Relative distribution of gastrin-, CCK-8-, NPY- and CGRP-immunoreactive cells in the digestive tract of dorado (Salminus brasiliensis).

The endocrine cells (ECs) of the gastrointestinal mucosa form the largest endocrine system in the body, not only in terms of cell numbers but also in terms of the different produced substances. Data describing the association between the relative distributions of the peptide-specific ECs in relation to feeding habits can be useful tools that enable the creation of a general expected pattern of EC distribution. We aimed to investigate the distribution of ECs immunoreactive for the peptides gastrin (GAS), cholecystokinin (CCK-8), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in different segments of the digestive tract of carnivorous fish dorado (Salminus brasiliensis) by using immunohistochemistry procedures. The distribution of endocrine cells immunoreactive for gastrin (GAS), cholecystokinin (CCK-8), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in digestive tract of dorado S. brasiliensis was examined by immunohistochemistry. The results describe the association between the distribution of the peptide-specific endocrine cells and feeding habits in different carnivorous fish. The largest number of endocrine cells immunoreactive for GAS, CCK-8, and CGRP were found in the pyloric stomach region and the pyloric caeca. However, NPY-immunoreactive endocrine cells were markedly restricted to the midgut. The distribution pattern of endocrine cells identified in S. brasiliensis is similar to that found in other carnivorous fishes.

IMUNOLOCALIZAÇÃO DE ENTEROGLUCAGON EM CÉLULAS ENDÓCRINAS PRESENTES NO ESTÔMAGO DO MUÇUÃ italic>Kinosternon scorpioides /italic> (REPTILIA, CHELONIA, KINOSTERNIDAE)

title>Abstract: /title> p>The scorpion mud turtle ( italic>Kinosternon scorpioides /italic>) is a small chelonian, typical of the floodplains of the Amazon. This species is an important source of food and income and it has being studied because of its vulnerability to indiscriminate hunting, deforestation and burning; for this reason, it has been researched in order to supply data for the preservation of the species. The immunohistochemistry activity of endocrine cells present in the stomach of scorpion mud turtle is not totally known. Therefore, the aim of this work was to identify the presence of enteroglucagon hormone and to classify the endocrine cells in the stomach of the scorpion mud turtle. The fragments were submitted to Hematoxylin-Eosin technique and streptavidin peroxidase for staining and detection of antigen, respectively. Immunoreactivity to enteroglucagon in cells was found on the three portions of the stomach (gastric, fundica and pyloric); however, the immunoreactivity was more evident in the first two regions than in the last one. Endocrine cells of stomach were classified as argyrophil and argentaffin and were found among cells that comprise the gastric glands and were classified as "open type" and "closed type". There is no difference between the biochemistry and immunohistochemistry of enteroglucagon italic>K. scorpioides /italic> and other animal species. /p>

title>Resumo: /title> p>O muçuã ou jurará ( italic>Kinosternon scorpioides /italic>) é um quelônio de pequeno porte de água doce, nativo das varzéas da região amazônica. Essa espécie é importante fonte de alimentação e renda e vem sendo estudada por apresentar vulnerabilidade em consequência da caça indiscriminada, queimadas e desmatamento e, por esta razão, tem sido fonte de pesquisa para o fornecimento de dados para a preservação da espécie. Ainda não é totalmente compreendida a atividade imunohistoquímica das células endócrinas presentes no estômago do muçuã. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar a presença do hormônio enteroglucagon e classificar as células endócrinas do estômago de muçuã. Os fragmentos de estômago foram submetidos à técnica de Hematoxilina-Eosina e da Estreptovidina peroxidase para coloração e detecção do antígeno, respectivamente. Foram encontradas células imunorreativas ao enteroglucagon em uma das três porções gástricas (cárdica, fúndica e pilórica); contudo, nas duas primeiras regiões, a imunoreatividade foi mais evidente do que na última. As células endócrinas do estômago de muçuã foram classificadas em argirófilas e argentafins e encontradas entre as células que compõem as glândulas gástricas, sendo classificadas como do "tipo aberta" e do "tipo fechada". Não houve diferença bioquímica e imunohistoquímica entre o enteroglucagon do italic>K. scorpioides /italic> com as de outras espécies animais. /p>

Imunolocalização de enteroglucagon em células endócrinas presentes no estômago do muçuã Kinosternon scorpioides (Reptilia, Chelonia, Kinosternidae) / Immunolocalization of enteroglucagon in endocrine cells in the stomach of scorpion mud turtle Kinosternon scorpioides (Reptilia, Chelonia, Kinosternidae)

The scorpion mud turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides) is a small chelonian, typical of the floodplains of the Amazon. This species is an important source of food and income and it has being studied because of its vulnerability to indiscriminate hunting, deforestation and burning; for this reason, it has been researched in order to supply data for the preservation of the species. The immunohistochemistry activity of endocrine cells present in the stomach of scorpion mud turtle is not totally known. Therefore, the aim of this work was to identify the presence of enteroglucagon hormone and to classify the endocrine cells in the stomach of the scorpion mud turtle. The fragments were submitted to Hematoxylin-Eosin technique and streptavidin peroxidase for staining and detection of antigen, respectively. Immunoreactivity to enteroglucagon in cells was found on the three portions of the stomach (gastric, fundica and pyloric); however, the immunoreactivity was more evident in the first two regions than in the last one. Endocrine cells of stomach were classified as argyrophil and argentaffin and were found among cells that comprise the gastric glands and were classified as open type and closed type. There is no difference between the biochemistry and immunohistochemistry of enteroglucagon K. scorpioides and other animal species.

O muçuã ou jurará (Kinosternon scorpioides) é um quelônio de pequeno porte de água doce, nativo das varzéas da região amazônica. Essa espécie é importante fonte de alimentação e renda e vem sendo estudada por apresentar vulnerabilidade em consequência da caça indiscriminada, queimadas e desmatamento e, por esta razão, tem sido fonte de pesquisa para o fornecimento de dados para a preservação da espécie. Ainda não é totalmente compreendida a atividade imunohistoquímica das células endócrinas presentes no estômago do muçuã. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar a presença do hormônio enteroglucagon e classificar as células endócrinas do estômago de muçuã. Os fragmentos de estômago foram submetidos à técnica de Hematoxilina-Eosina e da Estreptovidina peroxidase para coloração e detecção do antígeno, respectivamente. Foram encontradas células imunorreativas ao enteroglucagon em uma das três porções gástricas (cárdica, fúndica e pilórica); contudo, nas duas primeiras regiões, a imunoreatividade foi mais evidente do que na última. As células endócrinas do estômago de muçuã foram classificadas em argirófilas e argentafins e encontradas entre as células que compõem as glândulas gástricas, sendo classificadas como do tipo aberta e do tipo fechada. Não houve diferença bioquímica e imunohistoquímica entre o enteroglucagon do K. scorpioides com as de outras espécies animais.

Imunolocalização de enteroglucagon em células endócrinas presentes no estômago do muçuã Kinosternon scorpioides (Reptilia, Chelonia, Kinosternidae) / Immunolocalization of enteroglucagon in endocrine cells in the stomach of scorpion mud turtle Kinosternon scorpioides (Reptilia, Chelonia, Kinosternidae)

The scorpion mud turtle (Kinosternon scorpioides) is a small chelonian, typical of the floodplains of the Amazon. This species is an important source of food and income and it has being studied because of its vulnerability to indiscriminate hunting, deforestation and burning; for this reason, it has been researched in order to supply data for the preservation of the species. The immunohistochemistry activity of endocrine cells present in the stomach of scorpion mud turtle is not totally known. Therefore, the aim of this work was to identify the presence of enteroglucagon hormone and to classify the endocrine cells in the stomach of the scorpion mud turtle. The fragments were submitted to Hematoxylin-Eosin technique and streptavidin peroxidase for staining and detection of antigen, respectively. Immunoreactivity to enteroglucagon in cells was found on the three portions of the stomach (gastric, fundica and pyloric); however, the immunoreactivity was more evident in the first two regions than in the last one. Endocrine cells of stomach were classified as argyrophil and argentaffin and were found among cells that comprise the gastric glands and were classified as open type and closed type. There is no difference between the biochemistry and immunohistochemistry of enteroglucagon K. scorpioides and other animal species.(AU)

O muçuã ou jurará (Kinosternon scorpioides) é um quelônio de pequeno porte de água doce, nativo das varzéas da região amazônica. Essa espécie é importante fonte de alimentação e renda e vem sendo estudada por apresentar vulnerabilidade em consequência da caça indiscriminada, queimadas e desmatamento e, por esta razão, tem sido fonte de pesquisa para o fornecimento de dados para a preservação da espécie. Ainda não é totalmente compreendida a atividade imunohistoquímica das células endócrinas presentes no estômago do muçuã. Sendo assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar a presença do hormônio enteroglucagon e classificar as células endócrinas do estômago de muçuã. Os fragmentos de estômago foram submetidos à técnica de Hematoxilina-Eosina e da Estreptovidina peroxidase para coloração e detecção do antígeno, respectivamente. Foram encontradas células imunorreativas ao enteroglucagon em uma das três porções gástricas (cárdica, fúndica e pilórica); contudo, nas duas primeiras regiões, a imunoreatividade foi mais evidente do que na última. As células endócrinas do estômago de muçuã foram classificadas em argirófilas e argentafins e encontradas entre as células que compõem as glândulas gástricas, sendo classificadas como do tipo aberta e do tipo fechada. Não houve diferença bioquímica e imunohistoquímica entre o enteroglucagon do K. scorpioides com as de outras espécies animais.(AU)

Morphologic characterization and distribution of endocrine cells in the large intestine of the opossum Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826).

This study was designed to investigate the morphology and distribution of argyrophil, argentaffins, and insulin-immunoreactive endocrine cells in the large intestine of the opossum Didelphis aurita. Fragments of the large intestine of 10 male specimens of the opossum D. aurita were collected, processed, and submitted for histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and scanning electron microscopy. The tunics of the large intestine of D. aurita presented morphological characteristics that have already been described for eutherian mammals. The morphometric data showed that the inner circular layer of all portions and regions analyzed is thicker relative to the longitudinal layer, and these layers in the rectum are thicker compared to the cecum and ascending colon. The majority of mucus-secreting cells have acid and neutral mucins, suggesting that the production of mucus is mixed. The number of these cells increases in the region of the cecum toward the rectum. Important findings include the occurrence of argyrophil, argentaffins, and insulin-immunoreactive endocrine cells in all segments of the large intestine of the opossum (D. aurita). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the presence of insulin-immunoreactive endocrine cells in the large intestine of the opossum (D. aurita).

Midgut morphophysiology in Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, 1855 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Sitophilus zeamais is one of the most aggressive pests of stored grains, causing a significant decrease in the nutritional quality of the grains and major losses in economic trade. The foraging capacity of this pest is assigned to its highly efficient digestive system. Investigations on the morphofunctional features of the midgut, which is the most active region of the alimentary canal, are fundamental to understand the feeding habits of this species. In this study, the midgut of adult insects was isolated, processed, and analyzed on light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, protein and enzymatic activities determination, including analyses of the starch hydrolysis products. In S. zeamais, the midgut was differentiated into anterior midgut and posterior midgut, and consisted of digestive, regenerative and endocrine cells. The anterior midgut showed high density of regenerative crypts. Cells containing organelles associated with protein synthesis and presence of amylases and lipases indicated that majority of the digestion process occurred in the anterior midgut. The posterior midgut exhibited numerous gastric caeca and peritrophic membrane. Cells with poorly differentiated cytoplasmic into organelles, elongated microvilli, and low enzymatic activities indicated that the posterior midgut was mainly involved in absorption.

Immunohistochemical study of the digestive tract of Oligosarcus hepsetus.

AIM: To describe the histology of the digestive tract and to investigate the occurrence of endocrine cells in Oligosarcus hepsetus (O. hepsetus). METHODS: The digestive tract (DT) of O. hepsetus was divided into esophagus, two stomach regions (glandular and non-glandular) and two intestinal regions (anterior and posterior). These specimens were processed by routine histological techniques and stained with hematoxylin-eosin, Gomori's trichrome, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) and Alcian blue (AB). An immunohistochemical method using avidin-biotin-peroxidase was employed. RESULTS: The esophagus is lined with a non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium that is reactive to PAS and AB. The stomach has a mucosa lined with a simple columnar epithelium with mucus-secreting cells that are reactive only to PAS. The intestine has a simple columnar epithelium with a brush border and goblet cells that are reactive to PAS and AB. Somatostatin, serotonin and cholecystokinin immunoreactive cells were identified throughout the DT. CONCLUSION: This study revealed adaptations for the species' diet and showed that the distribution and relative frequency of immunoreactive cells are similar to those of other fish.

Argyrophil cell density in the oxyntic mucosa is higher in female than in male morbidly obese patients

Obesity is a multifactorial disorder often associated with many important diseases such as diabetes, hypertension and other metabolic syndrome conditions. Argyrophil cells represent almost the total population of endocrine cells of the human gastric mucosa and some reports have described changes of specific types of these cells in patients with obesity and metabolic syndrome. The present study was designed to evaluate the global population of argyrophil cells of the gastric mucosa of morbidly obese and dyspeptic non-obese patients. Gastric biopsies of antropyloric and oxyntic mucosa were obtained from 50 morbidly obese patients (BMI >40) and 50 non-obese patients (17 dyspeptic overweight and 33 lean individuals) and processed for histology and Grimelius staining for argyrophil cell demonstration. Argyrophil cell density in the oxyntic mucosa of morbidly obese patients was higher in female (238.68 ± 83.71 cells/mm2) than in male patients (179.31 ± 85.96 cells/mm2) and also higher in female (214.20 ± 50.38 cells/mm2) than in male (141.90 ± 61.22 cells/mm2) morbidly obese patients with metabolic syndrome (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). In antropyloric mucosa, the main difference in argyrophil cell density was observed between female morbidly obese patients with (167.00 ± 69.30 cells/mm2) and without (234.00 ± 69.54 cells/mm2) metabolic syndrome (P = 0.001). In conclusion, the present results show that the number of gastric argyrophil cells could be under gender influence in patients with morbid obesity. In addition, gastric argyrophil cells seem to behave differently among female morbidly obese patients with and without metabolic syndrome.

Ghrelin- and preproghrelin-immunoreactive cells in atrophic body gastritis / Células imunorreativas a grelina e preprogrelina na gastrite atrófica do corpo

INTRODUCTION: Ghrelin is a 28 amino acid peptide mainly secreted by endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa, which is believed to have a modulating effect on cell growth. OBJECTIVE: To assess the presence of ghrelin and its precursor preproghrelin molecule in endocrine hyperplasias associated with atrophic body gastritis (ABG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Endoscopic biopsies from 54 patients with ABG were processed for immunohistochemistry and specific antibodies against ghrelin, preproghrelin and chromogranin were applied. We assessed the immunoreactive cells in endocrine hyperplasia from the atrophic mucosa and intestinal and pseudo-antral metaplasia areas. RESULTS: There was ghrelin expression in a variable number of hyperplastic endocrine cells from all patients studied. There was a statistically significant difference in the number of hyperplastic nodules with more than 50 percent immunostained cells for chromogranin and ghrelin and for chromogranin and preproghrelin. The mean number of hyperplastic nodules identified by chromogranin was 8.6 per patient. Most nodules were immunoreactive to ghrelin and preproghrelin. The presence of ghrelin and preproghrelin expression was uncommon in glands showing intestinal metaplasia: four (9.5 percent) and nine (21.4 percent) cases, respectively. In contrast, they were relatively frequent in pseudo-antral metaplasia areas: 37 (72.5 percent) and 26 (50.9 percent) cases, respectively. CONCLUSION: Ghrelin- and preproghrelin-immunoreactive cells are frequently present in endocrine hyperplasias associated with ABG. However, further studies are required to determine to what extent these hormones act as modulators of hyperplastic nodular growth and evolution.

INTRODUÇÃO: Grelina é um peptídeo de 28 aminoácidos secretado principalmente pelas células endócrinas da mucosa gástrica, acreditando-se que apresente ação moduladora relacionada com o crescimento celular. OBJETIVO: Estudar a presença de grelina e da molécula precursora preprogrelina na hiperplasia endócrina associada à gastrite atrófica do corpo (GAC). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Biópsias endoscópicas de 54 pacientes com GAC foram processadas para imuno-histoquímica, e anticorpos específicos contra grelina, preprogrelina e cromogranina foram utilizados. As células imunorreativas foram examinadas na hiperplasia endócrina presente na mucosa atrófica e nas áreas de metaplasia intestinal e pseudoantral. RESULTADOS: Ocorreu expressão de grelina em número variável de células endócrinas hiperplásicas em todos os pacientes estudados. Diferença estatisticamente significativa foi encontrada entre a frequência de nódulos hiperplásicos com mais de 50 por cento de células imunomarcadas por cromogranina e grelina ou por cromogranina e preprogrelina. O número médio de nódulos hiperplásicos por paciente demonstrado pela cromogranina foi de 8,6. A maioria desses nódulos apresentou células imunorreativas para grelina e preprogrelina, respectivamente, 5,1 e 5,6, em média. A presença da expressão imuno-histoquímica de grelina e preprogrelina foi incomum em glândulas exibindo metaplasia intestinal, respectivamente, em quatro (9,5 por cento) e nove (21,4 por cento) casos e foram frequentes nas áreas de metaplasia pseudoantral em, respectivamente, 37 (72,5 por cento) e 26 (50,9 por cento) casos. CONCLUSÃO: Células imunorreativas a grelina e preprogrelina estão presentes na hiperplasia endócrina associada à GAC. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para saber até que ponto esses hormônios estão atuando como moduladores do crescimento e a evolução desses nódulos hiperplásicos.

Quantification of argyrophillic, argentaffin and insulin immunoreactive cells in the small intestine in the opossum Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826) / Quantificação das células argirófilas, argentafins e imunorreativas à insulina nos diferentes segmentos do intestino delgado do gambá Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826)

The objective of this study was to quantify argyrophillic, argentaffin and insulin immunoreactive endocrine cells in the different segments of the small intestine of Didelphis aurita and measure probable differences in the number of these cells between adult and post-pubertal animals. Biological material consisted of ten male and female opossums specimen, divided in two groups according to weigh. The utilized staining techniques were Grimelius, modified Masson-Fontana and direct immunoperoxidase. Results indicated a predominance of argyrophillic cells in the small intestine of opossums from class 1 and 2, with an average of 52.58 and 56.15 cells mm-2, respectively; of which, the average number of total endocrine cells, argyrophillic and argentaffin cells decreased distally in the intestinal segments of opossums from classes 1 and 2. No significant difference was observed for the insulin immunoreactive cells between the intestinal segments of animals from class 2. A greater number of insulin immunoreactive cells was encountered in the jejunum and ileum of animals from class 2 when compared to the same segment in animals from class 1.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram quantificar as células endócrinas argirófilas, argentafins e imunorreativas à insulina nos diferentes segmentos do intestino delgado de gambás Didelphis aurita e mensurar prováveis diferenças no número destas células entre animais adultos e pós-púberes. Dez exemplares de gambás D. aurita machos e fêmeas foram divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o peso. As técnicas de coloração utilizadas foram Grimelius, Masson-Fontana modificado e Imunoperoxidase direta. Os resultados indicaram um predomínio das células argirófilas no intestino delgado de gambás da classe 1 e 2, com uma média de 52,58 e 56,15 células mm-2, respectivamente. O número médio de células endócrinas totais, células argirófilas e argentafins decresceu distalmente nos segmentos intestinais dos gambás das classes 1 e 2. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi observada para as células imunorreativas à insulina entre os segmentos intestinais dos animais da classe 2. Foi encontrado maior número de células imunorreativas à insulina no jejuno e íleo de animais da classe 2 quando comparado ao mesmo segmento em animais da classe 1.

Quantification of argyrophillic, argentaffin and insulin immunoreactive cells in the small intestine in the opossum Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826) - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v33i4.8644 / Quantification of argyrophillic, argentaffin and insulin immunoreactive cells in the small intestine in the opossum Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826) - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v33i4.8644

The objective of this study was to quantify argyrophillic, argentaffin and insulin immunoreactive endocrine cells in the different segments of the small intestine of Didelphis aurita and measure probable differences in the number of these cells between adult and post-pubertal animals. Biological material consisted of ten male and female opossums specimen, divided in two groups according to weigh. The utilized staining techniques were Grimelius, modified Masson-Fontana and direct immunoperoxidase. Results indicated a predominance of argyrophillic cells in the small intestine of opossums from class 1 and 2, with an average of 52.58 and 56.15 cells mm-2, respectively; of which, the average number of total endocrine cells, argyrophillic and argentaffin cells decreased distally in the intestinal segments of opossums from classes 1 and 2. No significant difference was observed for the insulin immunoreactive cells between the intestinal segments of animals from class 2. A greater number of insulin immunoreactive cells was encountered in the jejunum and ileum of animals from class 2 when compared to the same segment in animals from class 1.

The objective of this study was to quantify argyrophillic, argentaffin and insulin immunoreactive endocrine cells in the different segments of the small intestine of Didelphis aurita and measure probable differences in the number of these cells between adult and post-pubertal animals. Biological material consisted of ten male and female opossums specimen, divided in two groups according to weigh. The utilized staining techniques were Grimelius, modified Masson-Fontana and direct immunoperoxidase. Results indicated a predominance of argyrophillic cells in the small intestine of opossums from class 1 and 2, with an average of 52.58 and 56.15 cells mm-2, respectively; of which, the average number of total endocrine cells, argyrophillic and argentaffin cells decreased distally in the intestinal segments of opossums from classes 1 and 2. No significant difference was observed for the insulin immunoreactive cells between the intestinal segments of animals from class 2. A greater number of insulin immunoreactive cells was encountered in the jejunum and ileum of animals from class 2 when compared to the same segment in animals from class 1.

The esophagus of the crocodilian Caiman latirostris (Reptilia, Crocodylia ): histologia, histochemical, and immunohistochemical study

The purpose of this study was to analyze the esophageal morphology of Caiman latirostris using histochemicaland immunohistochemical techniques. The mucosae layer is composed of a pseudostratified columnarepithelium with goblet cells that occasionally form intra-epithelial glands. The goblet cells showed differentaffinity for the histochemical techniques. The lamina propria is composed of loose connective tissue with bloodvessels. The smooth muscle fibers that compose the muscularis mucosa are thick and form a clear demarcationbetween the mucosa layer and adjacent submucosa. There are no glands in the esophageal submucosa. Themuscle layer is composed a circular internal layer and a longitudinal external one. The adventitia layer iscomposed of loose connective tissue and blood vessels. The serotonin immunoreactive (IR) cells were notpreferentially distributed in any region of the epithelium, ranging from the base of the intra-epithelial gland tothe connection to the lumen. Somatostatina, glucagon and CCK IR cells were not detected.

Quantification of argyrophillic, argentaffin and insulin immunoreactive cells in the small intestine in the opossum Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826) - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v33i4.8644 / Quantification of argyrophillic, argentaffin and insulin immunoreactive cells in the small intestine in the opossum Didelphis aurita (Wied-Neuwied, 1826) - doi: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v33i4.8644

The objective of this study was to quantify argyrophillic, argentaffin and insulin immunoreactive endocrine cells in the different segments of the small intestine of Didelphis aurita and measure probable differences in the number of these cells between adult and post-pubertal animals. Biological material consisted of ten male and female opossums specimen, divided in two groups according to weigh. The utilized staining techniques were Grimelius, modified Masson-Fontana and direct immunoperoxidase. Results indicated a predominance of argyrophillic cells in the small intestine of opossums from class 1 and 2, with an average of 52.58 and 56.15 cells mm-2, respectively; of which, the average number of total endocrine cells, argyrophillic and argentaffin cells decreased distally in the intestinal segments of opossums from classes 1 and 2. No significant difference was observed for the insulin immunoreactive cells between the intestinal segments of animals from class 2. A greater number of insulin immunoreactive cells was encountered in the jejunum and ileum of animals from class 2 when compared to the same segment in animals from class 1.

The objective of this study was to quantify argyrophillic, argentaffin and insulin immunoreactive endocrine cells in the different segments of the small intestine of Didelphis aurita and measure probable differences in the number of these cells between adult and post-pubertal animals. Biological material consisted of ten male and female opossums specimen, divided in two groups according to weigh. The utilized staining techniques were Grimelius, modified Masson-Fontana and direct immunoperoxidase. Results indicated a predominance of argyrophillic cells in the small intestine of opossums from class 1 and 2, with an average of 52.58 and 56.15 cells mm-2, respectively; of which, the average number of total endocrine cells, argyrophillic and argentaffin cells decreased distally in the intestinal segments of opossums from classes 1 and 2. No significant difference was observed for the insulin immunoreactive cells between the intestinal segments of animals from class 2. A greater number of insulin immunoreactive cells was encountered in the jejunum and ileum of animals from class 2 when compared to the same segment in animals from class 1.

Immunocytochemical study of gastrintestinal endocrine cells in insectivorous bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) / Estudo imunocitoquímico das células endócrinas gastrintestinais de morcegos insetívoros (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

The regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the stomach and intestine of Phyllostomidae: Lonchorhina aurita and Molossidae: Molossus molossus bats were studied immunohistochemically. Three types of immunoreactive (IR) endocrine cells - to serotonin (5-HT), gastrin (GAS) and enteroglucagon (GLUC) - were found in the gastric mucosa and four types of IR cells were identified in the intestinal mucosa. This study showed an interespecfic difference in the regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the Chiropteran alimentary tract.

A distribuição regional e a freqüência relativa das células endócrinas no estômago e intestino dos morcegos insetívoros Phyllostomidae: Lonchorhina aurita e Mormoopidae: Molossus molossus foram estudadas pelo método de imunohistoquímica. Três tipos de células endócrinas imunorreativas (IR) à serotonina (5-HT), gastrina (GAS) e enteroglucagon (GLUC) foram localizadas na mucosa gástrica e quatro tipos de células endócrinas IR à 5-HT, GAS, colecistoquinina (CCK) e GLUC foram identificadas na mucosa intestinal. Este estudo mostrou uma diferença interespecífica na distribuição regional e na freqüência relativa das células endócrinas no trato alimentar de Chiropteros.

Immunocytochemical study of gastrintestinal endocrine cells in insectivorous bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera)

The regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the stomach and intestine of Phyllostomidae: Lonchorhina aurita and Molossidae: Molossus molossus bats were studied immunohistochemically. Three types of immunoreactive (IR) endocrine cells - to serotonin (5-HT), gastrin (GAS) and enteroglucagon (GLUC) - were found in the gastric mucosa and four types of IR cells were identified in the intestinal mucosa. This study showed an interespecfic difference in the regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in the Chiropteran alimentary tract.

A distribuição regional e a freqüência relativa das células endócrinas no estômago e intestino dos morcegos insetívoros Phyllostomidae: Lonchorhina aurita e Mormoopidae: Molossus molossus foram estudadas pelo método de imunohistoquímica. Três tipos de células endócrinas imunorreativas (IR) à serotonina (5-HT), gastrina (GAS) e enteroglucagon (GLUC) foram localizadas na mucosa gástrica e quatro tipos de células endócrinas IR à 5-HT, GAS, colecistoquinina (CCK) e GLUC foram identificadas na mucosa intestinal. Este estudo mostrou uma diferença interespecífica na distribuição regional e na freqüência relativa das células endócrinas no trato alimentar de Chiropteros.

Immunocytochemical study of the distribuition of endocrine cells in the pancreas of the Brazilian sparrow species Zonotrichia Capensis Subtorquata (Swaison, 1837)

In the present study, we investigated types of pancreatic endocrine cells and its respective peptides in the Brazilian sparrow species using immunocytochemistry. The use of polyclonal specific antisera for somatostatin, glucagon, avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP), YY polypeptide (PYY) and insulin, revealed a diversified distribution in the pancreas. All these types of immunoreactive cells were observed in the pancreas with different amounts. Insulin- Immunoreactive cells to (B cells) were most numerous, preferably occupying the central place in the pancreatic islets. Somatostatin, PPA, PYY and glucagon immunoreactive cells occurred in a lower frequency in the periphery of pancreatic islets.

Os tipos de células endócrinas e seus respectivos peptídeos reguladores foram estudados imunocitoquimicamente no pâncreas do tico-tico, espécie Zonotrichia capensis subtorquata, empregando-se o método imunocitoquímico ABC - Peroxidase (Complexo Avidina - Biotina - Peroxidase) e anti-soros específicos para somatostatina, ao glucagon, ao polipeptídeo pancreático aviário (PPA), ao polipeptídeo YY (PYY) e à insulina. Todos estes tipos de células imunorreativas foram observadas no pâncreas em quantidades diferentes. As células imunorreativas à insulina (células B) foram as mais numerosas, ocupando preferencialmente, a região central das ilhotas pancreáticas. As células endócrinas imunorreativas à somatostatina, PPA, PYY e glucagon localizaram-se predominantemente na periferia das ilhotas.

Immunocytochemical study of the distribuition of endocrine cells in the pancreas of the Brazilian sparrow species Zonotrichia Capensis Subtorquata (Swaison, 1837)

In the present study, we investigated types of pancreatic endocrine cells and its respective peptides in the Brazilian sparrow species using immunocytochemistry. The use of polyclonal specific antisera for somatostatin, glucagon, avian pancreatic polypeptide (APP), YY polypeptide (PYY) and insulin, revealed a diversified distribution in the pancreas. All these types of immunoreactive cells were observed in the pancreas with different amounts. Insulin- Immunoreactive cells to (B cells) were most numerous, preferably occupying the central place in the pancreatic islets. Somatostatin, PPA, PYY and glucagon immunoreactive cells occurred in a lower frequency in the periphery of pancreatic islets.

Os tipos de células endócrinas e seus respectivos peptídeos reguladores foram estudados imunocitoquimicamente no pâncreas do tico-tico, espécie Zonotrichia capensis subtorquata, empregando-se o método imunocitoquímico ABC - Peroxidase (Complexo Avidina - Biotina - Peroxidase) e anti-soros específicos para somatostatina, ao glucagon, ao polipeptídeo pancreático aviário (PPA), ao polipeptídeo YY (PYY) e à insulina. Todos estes tipos de células imunorreativas foram observadas no pâncreas em quantidades diferentes. As células imunorreativas à insulina (células B) foram as mais numerosas, ocupando preferencialmente, a região central das ilhotas pancreáticas. As células endócrinas imunorreativas à somatostatina, PPA, PYY e glucagon localizaram-se predominantemente na periferia das ilhotas.

Células endócrinas do sistema gastroenteropancreático: conceitos, distribuição, secreções, ação e controle / Endocrine cells of the gastroenteropancreatic system: concepts, distribution, secretions, action and regulation / Células endocrinas del sistema gastroenteropancreático: conceptos, distribución, secreciones, accion y regulación

Os sistemas nervoso e endócrino estão integrados para controlar os eventos motores e secretores, envolvidos no processo de digestão e absorção dos nutrientes no trato gastrointestinal (TGI). Nesta revisão, foi enfocado o sistema gastroenteropancreático (GEP), como um sistema endócrino difuso, constituído por células endócrinas dispersas ao longo do epitélio de revestimento do trato gastrointestinal e no pâncreas. Sobre esse sistema foram abordados conceitos e formas de classificação, distribuição das células endócrinas ao longo do TGI, principais tipos de secreção dessas células e sua ação sobre os eventos da digestão, além de alguns processos regulatórios que controlam tal secreção.(AU)

The nervous and endocrine systems are integrated to control the motor and secretor events which are involved in the digestion and absorption process of the nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In this revision the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system was focused as a diffuse endocrine system constituted by endocrine cells dispersed along the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. On this system, concepts and forms of classifi cation were discussed, as well as the distribution of the endocrine cells along the GIT, main types of secretion of these cells and their action on the events of the digestion, besides some regulatory processes which control such secretion.(AU)

Los sistemas nervioso y endocrino interactúan para el control de la motilidad y la secreción involucradas en los proceso de digestión y absorción de los nutrientes en el tracto gastrointestinal (TGI). Esta revisión fue enfocada en el sistema gastroenteropancreatico (GEP), el cual se caracteriza por ser un sistema endocrino difuso formado por células endocrinas dispersas a lo largo del epitelio de revestimiento del TGI y en el páncreas. Sobre este sistema fueron abordados conceptos y formas de la clasifi cación, así como la distribución de las células endocrinas a lo largo de TGI, principales tipos de secreción de éstas células y su acción sobre los eventos de la digestión, además de algunos procesos reguladores que controlan esa secreción.(AU)

Aspectos anátomo-histológicos e neuroendócrinos do ceco da capivara hydrochoerus hydrochaeris linnaeus, 1766 (mammalia, rodentia) / Anatomical, histological and neuron endocrine aspects of the cecum of capybara hydrochoerus hydrochaeris linnaeus, 1766 (mammalia, rodentia) / Aspectos anatomicos histologicos y neuroendocrinos del intestino grueso (CECO) en el carpincho Hydrochoerus Linnaeus, 1766 (mammalia, Rodentia)

A capivara, um roedor herbívoro de estômago simples, vem despontando-se no mercado de carnes por ter um excelente desempenho zootécnico. Sua carne é apreciada; apresenta elevado potencial reprodutivo e manifesta eficiente aproveitamento dos alimentos. Ele, provavelmente, seja conseqüência da realização da cecotrofagia, que faz do ceco, importante órgão na fisiologia digestiva desse animal, proporcionando maior aproveitamento do alimento. Na capivara, o ceco é bastante volumoso, saculado, ocupando grande parte da cavidade abdominal, e microscopicamente apresenta numerosos gânglios nervosos e células endócrinas.(AU)

The capybara, a simple stomach herbivorous rodent, has been pointed out in the market of meats for having an excellent zootechnical performance. Its meat is appreciated, and presents high reproductive potential and manifests effi cient food usage. The last item is probably a consequence of the cecotrophagy operation, which makes the cecum, an important organ in the digestive physiology of such animal, providing larger food usage. This organ in the capybara is quite voluminous, sacciform, occupying great part of the abdominal cavity and it presents microscopically numerous nervous ganglions and endocrine cells.(AU)

El carpincho, un roedor herbívoro de estómago simples, ha estado en el mercado de las carnes por tener un excelente desarrollo zootécnico. Su carne es apreciada, presenta elevado potencial reproductor y aprovecha de forma efi caz su alimentación. Probablemente esto sea una consecuencia de la cecotrofagia, que hace del intestino grueso (ceco) un importante órgano de la fi siologia digestiva de este animal, el cual proporciona un mayor aprovechamiento del alimento. Este órgano en el carpincho se encuentra con gran volumen, en forma de bolsa, ocupando gran parte de la cavidad abdominal y microscopicamente presenta muchos ganglios nerviosos y células endocrinas.(AU)

Células endócrinas do sistema gastroenteropancreático: conceitos, distribuição, secreções, ação e controle / Endocrine cells of the gastroenteropancreatic system: concepts, distribution, secretions, action and regulation / Células endocrinas del sistema gastroenteropancreástica:conceptos, distribuición, secreciones, acción y regulación

RESUMO: Os sistemas nervoso e endócrino estão integrados para controlar os eventos motores e secretores, envolvidos no processo de digestão e absorção dos nutrientes no trato gastrointestinal (TGI). Nesta revisão, foi enfocado o sistema gastroenteropancreático (GEP), como um sistema endócrino difuso, constituído por células endócrinas dispersas ao longo do epitélio de revestimento do trato gastrointestinal e no pâncreas.Sobre esse sistema foram abordados conceitos e formas de classifi cação, distribuição das células endócrinas ao longo do TGI, principais tipos de secreção dessas células e sua ação sobre os eventos da digestão, além de alguns processos regulatórios que controlam tal secreção

RESUMEN: Los sistemas nervioso y endocrino interactúan para el control de la motilidad y la secreción involucradas en los proceso de digestión y absorción de los nutrientes en el tracto gastrointestinal (TGI). Esta revisión fue enfocada en el sistema gastroenteropancreatico (GEP), el cual se caracteriza por ser un sistema endocrino difuso formado por células endocrinas dispersas a lo largo del epitelio de revestimiento del TGI y en el páncreas. Sobre este sistema fueron abordados conceptos y formas de laclasifi cación, así como la distribución de las células endocrinas a lo largo de TGI, principales tipos de secreción de éstas células y su acción sobre los eventos de la digestión, además de algunos procesos reguladores que controlan esa secreción.

ABSTRACT: The nervous and endocrine systems are integrated to control the motor and secretor events which are involved in the digestion and absorption process of the nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). In this revision the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system was focused as a diffuse endocrine system constituted by endocrine cells dispersed along the epithelial lining of the gastrointestinal tract and in the pancreas. On this system, concepts and forms of classifi cation were discussed, as well as the distribution of the endocrine cells along the GIT, main types of secretion of these cells and their action on the events of the digestion, besides some regulatory processes which control such secretion