A photoluminescent hydrogen-bonded biomass aerogel for sustainable radiative cooling.

Passive radiant cooling is a potentially sustainable thermal management strategy amid escalating global climate change. However, petrochemical-derived cooling materials often face efficiency challenges owing to the absorption of sunlight. We present an intrinsic photoluminescent biomass aerogel, which has a visible light reflectance exceeding 100%, that yields a large cooling effect. We discovered that DNA and gelatin aggregation into an ordered layered aerogel achieves a solar-weighted reflectance of 104.0% in visible light regions through fluorescence and phosphorescence. The cooling effect can reduce ambient temperatures by 16.0°C under high solar irradiance. In addition, the aerogel, efficiently produced at scale through water-welding, displays high reparability, recyclability, and biodegradability, completing an environmentally conscious life cycle. This biomass photoluminescence material is another tool for designing next-generation sustainable cooling materials.

HCN channels in the lateral habenula regulate pain and comorbid depressive-like behaviors in mice.

AIMS: Comorbid anxiodepressive-like symptoms (CADS) in chronic pain are closely related to the overactivation of the lateral habenula (LHb). Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels have been implicated to play a key role in regulating neuronal excitability. However, the role of HCN channels in the LHb during CADS has not yet been characterized. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HCN channels in the LHb on CADS during chronic pain. METHODS: After chronic neuropathic pain induction by spared nerve injury (SNI), mice underwent a sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, tail suspension test, open-field test, and elevated plus maze test to evaluate their anxiodepressive-like behaviors. Electrophysiological recordings, immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, pharmacological experiments, and virus knockdown strategies were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS: Evident anxiodepressive-like behaviors were observed 6w after the SNI surgery, accompanied by increased neuronal excitability, enhanced HCN channel function, and increased expression of HCN2 isoforms in the LHb. Either pharmacological inhibition or virus knockdown of HCN2 channels significantly reduced LHb neuronal excitability and ameliorated both pain and depressive-like behaviors. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that the LHb neurons were hyperactive under CADS in chronic pain, and this hyperactivation possibly resulted from the enhanced function of HCN channels and up-regulation of HCN2 isoforms.

The interplay of psychological resilience and adolescent mobile phone addiction in Henan province, China: insights from latent class analysis.

Background: The aim of this study was to classify distinct subgroups of adolescents based on the severity levels of their mobile phone addiction and to investigate how these groups differed in terms of their psychosocial characteristics. We surveyed a total of 2,230 adolescents using three different questionnaires to assess the severity of their mobile phone addiction, stress, anxiety, depression, psychological resilience, and personality. Latent class analysis was employed to identify the subgroups, and we utilized Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves and multinomial logistic regression for statistical analysis. All data analyses were conducted using SPSS 26.0 and Mplus 8.5. Methods: We classified the subjects into subgroups based on their mobile phone addiction severity, and the results revealed a clear pattern with a three-class model based on the likelihood level of mobile phone addiction (p < 0.05). We examined common trends in psychosocial traits such as age, grade at school, parental education level, anxiety levels, and resilience. ROC analysis of sensitivity versus 1-specificity for various mobile phone addiction index (MPAI) scores yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.893 (95% CI, 0.879 to 0.905, p < 0.001). We also determined diagnostic value indices for potential cutoff points ranging from 8 to 40. The optimal cutoff value for MPAI was found to be >14, which corresponded to the maximum Youden index (Youden index = 0.751). Results: The latent classification process in this research confirmed the existence of three distinct mobile phone user groups. We also examined the psychosocial characteristics that varied in relation to the severity levels of addiction. Conclusion: This study provides valuable insights into the categorization of adolescents based on the severity of mobile phone addiction and sheds light on the psychosocial characteristics associated with different addiction levels. These findings are expected to enhance our understanding of mobile phone addiction traits and stimulate further research in this area.

Construction of Zn-Cu bimetallic metal-organic frameworks for carbon dioxide capture.

Bimetallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have shown more impressive performance in gas adsorption compared with monometallic MOFs. Herein, a Cu-Zn bimetallic metal-organic framework (Zn/Cu-BTC) was synthesized via a one-pot method, and its structure, thermal stability and CO2 adsorption property were investigated and compared with those of corresponding monometallic Cu-BTC and Zn-BTC. The results showed that Zn/Cu-BTC has a specific ortho-octahedral crystal morphology with a unique X-ray diffraction peak, the atomic ratio of Zn to Cu is about 1 : 5, and it remained stable at a temperature up to 490 K. In Zn/Cu-BTC, Cu2+ played a role in increasing the specific surface area and porosity of the MOF and improving the gas adsorption performance. The CO2 adsorption of Zn/Cu-BTC is lower than that of Cu-BTC but much higher than that of Zn-BTC, and CO2 adsorption heat was 30.52 kJ mol-1, which indicated physical adsorption. In addition, Zn/Cu-BTC had higher CO2/N2 adsorption selectivity compared with Zn-BTC and Cu-BTC, with a maximum value of 17. This study can be a reference for the research on improving the adsorption selectivity of gases by constructing bimetallic MOFs.

Comprehensive investigation of malignant epithelial cell-related genes in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: development of a prognostic signature and exploration of tumor microenvironment interactions.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is a prevalent malignancy with complex heterogeneity within epithelial cells, which plays a crucial role in tumor progression and immune regulation. Yet, the clinical importance of the malignant epithelial cell-related genes (MECRGs) in ccRCC remains insufficiently understood. This research aims to undertake a comprehensive investigation into the functions and clinical relevance of malignant epithelial cell-related genes in ccRCC, providing valuable understanding of the molecular mechanisms and offering potential targets for treatment strategies. Using data from single-cell sequencing, we successfully identified 219 MECRGs and established a prognostic model MECRGS (MECRGs' signature) by synergistically analyzing 101 machine-learning models using 10 different algorithms. Remarkably, the MECRGS demonstrated superior predictive performance compared to traditional clinical features and 92 previously published signatures across six cohorts, showcasing its independence and accuracy. Upon stratifying patients into high- and low-MECRGS subgroups using the specified cut-off threshold, we noted that patients with elevated MECRGS scores displayed characteristics of an immune suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) and showed worse outcomes after immunotherapy. Additionally, we discovered a distinct ccRCC tumor cell subtype characterized by the high expressions of PLOD2 (procollagen-lysine,2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase 2) and SAA1 (Serum Amyloid A1), which we further validated in the Renji tissue microarray (TMA) cohort. Lastly, 'Cellchat' revealed potential crosstalk patterns between these cells and other cell types, indicating their potential role in recruiting CD163 + macrophages and regulatory T cells (Tregs), thereby establishing an immunosuppressive TME. PLOD2 + SAA1 + cancer cells with intricate crosstalk patterns indeed show promise for potential therapeutic interventions.

All-RNA-mediated targeted gene integration in mammalian cells with rationally engineered R2 retrotransposons.

All-RNA-mediated targeted gene integration methods, rendering reduced immunogenicity, effective deliverability with non-viral vehicles, and a low risk of random mutagenesis, are urgently needed for next-generation gene addition technologies. Naturally occurring R2 retrotransposons hold promise in this context due to their site-specific integration profile. Here, we systematically analyzed the biodiversity of R2 elements and screened several R2 orthologs capable of full-length gene insertion in mammalian cells. Robust R2 system gene integration efficiency was attained using combined donor RNA and protein engineering. Importantly, the all-RNA-delivered engineered R2 system showed effective integration activity, with efficiency over 60% in mouse embryos. Unbiased high-throughput sequencing demonstrated that the engineered R2 system exhibited high on-target integration specificity (99%). In conclusion, our study provides engineered R2 tools for applications based on hit-and-run targeted DNA integration and insights for further optimization of retrotransposon systems.

Crystal structures of coronaviral main proteases in complex with the non-covalent inhibitor X77.

Main proteases (Mpros) are a class of conserved cysteine hydrolases among coronaviruses and play a crucial role in viral replication. Therefore, Mpros are ideal targets for the development of pan-coronavirus drugs. X77, previously developed against SARS-CoV Mpro, was repurposed as a non-covalent tight binder inhibitor against SARS-CoV-2 Mpro during COVID-19 pandemic. Many novel inhibitors with favorable efficacy have been discovered using X77 as a reference, suggesting that the structure of X77 could be a valuable scaffold for drug design. However, the broad-spectrum performance of X77 and underlying mechanism remain less understood. Here, we reported the crystal structures of Mpros from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV, and several Mpro mutants from SARS-CoV-2 variants bound to X77. A detailed analysis of these structures reveals key structural determinants essential for interaction and elucidates the binding modes of X77 to different coronaviral Mpros. The potencies of X77 against these investigated Mpros were further evaluated through molecular dynamic simulation and binding free energy calculation. These data provide molecular insights into broad-spectrum inhibition against coronaviral Mpros by X77 and the similarities and differences of X77 when bound to various Mpros, which will promote X77-based design of novel antivirals with broad-spectrum efficacy against different coronaviruses and SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Prevalence of subthreshold depression and its related factors in Chinese college students: A cross-sectional study.

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of subthreshold depression among Chinese college students and to explore the related factors. Methods: The research subjects were Chinese college students participating in the "2022 Psychology and Behavior Investigation of Chinese Residents (PBICR-2022)". Data on respondents' general characteristics, quality of life, perceived pressure, family communication, perceived social support, self-efficacy, and depression status were gathered. To investigate the association between each variable and the risk of subthreshold depression, statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and rank sum tests were conducted. Furthermore, a binary stepwise logistic regression was employed to establish the regression model of the factors related to subthreshold depression among Chinese college students. Results: A prevalence of subthreshold depression of about 39.7 % was found among the 8934 respondents. Logistic regression analysis revealed that respondents who are female, have chronic diseases, are in debt, experience significant impacts from epidemic control policies, have lower self-assessed quality of life, experience challenges in family communication, perceive lower social support, have lower self-efficacy, and feel higher perceived pressure are more likely to develop subthreshold depression compared to the control group. (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The prevalence rate of subthreshold depression among Chinese college students was found to be approximately 40 %. Female college students suffering from chronic diseases, with households in debt, greatly impacted by epidemic control policies, and experiencing high perceived stress, may be at risk for subthreshold depression among Chinese college students. On the other hand, strong family communication, perceived social support, and self-efficacy were identified as potential protective factors. In order to facilitate timely screening, diagnosis, and treatment of subthreshold depression in Chinese college students, it is crucial for the government, local communities, colleges, and families to prioritize the mental health of college students and implement targeted measures accordingly.

Network pharmacology analysis of the regulatory effects and mechanisms of ALAE on sow reproduction in vivo and in vitro.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Reproductive ability of sows is a primary element influencing the development of pig farming. Herbal extracts of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels, Astragalus mongholicus Bunge, Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., and Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C.Eaton showed effects on improvement of reproduction in sows. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To investigate the mechanism of the treatment effects by a compound of these four Chinese herbs in a 1:1:1:1 ratio (ALAE) on endometriosis, endometritis, uterine adhesion, intrauterine growth retardation, pre-eclampsia, and its enhancement of reproductive efficiency in sows. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Active components of ALAE were identified by using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and network pharmacology. Then we used the results to construct a visualization network. Key targets and pathways of ALAE involved in sow reproduction improvement were validated in sow animals and porcine endometrial epithelial cells (PEECs). RESULTS: A total of 62 active compounds were found in ALAE (41 in Polypodium glycyrrhiza D.C.Eaton, 5 in Astragalus mongholicus Bunge, 11 in Eucommia ulmoides Oliv., 5 in Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels) with 563 disease-related targets (e.g. caspase-3, EGFR, IL-6) involved in EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor resistance, PI3K-AKT, and other signaling pathways. Molecular docking results indicated GC41 (glabridin), GC18 (medicarpin), EGFR and CCND1 are possible key components and target proteins related to reproductive improvement in sows. In PEECs, EGFR expression decreased at the mRNA and protein levels by three doses (160, 320, and 640 µg/mL) of ALAE. The phosphorylation of downstream pathway PI3K-AKT1was enhanced. The expression of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1ß), ESR1 and caspase-3 decreased through multiple pathways. Additionally, the expression levels of an anti-inflammatory factor (IL-10), angiogenesis-related factors (MMP9, PIGF, PPARγ, IgG), and placental junction-related factors (CTNNB1, occludin, and claudin1) increased. Furthermore, the total born number of piglets, the number of live and healthy litters were significantly increased. The number of stillbirths decreased by ALAE treatment in sow animals. CONCLUSIONS: Dministration of ALAE significantly increased the total number of piglets born, the numbers of live and healthy litters and decreased the number of stillbirths through improving placental structure, attenuating inflammatory response, modulating placental angiogenesis and growth factor receptors in sows. The improvement of reproductive ability may be related to activation of the EGFR-PI3K-AKT1 pathway in PEECs. Moreover, ALAE maybe involved in modulation of estrogen receptors, apoptotic factors, and cell cycle proteins.

Metal-free, photoredox-catalyzed aromatization-driven deconstructive functionalization of spiro-dihydroquinazolinones with α-CF3 alkenes.

Metal-free, photoredox-catalyzed aromatization-driven deconstructive functionalization of spiro-dihydroquinazolinones with α-CF3 alkenes is presented. The readily available spiro-dihydroquinazolinones reacted efficiently with α-CF3 alkenes during photocatalysis to give the gem-difluoroallylated and the CF3-containing quinazolin-4(3H)-ones in good yields with excellent chemoselectivity. The selectivity depends on the electron effect of substituents in α-CF3 alkenes. A wide range of four-, five-, six-, seven-, eight- and twelve-membered spiro-dihydroquinazolinones were compatible with this transformation. The protocol is also characterized by the mild and redox-neutral reaction conditions, good functional group compatibility and excellent atom economy. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction proceeds via a radical pathway.

Cryo-EM Structure and Biochemical Analysis of the Human Chemokine Receptor CCR8.

The C-C motif chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) is a class A G-protein-coupled receptor that has emerged as a promising therapeutic target in cancer and autoimmune diseases. In the present study, we solved the cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the human CCR8-Gi complex in the absence of a ligand at 2.58 Å. Structural analysis and comparison revealed that our apo CCR8 structure undergoes some conformational changes and is similar to that in the CCL1-CCR8 complex structure, indicating an active state. In addition, the key residues of CCR8 involved in the recognition of LMD-009, a potent nonpeptide agonist, were investigated by mutating CCR8 and testing the calcium flux induced by LMD-009-CCR8 interaction. Three mutants of CCR8, Y1133.32A, Y1724.64A, and E2867.39A, showed a dramatically decreased ability in mediating calcium mobilization, indicating their key interaction with LMD-009 and key roles in activation. These structural and biochemical analyses enrich molecular insights into the agonism and activation of CCR8 and will facilitate CCR8-targeted therapy.

Functional partitioning synergistically enhances multi-scenario nitrate reduction.

The promising electrocatalytic nitrate reduction reaction (eNitRR) for distributed ammonia synthesis requires the fine design of functionally compartmentalised and synergistically complementary integrated catalysts to meet the needs of low-cost and efficient ammonia synthesis. Herein, the partitionable CoP3 and Cu3P modules were built on the copper foam substrate, and the functional differentiation promoted the catalytic performance of the surface accordion-like CoP3/Cu3P@CF for eNitRR in complex water environment. Where the ammonia yield rate is as high as 23988.2 µg h-1 cm-2, and the Faradaic efficiency is close to 100 %. With CoP3/Cu3P@CF as the core, the assembled high-performance Zn-nitrate flow battery can realize the dual function of ammonia production and power supply, and can also realize the continuous production of ammonia with high selectivity driven by solar energy. The ammonia recovery reaches 753.9 mg L-1, which shows the superiority of CoP3/Cu3P@CF in multiple application scenarios and provides important experience for the vigorous development of eNitRR. Density functional theory calculation reveal that CoP3 and Cu3P sites play a relay synergistic role in eNitRR catalyzed by CoP3/Cu3P@CF. CoP3 first promotes the activation of NO3- to *NO3H, and then continuously provides proton hydrogen for the eNitRR on the surface of Cu3P, which relays the synergistic catalytic effect to promote the efficient conversion of NO3- to NH3. This study not only develops a catalyst that can promote the efficient reduction of NO3- to ammonia through an easy-to-obtain innovative strategy, but also provides an alternative strategy for the development of eNitRR that is suitable for multiple scenarios and meets the production conditions.

The molecular binding sequence transformation of soil organic matter and biochar dissolved black carbon antagonizes the transport of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and dissolved black carbon (DBC) are significant environmental factors that influence the transport of organic pollutants. However, the mechanisms by which their molecular diversity affects pollutant transport remain unclear. This study elucidates the molecular binding sequence and adsorption sites through which DOM/DBC compounds antagonize the transport of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (TCP) using column experiments and modelling. DBC exhibits a high TCP adsorption rate (kn = 5.32 × 10-22 mol1-n∙Ln-1∙min-1) and conditional stability constant (logK = 5.19-5.74), indicating a strong binding affinity and antagonistic effect on TCP. This is attributed to the high relative content of lipid/protein compounds in DBC (25.65 % and 30.28 %, respectively). Moreover, the small molecule lipid compounds showed stronger TCP adsorption energy (Ead = -0.0071 eV/-0.0093 eV) in DOM/DBC, combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy model found that DOM/DBC antagonized TCP transport in the environment through binding sequences that transformed from lipid/protein small molecule compounds to lignin/tannin compounds. This study used a multifaceted approach to comprehensively assess the impact of DOM/DBC on TCP transport. It reveals that the molecular diversity of DOM/DBC is a critical factor affecting pollutant transport, providing important insights into the environmental trend and ecological effects of pollutants.

Effects of protein-glutaminase on the properties of glutinous rice flour, paste, and gel food: Based on the interactions between the deamidated protein and starch.

In the present study, protein-glutaminase (PG) from Chryseobacterium proteolyticum was applied to improve the processing properties of glutinous rice flour (GRF). After PG modification, the degree of deamidation of glutinous rice protein (GRP) reached 13.6% at 2.0 h, with smaller particle size and decreased zeta potential. The interaction of GRP with starch in PG-modified GRF (PM-GRF) was changed, exhibiting in protein aggregates decreasing and exposure of starch on the surface of GRF. Compared with unmodified GRF (UM-GRF), the solubility and turbidity of PM-GRF were both increased. The rheological properties reflected that the viscosity of PM-GRF paste was increased, and the freeze-thaw stability was also enhanced. Moreover, the textural characteristics showed that the hardness of PM-GRF balls remarkably reduced and the springiness increased. These results indicate that deamidation by PG could be an efficient method for improving characteristics of GRP and GRF.

Wafer-Scale Fabrication of Wearable All-Carbon Nanotube Photodetector Arrays.

With electronic devices evolving toward portable and high-performance wearables, the constraints of complex and wet processing technologies become apparent. This study presents a scalable photolithography/chemical-free method for crafting wearable all-carbon nanotube (CNT) photodetector device arrays. Laser-assisted patterning and dry deposition techniques directly assemble gas-phase CNTs into flexible devices without any lithography or lift-off processes. The resulting wafer-scale all-CNT photodetector arrays showcase excellent uniformity, wearability, environmental stability, and notable broadband photoresponse, boasting a high responsivity of 44 AW-1 and a simultaneous detectivity of 1.9 × 109 Jones. This research provides an efficient, versatile, and scalable strategy for manufacturing wearable all-CNT device arrays, allowing widespread adoption in wearable optoelectronics and multifunctional sensors.

Clypeasterol, a novel aromatic ergosterol skeleton from the mushroom Entoloma clypeatum.

Chemical investigation of the wild mushroom Entoloma clypeatum led to the isolation of one new A-nor B-aromatic C28 steroid (1), along with eight known compounds (2-9) from this mushroom. As far as we know, compound 1 represents an unprecedented type of natural product. The structure of the new compound was elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic data analysis of HR-ESI-MS, 1D, and 2D NMR, while the relative configuration was confirmed by NOESY correlations. In addition, the anti-inflammatory activity of compound 1 was evaluated against LPS induced NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compound 1 exhibited a moderate anti-inflammatory activity with an IC50 value of 24.56 ± 1.72 µM.

The regulatory role of m6A modification in the maintenance and differentiation of embryonic stem cells.

As the most prevalent and reversible internal epigenetic modification in eukaryotic mRNAs, N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) post-transcriptionally regulates the processing and metabolism of mRNAs involved in diverse biological processes. m6A modification is regulated by m6A writers, erasers, and readers. Emerging evidence suggests that m6A modification plays essential roles in modulating the cell-fate transition of embryonic stem cells. Mechanistic investigation of embryonic stem cell maintenance and differentiation is critical for understanding early embryonic development, which is also the premise for the application of embryonic stem cells in regenerative medicine. This review highlights the current knowledge of m6A modification and its essential regulatory contribution to the cell fate transition of mouse and human embryonic stem cells.

Serum and Urine Metabolic Fingerprints Characterize Renal Cell Carcinoma for Classification, Early Diagnosis, and Prognosis.

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a substantial pathology of the urinary system with a growing prevalence rate. However, current clinical methods have limitations for managing RCC due to the heterogeneity manifestations of the disease. Metabolic analyses are regarded as a preferred noninvasive approach in clinics, which can substantially benefit the characterization of RCC. This study constructs a nanoparticle-enhanced laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (NELDI MS) to analyze metabolic fingerprints of renal tumors (n = 456) and healthy controls (n = 200). The classification models yielded the areas under curves (AUC) of 0.938 (95% confidence interval (CI), 0.884-0.967) for distinguishing renal tumors from healthy controls, 0.850 for differentiating malignant from benign tumors (95% CI, 0.821-0.915), and 0.925-0.932 for classifying subtypes of RCC (95% CI, 0.821-0.915). For the early stage of RCC subtypes, the averaged diagnostic sensitivity of 90.5% and specificity of 91.3% in the test set is achieved. Metabolic biomarkers are identified as the potential indicator for subtype diagnosis (p < 0.05). To validate the prognostic performance, a predictive model for RCC participants and achieve the prediction of disease (p = 0.003) is constructed. The study provides a promising prospect for applying metabolic analytical tools for RCC characterization.

Insight into mechanism for remarkable photocatalytic hydrogen evolution of Cu/Pr dual atom co-modified TiO2.

The development of high-activity photocatalysts is crucial for the current large-scale development of photocatalytic hydrogen applications. Herein, we have developed a strategy to significantly enhance the hydrogen photocatalytic activity of Cu/Pr di-atom co-modified TiO2 architectures by selectively anchoring Cu single atoms on the oxygen vacancies of the TiO2 surface and replacing a trace of Ti atoms in the bulk with rare earth Pr atoms. Calculation results demonstrated that the synergistic effect between Cu single atoms and Pr atoms regulates the electronic structure of Cu/Pr-TiO2, thus promoting the separation of photogenerated carriers and their directional migration to Cu single atoms for the photocatalytic reaction. Furthermore, the d-band center of Cu/Pr-TiO2, which is located at -4.70 eV, optimizes the adsorption and desorption behavior of H*. Compared to TiO2, Pr-TiO2, and Cu/TiO2, Cu/Pr-TiO2 displays the best H* adsorption Gibbs free energy (-0.047 eV). Furthermore, experimental results confirmed that the photogenerated carrier lifetime of Cu/Pr-TiO2 is not only the longest (2.45 ns), but its hydrogen production rate (34.90 mmol g-1 h-1) also significantly surpasses those of Cu/TiO2 (13.39 mmol g-1 h-1) and Pr-TiO2 (0.89 mmol g-1 h-1). These findings open up a novel atomic perspective for the development of optimal hydrogen activity in dual-atom-modified TiO2 photocatalysts.