis , Wasps , Wolbachia , Animals , Wolbachia/physiology , Wolbachia/genetics , Wasps/physiology , Wasps/microbiology , Wasps/genetics , Symbiosis/genetics , Female , Male , Parthenogenesis/genetics , Insect Proteins/genetics , Insect Proteins/metabolism , Sex Determination Processes/geneticsABSTRACT
Phylogenetic analyses and morphological examination confirmed two new species in the tropical polypore genus Tropicoporus, T.oceanianus and T.zuzaneae, from Australia and tropical Asia, respectively. A phylogenetic analysis based on the two DNA markers including the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the large subunit (nLSU) gene shows that these two new species form two independent lineages nested in the genus Tropicoporus. T.oceanianus is characterized by perennial and ungulate basidiomata, the occasional presence of hymenial setae, a trimitic hyphal structure in the context and a dimitic hyphal system in the trama, and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 5.2-6 × 4-5 µm. T.zuzaneae is characterized by perennial and resupinate basidiomata with distinct receding margin, glancing pores, very thin to almost lacking subiculum, a dimitic hyphal structure, the absence of any setal elements, broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 3.8-4.9 × 3-4.2 µm. The differences among the new species and their phylogenetically related and morphologically similar species are discussed.
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Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) has caused massive economic losses in the cattle business worldwide. Fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key enzyme of the fatty acid synthesis (FAS) pathway, has been shown to support virus replication. To investigate the role of fatty acids (FAs) in BVDV infection, we infected CD8+T lymphocytes obtained from healthy cattle with BVDV in vitro. During early cytopathic (CP) and noncytopathic (NCP) BVDV infection in CD8+ T cells, there is an increase in de novo lipid biosynthesis, resulting in elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) and triglycerides (TG). BVDV infection promotes de novo lipid biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with the FASN inhibitor C75 significantly reduces the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT in BVDV-infected CD8+ T cells, while inhibition of PI3K with LY294002 decreases FASN expression. Both CP and NCP BVDV strains promote de novo fatty acid synthesis by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway. Further investigation shows that pharmacological inhibitors targeting FASN and PI3K concurrently reduce FFAs, TG levels, and ATP production, effectively inhibiting BVDV replication. Conversely, the in vitro supplementation of oleic acid (OA) to replace fatty acids successfully restored BVDV replication, underscoring the impact of abnormal de novo fatty acid metabolism on BVDV replication. Intriguingly, during BVDV infection of CD8+T cells, the use of FASN inhibitors prompted the production of IFN-α and IFN-ß, as well as the expression of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Moreover, FASN inhibitors induce TBK-1 phosphorylation through the activation of RIG-1 and MDA-5, subsequently activating IRF-3 and ultimately enhancing the IFN-1 response. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that BVDV infection activates the PI3K/AKT pathway to boost de novo fatty acid synthesis, and inhibition of FASN suppresses BVDV replication by activating the RIG-1/MDA-5-dependent IFN response.
Subject(s)
Diarrhea Virus 1, Bovine Viral , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral , Cattle , Animals , Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt , Diarrhea Viruses, Bovine Viral/physiology , CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes , Fatty Acids , LipidsABSTRACT
Objective: To understand the depression, anxiety, stress and other mental health conditions of personnel undergoing hospital isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic and the influencing factors. Methods: This was retrospective study. A total of 120 personnel undergoing Baoding No.1 Hospital isolation who completed the questionnaires were included from June 10, 2021 to February 07, 2022. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9(PHQ-9), the Generalized Anxiety Scale (GAD7) and psychological stress measurement table (PSTR) were used for psychological problem screening for personnel undergoing hospital isolation. Results: The incidence of depression was the lowest, while that of stress was the highest. The difference in the incidence of depression, anxiety and stress among personnel undergoing hospital isolation with different gender, age, income statuses, marital statuses and attitude towards isolation was statistically significant (p< 0.05), while the difference in the incidence of these problems among personnel with different degree of education was not statistically significant(p> 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age, gender, marital status, economic status and attitude towards isolation are factors associated with stress. Economic status and attitude towards isolation are factors associated with depression. A high economic level is a protective factor against depression, while a negative attitude is a risk factor for depression. Conclusion: During the COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety, depression and stress increased to different extents in personnel undergoing hospital isolation, especially in females with poor economic conditions and poor attitudes towards isolation. Therefore, necessary psychological counseling and social support should be provided to these people.
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Positron emission tomography (PET) scans can reveal abnormal metabolic activities of cells and provide favorable information for clinical patient diagnosis. Generally, standard-dose PET (SPET) images contain more diagnostic information than low-dose PET (LPET) images but higher-dose scans can also bring higher potential radiation risks. To reduce the radiation risk while acquiring high-quality PET images, in this paper, we propose a 3D multi-modality edge-aware Transformer-GAN for high-quality SPET reconstruction using the corresponding LPET images and T1 acquisitions from magnetic resonance imaging (T1-MRI). Specifically, to fully excavate the metabolic distributions in LPET and anatomical structural information in T1-MRI, we first use two separate CNN-based encoders to extract local spatial features from the two modalities, respectively, and design a multimodal feature integration module to effectively integrate the two kinds of features given the diverse contributions of features at different locations. Then, as CNNs can describe local spatial information well but have difficulty in modeling long-range dependencies in images, we further apply a Transformer-based encoder to extract global semantic information in the input images and use a CNN decoder to transform the encoded features into SPET images. Finally, a patch-based discriminator is applied to ensure the similarity of patch-wise data distribution between the reconstructed and real images. Considering the importance of edge information in anatomical structures for clinical disease diagnosis, besides voxel-level estimation error and adversarial loss, we also introduce an edge-aware loss to retain more edge detail information in the reconstructed SPET images. Experiments on the phantom dataset and clinical dataset validate that our proposed method can effectively reconstruct high-quality SPET images and outperform current state-of-the-art methods in terms of qualitative and quantitative metrics.
Subject(s)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Positron-Emission Tomography , Humans , Positron-Emission Tomography/methods , Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods , Phantoms, Imaging , Benchmarking , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted/methodsABSTRACT
Sidera, belonging to the Rickenella clade of Hymenochaetales, is a worldwide genus with mostly poroid hymenophore of wood-inhabiting fungi. Two new species in the genus, Sideraamericana and S.borealis, are described and illustrated from China and North America based on morphological and molecular evidence. They were mainly found growing on rotten wood of Abies, Picea and Pinus. S.americana is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata with silk sheen when dry, round pores (9-11 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and allantoid basidiospores measuring 3.5-4.2 × 1 µm. S.borealis is characterized by annual, resupinate basidiomata with cream to pinkish buff dry pore surface, angular pores (6-7 per mm), a dimitic hyphal system, and allantoid basidiospores measuring 3.9-4.1 × 1-1.1 µm. Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined 2-locus dataset [ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) + nuclear large subunit RNA (nLSU)] shows that the two species are members of Sidera, and they are compared with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species, respectively. An identification key to 18 accepted species of Sidera in worldwide is provided.
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The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem stability is a hot topic in ecology. However, current studies focus mainly on aboveground system with plants, little attention has been paid to belowground system with soils. In this study, we constructed three soil suspensions with varying microbial diversity (100, 10-2, 10-6) by the dilution method and inoculated separately into agricultural Mollisols and Oxisols to examine the stability (indicated by resistance and resilience) of soil CO2 production and N2O emission to copper pollution and heat stress. Results showed that the stability of CO2 production in Mollisols was not influenced by microbial diversity loss, while the resistance and resilience of N2O emission in Mollisols were significantly decreased at the 10-6 diversity. In the Oxisols, the resistance and resilience of N2O emission to copper pollution and heat stress started to decrease even at the 10-2 diversity, and the stability of CO2 production decreased at the 10-6 diversity. These results suggested that both soil types and the identity of soil functions influenced the relationship between microbial diversity and the stability of function. It was concluded that soils with ample nutrients and resistant microbial communities tend to have higher functional stability, and that the fundamental soil functions (e.g., CO2 production) are more resistant and resilient than the specific soil functions (e.g., N2O emission) in response to environmental stress.
Subject(s)
Ecosystem , Soil , Carbon Dioxide/analysis , Copper , Agriculture , Soil Microbiology , Nitrous Oxide/analysisABSTRACT
Two new wood-inhabiting fungi from China, Steccherinum juniperi and S. incrustans, in the family Steccherinaceae are described and illustrated based on morphological and molecular analyses. The species S. juniperi was found growing on the rotten wood of Juniperus in Qinghai Province, China, while S. incrustans was collected on rotten angiosperm wood in Yunnan Province, China. The characteristics of S. juniperi include annual, resupinate basidiomata with a buff yellow fresh pore surface that becomes apricot orange when bruised, angular pores of 3-6 per mm, subicular generative hyphae sometimes covered with crystals, the presence of encrusted skeletocystidia in tube trama only, fusiform to slim clavate cystidioles, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring as 3-4 × 2-3 µm. The characteristics of S. incrustans include annual, resupinate basidiomata with a buff yellow or pinkish buff to clay buff dried pore surface, angular pores (8-10 per mm), generative hyphae in trama frequently covered with crystals, the presence of encrusted skeletocystidia in tube trama and hymenium, and ellipsoid basidiospores (3.5-4.5 × 2.5-3.5 µm). Phylogenetic analysis based on a combined 2-locus dataset [ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) + nuclear large subunit RNA (nLSU)] shows that the two species are members of Steccherinum, and they are compared with morphologically similar and related species of this genus, respectively. In addition, two new combinations from Junghuhnia, transferred to Steccherinum as S. austrosinense and S. nandinae, are proposed based on examination of their type materials and phylogenetic analysis.
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Objectives: To compare and analyze the incidence of anxiety and depression of infectious disease fever patients in hospitalized isolation and home isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as the risk factors for the negative emotions of hospitalized isolation patients. Methods: Forty isolated infectious disease fever patients in Baoding No.1 Hospital were randomly selected as the study group, and the other 40 isolated infectious disease fever patients at home were randomly selected as the control group from March 2020 to August 2020. The scores and prevalence of depression and anxiety between the two groups were compared and analyzed. The logistic regression analysis was used to judge and analyze the negative psychological factors of hospitalized isolation patients such as depression and anxiety. Result: The HAMA and HAMD-17 scores of study group are significantly higher than those of control group (HAMA, p=0.00; HAMD-17, p=0.01). The prevalence of anxiety and depression in the study group was significantly higher than that in the control group (p=0.03, p=0.04). The gender (p=0.002), economic status (p=0.004) and isolation attitude (p=0.023) are the related factors of anxiety, among which economic status is the protective factor, while women and resistant attitude are the risk factors. Economic status (p=0.003) and isolation attitude (p=0.001) are the related factors of depression, among which economic status is the protective factor, and resistant attitude is the risk factor. Conclusion: The prevalence and severity of anxiety and depression in hospitalized isolation patients due to infectious disease fever are significantly higher than those of home isolation patients. The focus groups are women, with bad economic status and poor isolation attitude. Necessary psychological counseling and social support should be provided to these groups to reduce negative emotions and increase the experience of isolated patients.
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Two new corticioid fungi in the family Phanerochaetaceae, Phanerochaete shenghuaii and Rhizochaete variegata, are described and illustrated from Southwest China based on morphological characteristics and molecular data. Phanerochaete shenghuaii is characterized by annual, effused, inseparable basidiocarps from substrate, ivory white to cream hymenial surface when juvenile, buff to yellowish brown with age, buff in KOH, a monomitic hyphal system, smooth cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.8-6 × 2.5-3.8 µm. Rhizochaete variegata is characterized by annual, effused, easily separable basidiocarps from substrate, buff-yellow to clay-pink fresh hymenial surface becoming cream to buff upon drying, violet in KOH, a monomitic hyphal system, encrusted cystidia, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 3-4 × 2.2-3 µm. The phylogenetic analyses based on ITS + nLSU rDNA sequences confirm the placement of the two new species, respectively, in the Phanerochaete clade and the Rhizochaete clade of Phanerochaetaceae. Phylogenetically related and morphologically similar species to these two new species are discussed.
Subject(s)
Basidiomycota , Polyporales , Polyporales/genetics , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics , Phylogeny , Spores, Fungal , ChinaABSTRACT
Integration between animal reproduction and symbiont inheritance is fundamental in symbiosis biology, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. Vitellogenin (Vg) is critical for oogenesis, and it is also a pathogen pattern recognition molecule in some animals. Previous studies have shown that Vg is involved in the regulation of symbiont abundance and transmission. However, the mechanisms by which an insect and its symbiont contribute to the function of Vg and how Vg impacts the persistence of insect-microbe symbiosis remain largely unclear. Symbionts are transovarially transmitted via maternal inheritance of the bacteriocytes in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Surprisingly, Vg is localized in bacteriocytes of whiteflies. Vg could be synthesized in whitefly bacteriocytes by the gene Vg expressed in these cells or exported into bacteriocytes from hemolymph via the Vg receptor. We further found that the juvenile hormone and "Candidatus Portiera aleyrodidarum" (here termed Portiera) control the level and localization of Vg in whiteflies. Immunocapture PCR revealed interactions between Vg and Portiera. Suppressing Vg expression reduced Portiera abundance as well as whitefly oogenesis and fecundity. Thus, we reveal that Vg facilitated the persistence of whitefly-bacteriocyte symbiont associations. This study will provide insight into the key role of Vg in the coevolution of insect reproduction and symbiont inheritance. IMPORTANCE Intracellular heritable symbionts have been incorporated into insect reproductive and developmental biology by various mechanisms. All Bemisia tabaci species harbor the obligate symbiont Portiera in specialized insect cells called bacteriocytes. We report that the whitefly juvenile hormone and Portiera determined vitellogenin (Vg) localization in bacteriocytes of whiteflies. In turn, Vg affected whitefly fecundity as well as fitness and transmission of the symbiont. Our findings show that Vg, a multifunctional protein, is indispensable for symbiont integration into the reproduction and development of insects. This reflects the outcome of long-term coevolution of the insect-microbe symbiosis.
Subject(s)
Hemiptera , Vitellogenins , Animals , Vitellogenins/genetics , Vitellogenins/metabolism , Hemiptera/genetics , Symbiosis/genetics , Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Recent studies indicate that stimulation of the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg) can drive a negative affective state and that nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) may play a role in affective disorders and drug addiction. The N/OFQ precursor prepronociceptin encoding genes Pnoc are situated in RMTg neurons. To determine whether N/OFQ signaling contributes to the changes in both behavior phenotypes and RMTg activity of alcohol withdrawn (Post-EtOH) rats, we trained adult male Long-Evans rats, randomly assigned into the ethanol and Naïve groups to consume either 20% ethanol or water-only under an intermittent-access procedure. Using the fluorescence in situ hybridization technique combined with retrograde tracing, we show that the ventral tegmental area projecting RMTg neurons express Pnoc and nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptors encoding gene Oprl1. Also, using the laser capture microdissection technique combined with RT-qPCR, we detected a substantial decrease in Pnoc but an increase in Oprl1 mRNA levels in the RMTg of Post-EtOH rats. Moreover, RMTg cFos expression is increased in Post-EtOH rats, which display anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. Intra-RMTg infusion of the endogenous NOP agonist nociceptin attenuates the aversive behaviors in Post-EtOH rats without causing any notable change in Naïve rats. Conversely, intra-RMTg infusion of the NOP selective antagonist [Nphe1]nociceptin(1-13)NH2 elicits anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in Naïve but not Post-EtOH rats. Furthermore, intra-RMTg infusion of nociceptin significantly reduces alcohol consumption. Thus, our results show that the deficiency of RMTg NOP signaling during alcohol withdrawal mediates anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. The intervention of NOP may help those individuals suffering from alcohol use disorders.
Subject(s)
Alcoholism , Substance Withdrawal Syndrome , Rats , Male , Animals , Receptors, Opioid/metabolism , Depression , In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence , Rats, Long-Evans , Opioid Peptides/metabolism , Anxiety/metabolism , Ethanol , Nociceptin Receptor , NociceptinABSTRACT
Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) can originate from the large bile duct group (segment bile ducts and area bile ducts), small bile duct group (septal bile ducts and interlobular bile ducts), and terminal bile duct group (bile ductules and canals of Hering) of the intrahepatic biliary tree, which can be histopathological corresponding to large duct type iCCA, small duct type iCCA and iCCA with ductal plate malformation pattern, and cholangiolocarcinoma, respectively. The challenge in pathological diagnosis of above subtypes of iCCA falls in the distinction of cellular morphologies, tissue structures, growth patterns, invasive behaviors, immunophenotypes, molecular mutations, and surgical prognoses. For these reasons, this expert consensus provides nine recommendations as a reference for standardizing and refining the diagnosis of pathological subtypes of iCCA, mainly based on the 5th edition of the World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Digestive System.
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Phylogenetic and morphological analyses on samples of Fistulina from East Asia and North America were carried out, and two new species were described, namely, Fistulina americana and Fistulina orientalis, both previously known as Fistulina hepatica. The former is characterized by lateral stipitate basidiocarps, relatively small pores (7-8 per mm), a monomitic hyphal system with both clamp connections and simple septa, and ellipsoid basidiospores of 4-4.8 × 3-3.3 µm, and the species has been found on Quercus in North-East USA. F. orientalis is characterized by lateral stipitate basidiocarps, very small pores (11-12 per mm) with pruinose dissepiments, a monomitic hyphal system with both clamp connections and simple septa, and ovoid to subglobose basidiospores of 3-4 × 2.7-3 µm, and the species has been found on Castanopsis in East Asia. Phylogenetically, samples of F. americana and F. orientalis form two new lineages nested in the Fistulina clade.
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Sweet tea is a popular herbal drink in southwest China, and it is usually made from the shoots and tender leaves of Lithocarpus litseifolius. The sweet taste is mainly attributed to its high concentration of dihydrochalcones. The distribution and biosynthesis of dihydrochaldones in sweet tea, as well as neuroprotective effects in vitro and in vivo tests, are reviewed in this paper. Dihydrochalones are mainly composed of phloretin and its glycosides, namely, trilobatin and phloridzin, and enriched in tender leaves with significant geographical specificity. Biosynthesis of the dihydrochalones follows part of the phenylpropanoid and a branch of flavonoid metabolic pathways and is regulated by expression of the genes, including phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, 4-coumarate: coenzyme A ligase, trans-cinnamic acid-4-hydroxylase and hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA double bond reductase. The dihydrochalones have been proven to exert a significant neuroprotective effect through their regulation against Aß deposition, tau protein hyperphosphorylation, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis.