The Large-Scale Implementation of a Health Information System in Brazilian University Hospitals: Process and Outcomes.

Governments around the globe are paving the way for healthcare services that can have a profound impact on the overall well-being and development of their nations. However, government programs to implement health information technologies on a large-scale are challenging, especially in developing countries. In this article, the process and outcomes of the large-scale implementation of a hospital information system for the management of Brazilian university hospitals are analyzed. Based on a qualitative approach, this research involved 21 hospitals and comprised a documentary search, interviews with 24 hospital managers and two system user focus groups, and a questionnaire of 736 respondents. Generally, we observed that aspects relating to the wider context of system implementation (macro level), the managerial structure, cultural nuances, and political dynamics within each hospital (meso level), as well as the technology, work activities, and individuals themselves (micro level) acted as facilitators and/or obstacles to the implementation process. The dynamics and complex interactions established between these aspects had repercussions on the process, including the extended time necessary to implement the national program and the somewhat mixed outcomes obtained by hospitals in the national network. Mostly positive, these outcomes were linked to the eight emerging dimensions of practices and work processes; planning, control, and decision making; transparency and accountability; optimization in the use of resources; productivity of professionals; patient information security; safety and quality of care; and improvement in teaching and research. We argued here that to maximize the potential of information technology in healthcare on a large-scale, an integrative and cooperative vision is required, along with a high capacity for change management, considering the different regional, local, and institutional contexts.

Hospitalizations of children and adolescents with complex chronic conditions in Brazil: a temporal analysis from 2009 to 2020.

Access to advanced and sophisticated health technologies made it possible to increase the survival of children with complex chronic conditions. Thus, the profile of pediatric patients admitted to hospitals has changed in recent decades. In Brazil, there are few epidemiological studies on this subject. This study aims to evaluate the main characteristics and temporal trend of hospital admissions of children and adolescents with complex chronic conditions in Brazil, 2009-2020. This is a cross-sectional study with data on hospitalizations of children and adolescents with complex chronic conditions, extracted from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System, 2009-2020, in the 26 Brazilian states and the Federal District. The analysis included descriptive statistics and a generalized linear model. From 2009 to 2020, there were 1,337,120 hospitalizations of children and adolescents with complex chronic conditions, and of these, 735,820 (55.0%) were male. The percentage of hospital deaths during the analyzed period was 4.0%. The most recurrent diagnostic category was malignancy (41.0%), with an annual incidence increase of 2.61 (95% CI: 1.16-4.05). Between 2009 and 2019, the increase in hospitalizations for complex chronic conditions was 27.4% for boys and 25.2% for girls, and the reductions in the number of hospitalizations for other causes were 15.4% and 11.9% for boys and girls, respectively.  Conclusions: Hospitalizations for complex chronic conditions in pediatrics are increasing in Brazil. This increase is a new challenge for the Brazilian public health system. What is Known: • The profile of pediatric patients admitted to hospitals has changed in recent decades, with a reduction in the total number of hospitalizations, but with an increase in the complexity and costs of these hospitalizations. • The world's scientific production on CCC is concentrated in the United States health care system. Epidemiological studies on the topic in universal health care systems are scarce. What is New: • This is the first study that evaluated the temporal trend of hospitalizations of children and adolescents with CCC in Brazil. • Hospitalizations for CCC in pediatrics are increasing in Brazil, with emphasis on the condition of malignancy, higher incidence in males and in children under one year of age. Furthermore, our study found a decrease in hospitalizations for other pediatric causes.

Módulo Consulta externa del Sistema de información hospitalaria XAVIA HIS

La gestión de la información de salud del paciente, así como de los diferentes servicios que se brindan en los centros de atención de salud, constituyen elementos cruciales para prestar un servicio de salud de buena calidad. El Sistema de Información Hospitalaria XAVIA HIS, constituye una solución integral para la gestión médica de hospitales y centros de salud. En el módulo de Consulta externa se gestiona la información referente a la atención a pacientes ambulatorios en diferentes especialidades. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir las principales funcionalidades y especialidades médicas incluidas en el módulo Consulta externa del sistema XAVIA HIS. El desarrollo estuvo guiado por la metodología de desarrollo Proceso Ágil Unificado. variante UCI y fueron empleadas las tecnologías, herramientas y lenguajes que forman parte de la arquitectura del sistema definida por el Centro de Informática Médica, entre las cuales se pueden mencionar: Java Enterprise Edition 6 como plataforma de programación para el desarrollo y la ejecución del sistema, como sistema gestor de base de datos se empleó PostgreSQL 10, como herramienta de modelado Visual Paradigm para UML, la notación BPMN 2.0 (Business Process Management Notation) y el Lenguaje Unificado de Modelado (UML) y el estándar HL7 CDA® (Clinical Document Architecture) para homogeneizar la arquitectura de los documentos clínicos. El desarrollo de este módulo refuerza la base de conocimientos necesaria para la toma de decisiones clínicas y administrativas, mejora el acceso a la información y la calidad de la asistencia a los pacientes.

The patient's health information management, as well as different services provided in health care centers, constitutes crucial elements to provide a good quality health service. The Hospital Information System XAVIA HIS establishes a comprehensive solution for hospitals and health centers medical management. The Outpatient module manages the information regarding outpatient care in different specialties. This paper aims to describe the main functionalities and medical specialties included in the Outpatient module of the XAVIA HIS system. The development was guided by the AUP development methodology (an UCI variant), and to achieve it, the technologies, tools and languages used are part of the system architecture defined by the CESIM and mentioned as follow: Java Enterprise Edition 6 platform as the Runtime Environment, PostgreSQL 10 as the database management system, Visual Paradigm as modeling tool for UML, the BPMN 2.0 notation (Business Process Management Notation), the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and the HL7 CDA® (Clinical Document Architecture) standard to standardize the architecture of clinical documents. This module development reinforces the knowledge base necessary for clinical and administrative decision-making, improves access to information and patients' care quality.

Records of Human Deaths from Echinococcosis in Brazil, 1995-2016.

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease relevant to public health in many countries, on all continents except Antarctica. The objective of the study is to describe the registered cases and mortality from echinococcosis in Brazil, from 1995 to 2016. The records of two national databases, the Hospital Information System (HIS) and the Mortality Information System (MIS), were accessed during the period of 1995-2016. Demographic, epidemiological, and health care data related to the occurrence of disease and deaths attributed to echinococcosis in Brazil are described. The results showed that 7955 records of hospitalizations were documented in the HIS, during the study period, with 185 deaths from echinococcosis, and 113 records of deaths were documented in the MIS Deaths in every state of Brazil in the period. When comparing between states, the HIS showed great variability in mortality rates, possibly indicating heterogeneity in diagnosis and in the quality of health care received by patients. Less severe cases that do not require specialized care are not recorded by the information systems, thus the true burden of the disease could be underrepresented in the country. A change in the coding of disease records in the HIS in the late 1990s, (the integration of echinococcosis cases with other pathologies), led to the loss of specificity of the records. The records showed a wide geographic distribution of deaths from echinococcosis, reinforcing the need to expand the notification of the disease in Brazil. Currently, notification of cases is compulsory in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

Internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária entre idosos residentes em Minas Gerais, Brasil, 2010-2015 / Hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions among older adults residents in Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2010-2015

Resumo Introdução As internações por condições sensíveis à atenção primária (ICSAP) têm sido utilizadas como um indicador do acesso à atenção primária e de monitoramento do seu desempenho. Objetivo Analisar a tendência de comportamento das ICSAP entre idosos de Minas Gerais, Brasil, de 2010 a 2015. Método Estudo ecológico utilizando dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (SIH-SUS), referentes a hospitalizações de idosos entre 60 e 79 anos. Foram calculadas as taxas de ICSAP global por causa e regiões administrativas de saúde. Resultados Foram analisadas 126.757 ICSAP ocorridas no período (8,8% do total de internações pelo SUS). A taxa global diminuiu de 10,4 para 9,4 (por 1.000). Entre as causas de internação analisadas, foi observada redução nas taxas de internação por hipertensão, deficiências nutricionais e gastroenterites infecciosas, mas foi constatado aumento da taxa de internação por infecção do rim e trato urinário. As taxas variaram ainda em função das regiões de saúde, sendo que regiões com baixa densidade populacional, PIB per capita mais baixo e pior infraestrutura sanitária apresentaram taxas mais elevadas. Conclusão A variação do indicador entre as regionais de saúde pode refletir disparidades socioeconômicas, de organização e oferta de serviços de saúde. A elevação das taxas de internação por algumas condições sensíveis à atenção primária pode indicar a necessidade de os serviços de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) aumentarem os esforços para o cuidado da pessoa idosa que sofre a comorbidade com mais frequência.

Abstract Background Hospitalizations due to Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions (ACSC) have been used as an indicator of access to primary care and monitoring of its performance. Objective To analyze the behavioral trend of ACSC among elderly in Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2010 to 2015. Method Ecological study based on data from the Hospital Information System (SIH) of the Unified Health System (SUS), concerning the hospitalization of the elderly aged 60-79 years. ACSC rates were calculated, global, specific by ACSC and by health administrative region. Results A total of 126,757 ACSC occurred in the period (8.8% of all hospitalizations by SUS). The overall rate decreased from 10.4 to 9.4 (p /1,000). The causes of hospitalization showed a reduction in the risk of hospitalization for hypertension, nutritional deficiencies, and infectious gastroenteritis, but increased the risk of hospitalization for kidney and urinary tract infection. The ACSC rates also varied according to the health regions: regions with low population density, lower per capita GDP and worse health infrastructure showed higher rates. Conclusion The variation of the indicator among health regions may reflect socioeconomic disparities and the organization and supply of health services. Raising inpatient rates for some of the ACSC may indicate the need for PHC services to increase efforts to care for the elderly who suffer from comorbidity more often.

Implementing an Integrated Large-Scale Clinical Information System for ISSSTE's Hospital Network in Mexico.

The Institute for Security and Social Services for State Workers (ISSSTE) is a large public provider of health care services that serve around 13.2 million Mexican government workers and their families. To attain process efficiencies, cost reductions, and improvement of the quality of diagnostic and imaging services, ISSSTE was set out in 2019 to create a digital filmless medical image and report management system. A large-scale clinical information system (CIS), including radiology information system (RIS), picture archiving and communication system (PACS), and clinical data warehouse (CDW) components, was implemented at ISSSTE's network of forty secondary- and tertiary-level public hospitals, applying global HL-7 and Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standards. In just 5 months, 40 hospitals had their endoscopy, radiology, and pathology services functionally interconnected within a national CIS and RIS/PACS on secure private local area networks (LANs) and a secure national wide area network (WAN). More than 2 million yearly studies and reports are now in digital form in a CDW, securely stored and always available. Benefits include increased productivity, reduced turnaround times, reduced need for duplicate exams, and reduced costs. Functional IT solutions allow ISSSTE hospitals to leave behind the use of radiographic film and printed medical reports with important cost reductions, as well as social and environmental impacts, leading to direct improvement in the quality of health care services rendered. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version of this article (10.1007/s42399-020-00713-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Estrategia para la implantación del Sistema XAVIA HIS en instituciones hospitalarias / Strategy to Implant the System XAVIA HIS in Hospital Institutions

El Centro de Informática médica (CESIM) de la Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas (UCI) desarrolla el Sistema de Información Hospitalaria XAVIA HIS. El éxito en la implantación es de gran importancia para el CESIM, no obstante, los proyectos de implantación se han visto incididos por un conjunto de insuficiencias. El objetivo de la investigación es desarrollar una estrategia que contribuya a aumentar el éxito en la definición del alcance de los proyectos de implantación del sistema XAVIA HIS, en instituciones de salud. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, que incluyó como escenario de aplicación el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso, entre 2015 y 2017. Como resultado se obtuvo una estrategia para la implantación del sistema XAVIA HIS en instituciones de salud, que impacta positivamente en la disminución del tiempo necesario para este fin(AU)

University of Computer Sciences (UCI) develops the XAVIA HIS Hospital Information System. The implement success of the system is of great importance for CESIM, however, this stage have been affected by a set of insufficiencies. The objective of the research is to develop a strategy that contributes to increasing success in defining the scope of projects to implement XAVIA HIS system in health institutions. A descriptive study was carried out, which included as an application scenario the National Center for Minimally Access Surgery, between 2015 and 2017. As a result, a strategy to implement XAVIA HIS system in health institutions was obtained, which positively impacts the decrease of time necessary for this purpose(AU)

Epidemiological Profile of Pregnant Women with Eclampsia Admitted in Cuiabá Hospitals from 2008 to 2017 / Perfil de Internações de Gestantes Acometidas com Eclampsia no Município de Cuiabá no Período de 2008 a 2017

During pregnancy, women undergo several physiological body changes. However, there are some pathologies that can interfere in this period. In Brazil, the main cause of maternal mortality stems from hypertensive disorders. The increased blood pressure gestational period may be due to a preexisting chronic hypertension or Gestational hypertension. Therefore, the hypertension during pregnancy may evolve to preeclampsia, eclampsia or HELLP Syndrome. Each of these disorders has consequences for the mother and the fetus, which can be fatal, in the most serious cases. The objective of this study is to recognize the profile of pregnant women hospitalized with eclampsia, whereas the knowledge of the signs that the pathology presents and the most frequent epidemiological profile to help in the early diagnosis, which directly impacts on the efficacy of the treatment, reducing morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the information available in the Sistema de Internações Hospitalares (SIH) of the Sistema de Informações da Secretaria do Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso and to analyze the increase of pregnant women with eclampsia, in addition to the epidemiological profile of this group. After analyzing the data, it was verified that Afro- Brazilian women, aged between 20-24 years old, are the most affected by eclampsia. In addition, most cases have been reported by private hospitals and more than 50 percent remain hospitalized for up to 3 days. Despite the limitations in the database, the recognition of the most frequent conditions during hospitalization contributes to a better approach to these cases. (AU)

Durante o período gestacional, a mulher passa por diversas mudanças fisiológicas. Entretanto, existem algumas patologias que podem interferir nesse período. No Brasil, a principal causa de mortalidade materna decorre das síndromes hipertensivas. O aumento dos níveis pressóricos na gravidez pode ser originada por hipertensão crônica prévia ou pela Doença Hipertensiva Específica da Gestação (DHEG). Sendo que, essa última pode evoluir para pré-eclâmpsia, eclampsia ou Síndrome HELLP. Cada uma dessas variações gera consequências para a mãe e o feto, podendo levar à morte, nos casos mais graves. O objetivo desse trabalho é reconhecer o perfil de internações das gestantes acometidas com eclâmpsia, uma vez que o conhecimento dos sinais que a patologia apresenta e o perfil epidemiológico mais frequente auxiliam na identificação precoce dos casos, o que impacta diretamente na eficácia do tratamento, reduzindo a morbimortalidade. Esse estudo, buscou avaliar informações disponíveis no Sistema de Internações Hospitalares (SIH) do Sistema de Informações da Secretaria do Estado de Saúde de Mato Grosso e analisar, por meio deste, a progressão das gestanteacometidas com eclampsia, além do perfil epidemiológico desse grupo. Após a análise das informações, verificou-se que as mulheres afro brasileiras, com idade entre 20 e 24 anos, são as mais acometidas pela patologia em estudo. Além disso, a maioria dos casos, foram notificados por hospitais particulares e mais da metade, permanece internada por até 3 dias. Apesar das limitações presentes no banco de dados, o reconhecimento das características mais frequentes durante a internação, contribui para uma melhor abordagem desses casos. (AU)

Burns in the Brazilian Unified Health System: a review of hospitalization from 2008 to 2017.

BACKGROUND: Burns are a public health problem, especially in vulnerable populations. The costs of treatment remain poorly studied in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of burn admissions in the Brazilian public health care system between 2008 and 2017. METHODS: This study used publicly available data from hospital information and mortality systems. We investigated information as sex, age, length of stay, admission costs (reimbursement), and mortality. RESULTS: There were 170,554 admissions and most patients were male. Annual admission rates were between 1.32 and 1.87 for children aged ≤ nine years and between 0.58 and 0.71 for adults aged ≥ 60 years, per 10,000 population. Overall cost was US $158,332,891.11 (R$614,537,450.29). In-hospital mortality was 3.56%. CONCLUSION: Admissions showed a downward trend, while mortality remained stable and demanded substantial resources.

Integración de técnicas de Minería de procesos para la detección de la variabilidad en procesos hospitalarios desde sistemas automatizados / Integrating mining processes techniques in hospital procedures for the detection of variability from their information systems

Los sistemas de información hospitalaria cuentan con un volumen importante de datos, sin embargo, carecen de mecanismos que permitan analizar la ejecución de los procesos e identificar variabilidad. La variabilidad puede observarse en prácticamente cada paso del proceso asistencial y a varios niveles de agrupación: poblacional e individual. Desde el punto de vista poblacional se comparan tasas de realización de un procedimiento clínico, como pueden ser intervenciones quirúrgicas o ingresos hospitalarios en un período de tiempo. Las técnicas de minería de procesos analizan los datos reales de sistemas informáticos y son útiles para la detección de variabilidad en la ejecución de los procesos de negocio. La presente investigación propone la aplicación de técnicas de minería de procesos, seleccionadas a partir de un riguroso estudio del estado del arte, para el análisis de los procesos hospitalarios desde sus sistemas de información y materializadas en un modelo computacional. El Modelo para la Detección de Variabilidad (MDV) se instrumentó exitosamente en el sistema XAVIA HIS desarrollado por la Universidad de las Ciencias Informáticas UCI, donde fueron adaptadas e integradas las técnicas de minería de procesos. El modelo MDV contribuye al proceso de informatización de la salud en Cuba. La solución propicia la utilización de una tecnología emergente en áreas como la industrial y empresarial en el entorno sanitario. Esta beneficia importantes funciones gerenciales como la gestión, control y planificación de recursos y servicios sanitarios(AU)

The hospital information systems collect an important volume of data, however, they lack mechanisms to analyze the execution of the processes and identify variability. In practically every step of the care process and at various levels of grouping: population and individual the variability is present. From a population point of view, performance rates of a clinical procedure such as surgical interventions or hospital admissions, are compared over time. Process mining techniques analyze the real data of computer systems and are useful for the detection of variability in the execution of business processes. Based on a rigorous study of the state of the art, this research proposes the application of process mining techniques for the analysis of hospital processes from their information systems, providing a computational model. Model for Variability Detection (MDV) implemented successfully in the XAVIA HIS system developed by the UCI University of Informatics Sciences, where techniques of process mining were adapted and integrated. The MDV model contributes to the process of computerization of health in Cuba. The solution encourages the use of an emerging technology in areas such as industrial and business in the healthcare environment. This benefits important management functions such as control and planning of resources and health services(AU)

Relevant Tools for Tackling Interoperability Problems on Heterogeneous Electronic Health Record Systems: An Exploratory Research / Herramientas Relevantes para Abordar Problemas de Interoperabilidad en Sistemas de Expedientes Clínicos Electrónicos Heterogéneos: una Investigación Exploratoria

Abstract: Patients' medical records have been originally based on paper and since 1865 the medical field recognized the need to improve the means for storing and retrieving disperse information. Electronic Health Records (EHR) systems face similar problems, with interoperability being one of them, it defined by IEEE standard glossary of software engineering terminology as: the ability among information systems to exchange data. Mainly, two perspectives of interoperability emerge: a) syntactic, which refers to the ability of an information system to import and validate grammar, as well as a set of construction rules utterances created by another system; and b) semantic, the ability to exchange data among systems and understand it in the same way, regardless of the source system, also called Semantic Interoperability on Information and Communication Technologies or SIICT. The use of standards, vocabularies and terminologies is a common practice for sharing data among heterogeneous EHR systems in order to face interoperability problems. This heterogeneity starts with the manner to collect and store data. This paper presents to e-health practitioners and researches relevant tools used to achieve interoperability in heterogeneous EHR systems, as well as challenges and future trends to manage EHRs with the intention to achieve SIICT.

Resumen: Los registros clínicos de pacientes se basaron en papel originalmente, desde el año de 1865 se reconoció en el entorno medico la necesidad de mejorar los medios para el almacenamiento y recuperación de información dispersa. Los Sistemas de Expediente Clínicos Electrónicos (ECE) enfrentan problemas similares, siendo uno de estos problemas, la interoperabilidad. La cual es definida por "IEEE standard glossary of software engineering terminology" como: la habilidad de intercambiar datos entre sistemas de información, donde dos perspectivas de interoperabilidad emergen: a) sintáctica, la cual se refiere a la habilidad de un sistema de información de importar y validar la gramática de datos, así como de un conjunto de reglas de expresiones creadas por otro sistema; y b) semántica, como la habilidad de intercambiar datos entre sistemas y de entenderlos de la misma forma, independientemente del sistema fuente, llamando a esto como Interoperabilidad Semántica sobre Tecnologías De La Información y Comunicación (ISTIC). El uso de estándares, vocabularios y terminologías es una práctica común para poder compartir datos entre sistemas ECE con el fin de enfrentar problemas de interoperabilidad. Esta heterogeneidad se da desde la forma en cómo se colecta y almacenan los datos. Este artículo presenta a los profesionales de salud e investigadores de e-salud acerca de herramientas relevantes utilizadas para lograr la interoperabilidad de sistemas ECE heterogéneos, así como retos y futuras tendencias para administrar sistemas ECE con la intención de lograr ISTIC.

Análise dos gastos das internações hospitalares por anemia falciforme no estado da Bahia / Analysis of hospitalization costs for sickle cell disease in the state of Bahia

Resumo Introdução A anemia falciforme é uma doença com alterações genéticas que afeta principalmente a população negra. No curso da doença, surgem diversas complicações clínicas, levando à necessidade de repetidas internações hospitalares. Objetivo Descrever os gastos das internações hospitalares por complicações da anemia falciforme no estado da Bahia, no período de 2008 a 2014. Métodos Estudo descritivo, a partir de dados secundários. A população do estudo foi composta por pacientes internados com diagnóstico de anemia falciforme. Para coleta e análise dos dados, utilizou-se a divisão por Macrorregião de Saúde do estado da Bahia. Resultados Foram analisadas 8.103 internações do SIH-SUS. Predomínio do sexo masculino e faixa etária de 5-14 anos. A Macrorregião de Saúde Leste obteve o maior número de ocorrências de internações por anemia falciforme (33,4%) com maior gasto total; a Macrorregião Sul apresentou maior coeficiente de hospitalização; e a Macrorregião Extremo Sul apresentou a maior taxa de letalidade. As Macrorregiões Leste e Sul são as que abrigam os maiores volumes de gastos, 40,5% e 18,9%, respectivamente. Conclusão O estudo permite conhecer o perfil de internações hospitalares por anemia falciforme e ter uma ideia dos custos hospitalares através das internações pela referida doença no período em estudo.

Abstract Introduction Sickle cell anemia is a genetic disease that mainly affects the black population. In the course of the disease, several clinical complications and repeated hospitalizations may happen. Objective To describe the hospitalization costs for sickle cell anemia complications in the state of Bahia, from 2008 to 2014. Methods Descriptive study using secondary data. The study population was composed of all patients hospitalized for sickle cell anemia. Results Data collection and analysis were carried out according to the Division of Health macro-regions of the state of Bahia; 8.103 hospitalizations recorded in the SIH-SUS were analyzed. There was a predominance of males and aged between 5 and 14 years. The Eastern Health macro-region had the largest number of hospitalizations for sickle cell anemia (33.4%) and the largest total expenditure; the Southern macro-region had the higher coefficient of hospitalization; and the Extreme Southern macro-region presented the higher fatality rate. The Eastern and Southern macro-regions had the largest expenditures: 18.9% and 40.5%, respectively. Conclusion The study allowed to know the profile of hospital admissions for sickle cell anemia and to give an idea of the costs that hospitalization for this disease incurred during the studied period.

HOSPITALIZATIONS FOR AMBULATORY CARE SENSITIVE NONCOMMUNICABLE DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM / LAS HOSPITALIZACIÓNES POR ENFERMEDADES CRÓNICAS NO TRANSMISIBLES DEL SISTEMA CIRCULATORIO, SENSIBLES A LA ATENCIÓN PRIMARIA A LA SALUD / INTERNAÇÕES POR DOENÇAS CRÔNICAS NÃO TRANSMISSÍVEIS DO SISTEMA CIRCULATÓRIO, SENSÍVEIS À ATENÇÃO PRIMÁRIA À SAÚDE

ABSTRACT Objective: describe hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive chronic conditions in the state of Paraná, Brazil from 2000 to 2011 Method: epidemiological ecological study was to. After descriptive analysis of the data, hospitalization indicators were developed to describe the results. Results: this study’s findings suggest that efforts to implement and expand Primary Health Care in Paraná in the last decade resulted in a decrease in the proportion of hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions and the average number of hospitalizations for noncommunicable chronic diseases, though the ratio of hospitalizations to resident population has increased. Conclusion: attention should be specifically paid to certain causes of hospitalization, such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, to further minimize hospitalizations for Cerebrovascular Diseases and Congestive Heart Failure, which remained high.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, sensibles a la Atención Primaria en Salud en el Estado del Paraná, en el período de 2000 a 2011. Método: Estudio epidemiológico, de tipo ecológico. Después de un análisis descriptivo de los resultados, se desarrollaron indicadores de las admisiones para describir los hallazgos de la investigación Resultados: los esfuerzos para la implementación y expansión de la Atención Primaria de Salud en Paraná en la última década se han reflejado en la reducción de la proporción de hospitalizaciones por causas sensibles a la atención primaria y en el promedio de ingresos por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Sin embargo, la proporción de hospitalizaciones sufrió un crecimiento. Conclusión: determinadas causas de hospitalizaciones, como la hipertensión y la diabetes mellitus, deben ser consideradas específicamente en la Atención Primaria de la Salud, con el fin de minimizar aún más las hospitalizaciones por Enfermedades Cerebrovasculares y la Insuficiencia Cardíaca Congestiva que permanecieron en alta.

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever as internações por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, sensíveis à Atenção Primária à Saúde, no Estado do Paraná, no período de 2000 a 2011. Método: estudo epidemiológico, do tipo ecológico. Após análise descritiva dos dados, foram elaborados indicadores de internações para descrever os achados da pesquisa. Resultados: os esforços para implantação e ampliação da Atenção Primária à Saúde no Paraná, na última década, têm refletido na redução da proporção das internações por causas sensíveis à atenção primária e no número médio de internações por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Porém, a razão de internações sofreu um crescimento. Conclusão: determinadas causas de internações como a hipertensão e diabetes mellitus devem ser olhadas especificamente na Atenção Primária à Saúde, a fim de minimizar ainda mais as internações por doenças cerebrovasculares e insuficiência cardíaca congestiva, que se mantiveram elevadas.

Componente para la toma de decisiones en salud. Un enfoque de análisis de redes sociales desde la minería de procesos / Component to decision making in health. A social network analisis approach from process mining

La mayoría de los sistemas informáticos en la actualidad generan trazas. Estas trazas revelan las acciones que son ejecutadas en estos sistemas. La Minería de Procesos tiene como objetivo descubrir, monitorear y mejorar los procesos reales de las organizaciones a través de la extracción de conocimiento de estas trazas, luego de aplicadas un conjunto de transformaciones para organizar, estructurar y limpiar la información. Sin embargo, esto no es posible si estos sistemas informáticos y sus organizaciones no tienen sus acciones con un enfoque basado en procesos. El uso de estas tecnologías permite ahorrar recursos, reducir costos, optimizar tareas, mejorar la productividad, reducir tiempos de espera, entre otras muchas acciones. En el sector de la salud es una necesidad inmediata en términos de proveer una mayor seguridad al paciente y mejorar la calidad de vida. El objetivo de esta investigación es presentar un componente para la toma de decisiones en la selección de equipos de trabajo quirúrgico en un Sistema de Información Hospitalaria que permita incrementar la efectividad de las operaciones realizadas a los pacientes. El método utilizado es el enfoque de Análisis de Redes Sociales desde la Minería de Procesos. Como resultado se espera un componente que apoye la toma de decisiones por parte de jefes de servicios de cirugía, partiendo del desempeño profesional del personal asistencial, en función de proveer un mayor confort para el paciente(AU)

Most computer systems today generate traces. These traces show the actions that are executed in those systems. Process Mining aims to discover, to monitor and to improve real processes of organizations through knowledge extraction of these traces, after applying a set of transformations to organize, to structure and to clear this information. However, this is not possible if these computer systems and its organizations do not have their actions with a process-based approach. The use of these technologies allows saving resources, to reduce costs, to optimize tasks, to improve productivity, to reduce wait times, among many other actions. In the health sector is an immediate need in terms of providing greater patient safety and to improve quality of life. The objective of this research is to present a component for decision making in selection surgical teams work in a Hospital Information System that it allows to increase the effectiveness of operations performed to the patients. The method used is a Social Network Analysis approach from the Process Mining As a result it expected a component to support decision making by managers surgical and psychological personnel starting from the professional performance of health care personnel in function of providing greater comfort to the patient(AU)

Confiabilidade dos diagnósticos de internações por causas externas financiadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde em dois municípios do Estado do Paraná, Brasil / Reliability of the diagnoses of hospital admissions for external causes financed by the Brazilian Unified Health System-SUS in two cities in the State of Paraná, Brazil

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a confiabilidade dos diagnósticos de internações por causas externas do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Os diagnósticos de internação do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares-SUS (SIH-SUS) foram comparados aos do banco pesquisa, construído com informações das autorizações de internação hospitalar (AIH) complementadas por outras fontes. A confiabilidade foi analisada por agrupamentos utilizando concordância bruta e estatística Kappa. A concordância bruta foi de 41,1% em Londrina e 15,8% em Maringá e a melhor confiabilidade foi a moderada para os agrupamentos das lesões autoprovocadas e acidentes de transporte em Londrina (kappa 0,57 e 0,56), ao passo que em Maringá foi a aceitável para as lesões autoprovocadas (kappa 0,28). As baixas concordâncias com padrões diferenciados segundo os agrupamentos de causas e segundo os municípios evidenciam que esforços devem ser empreendidos para melhorar a qualidade e utilização do SIH-SUS para conhecer e intervir nos acidentes e violências no Brasil.

The scope of this article is to analyze the reliability of the diagnoses of hospital admissions for external causes financed by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS). The diagnoses for hospital admissions from the Hospital Information System (SIH-SUS) data were compared with those from the research panel created from information culled from authorizations for hospital admission (AIH) complemented with information from other sources. The reliability was analyzed in groups using crude agreement and Kappa statistics. The crude agreement was 41.1% in Londrina and 15.8% in Maringá and the highest reliability was found for groupings for self-inflicted lesions and traffic accidents in Londrina (Kappa 0.57 and 0.56) while in Maringá reliability was acceptable for self-inflicted lesions (Kappa 0.28). The low agreement with differentiated standards according to groupings of causes and according to the municipalities highlight the fact that efforts must be made to improve the quality and use of the SIH-SUS in order to understand and intervene in accidents and violence in Brazil.

Prevalence and costs of hospitalizations for poisoning and accidental intoxication in Brazilian elderly

A cross-sectional study of secondary data/information obtained from the Hospital Information System (HIS) spanning the years 2008 - 2009 was performed. The distribution of the main hospital admissions by gender, age, color/race, region and federal unit of residence, average expenditure and average length of hospital stay, year of hospitalization and mortality rates (MR) were studied. The data collected were tabulated by TabNet and keyed into Microsoft Excel 2007. It was verified that elderly males (54.3%), from 60 to 69 years old (50.6%), nonwhites (36.3%) and residents of Southeast and North regions of the country had the highest rates of hospitalization. Seniors were hospitalized for an average of 4.8 days, and the major causes were exposure to alcohol (43.7%) and to drugs (33.9%). Expenses related to hospital admissions were, on average, R$ 529,817.70. The highest mortality rates were recorded among females (MR = 4.34), in elderly, 80 years or older (MR = 10.16) and Caucasians (MR = 3.95), where pharmacological substances with action on the Autonomic Nervous System were the leading cause of death. There are demographic differences in morbi-mortality of these elderly since, although men and younger elderly were the main victims, women and elderly of advanced age have greater mortality. The leading causes of hospitalization were alcohol and drugs.

Realizou-se um estudo transversal de dados secundários obtidos no Sistema de Informação Hospitalar (SIH), nos anos 2008/2009. Estudou-se a distribuição das principais internações segundo sexo; faixa etária; cor/raça; região e unidade federativa de residência; valor médio pago e média de permanência das internações hospitalares; ano de internação e as taxas de mortalidade (TM). Os dados coletados foram tabulados por meio do TabNet e transcritos para o Programa Microsoft Excel® 2007. Verificou-se que idosos do sexo masculino (54,3%), com 60 e 69 anos de idade (50,6%), não brancos (36,3%) e residentes nas regiões Sudeste e Norte do País apresentaram os maiores percentuais de internação hospitalar. Idosos ficam em média 4,8 dias internados, sendo as principais causas a exposição ao álcool (43,7%) e a medicamentos (33,9%). Os gastos com as internações equivaleram a R$ 529.817,70. As maiores taxas de mortalidade foram registradas no sexo feminino (TM=4,34), em idosos entre 80 anos e superior (TM=10,16) e pessoas brancas (TM=3,95), sendo as substâncias farmacológicas de ação sobre o Sistema Nervoso Autônomo maiores causas do óbito. Existem diferenças demográficas na morbimortalidade desses idosos, visto que apesar de homens e idosos mais jovens serem as principais vítimas, mulheres e idosos com idade mais avançada morrem mais. Sendo as principais causas de internação o álcool e os medicamentos.

Internações hospitalares por causas sensíveis à atenção primária no Distrito Federal, 2008 / Hospitalizations due to ambulatory care-sensitive conditions in the Federal District, Brazil, 2008 / Internaciones hospitalarias por causas sensibles a la atención primaria en el Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2008

OBJETIVO: Analisar coeficientes de internações por causas sensíveis à atenção primária. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde no Distrito Federal em 2008. O diagnóstico principal da internação foi analisado com base na Classificação Internacional de Doenças e foram calculados frequência absoluta, proporção e coeficiente segundo causas, faixas etárias e sexo. RESULTADOS: As causas sensíveis à atenção primária (CSAP) representaram cerca de 20% das internações no Sistema Único de Saúde. As causas mais frequentes foram: gastroenterites (2,4%), insuficiência cardíaca (2,3%) e infecção do rim e trato urinário (2,1%). Constataram-se coeficientes de internações por causas sensíveis à atenção primária relevantes no grupo infantil (< 1 ano), redução importante nos grupos etários seguintes (um a 29 anos) e aumento gradativo até as idades mais avançadas. Comparados aos dos homens, os coeficientes de internações foram discretamente maiores em mulheres jovens (20 a 29 anos) e menores em mulheres com mais de 49 anos. CONCLUSÕES: As internações por CSAP representaram 19,5% do total de internações ocorridas no Distrito Federal (2008), e as principais causas de internações foram gastroenterites, insuficiência cardíaca e infecção do rim e trato urinário. A efetividade da atenção primária em saúde no Distrito Federal para a prevenção desses eventos é discutida.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze hospitalization rates due to ambulatory care-sensitive conditions. METHODS: The study used data from the Hospital Database of the Brazilian National Health System corresponding to the Federal District in the year of 2008. The main diagnosis for hospitalization was analyzed based on the International Classification of Diseases, and absolute frequency, proportion and coefficient were calculated according to causes, age groups and sex. RESULTS: The ambulatory care-sensitive conditions (ACSC) represented approximately 20% of the hospital admissions in the National Health System. The most frequent conditions were: gastroenteritis (2.4%), heart failure (2.3%), and kidney and urinary tract infection (2.1%). The following aspects were verified: significant hospitalization rates due to ACSC in the infant group (< 1 year of age), an important reduction in the following age groups (1 to 29 years), and a gradual increase until the more advanced ages. Compared to men, hospitalization rates were slightly higher among young women (20 to 29 years) and lower among women older than 49 years. ONCLUSIONS: Hospitalizations due to ACSC represented 19.5% of all hospital admissions in the Federal District (2008), and the main causes of hospitalizations were gastroenteritis, heart failure and kidney and urinary tract infection. The effectiveness of primary health care in preventing these events in the Federal District is discussed.

OBJETIVO: Analizar coeficientes de internaciones por causas sensibles a la atención primaria. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron datos del Sistema de Informaciones Hospitalarias del Sistema Nacional de Salud de Brasil en el Distrito Federal en 2008. El diagnóstico principal de la internación fue analizado con base en la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades y se calcularon frecuencia absoluta, proporción y coeficiente según causas, grupos etarios y sexo. RESULTADOS: Las causas sensibles a la atención primaria (CSAP) representaron cerca de 20% de las Internaciones en el Sistema Nacional de Salud. Las causas más frecuentes fueron: gastroenteritis (2,4%), insuficiencia cardíaca (2,3%) e infección del riñón y tracto urinario (2,1%). Se constataron coeficientes de internaciones por causas sensibles a la atención primaria relevantes en el grupo infantil (<1 año), reducción importante en los grupos etarios siguientes (uno a 29 años) y aumento gradual hasta las edades más avanzadas. En comparación con los hombres, los coeficientes de internaciones fueron discretamente mayores en mujeres jóvenes (20 a 29 años) y menores en mujeres con más de 49 años. CONCLUSIONES: Las internaciones por CSAP representaron 19,5% del total de internaciones ocurridas en el Distrito Federal (2008), y las principales causas de internaciones fueron gastroenteritis, insuficiencia cardíaca e infección del riñón y tracto urinario. La efectividad de la atención primaria en salud en el Distrito Federal para la prevención de estos eventos es discutida.

Cobertura da Comunicação de Informação Hospitalar e Ambulatorial (CIHA) utilizando os partos registrados no Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos, Brasil, 2006 a 2009 / Coverage of the Hospital and Outpatient Information Form (CIHA) using births recorded in the Information System on Live Births (SINASC), Brazil, 2006-2009

Para monitorar a assistência com financiamento não SUS, o Ministério da Saúde do Brasil instituiu a obrigatoriedade do preenchimento da Comunicação de Informação Hospitalar e Ambulatorial (CIHA) em todos os serviços de saúde do país. Considerando que a qualidade dos dados é fundamental, este estudo analisou a cobertura da CIHA nas Unidades da Federação (UF), tomando como padrão os dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos (SINASC) do período de 2006 a 2009. A cobertura da CIHA foi baixa em quase todas as UF, menos de um quarto dos partos que foram registrados no SINASC, decrescendo desde 2006 (24,4%) até 2009 (19,7%). A variação entre as UF foi expressiva, sendo São Paulo (71,9% em 2006; 46,4% em 2009), Rio Grande do Sul (35,8% em 2006; 29,5% em 2009) e Santa Catarina (31,6% em 2006; 37,7% em 2009) as que apresentaram os melhores resultados. As outras UF apresentaram cobertura inferior a 20%. Mecanismos de supervisão da coleta e o uso da CIHA para apoiar a decisão são atividades importantes na sua constituição como um instrumento para planejamento e avaliação da assistência.

The Brazilian Ministry of Health established mandatory completion of the Hospital and Outpatient Information Form (CIHA) in all the country's health services in order to monitor care funded by sources other than the Unified National Health System (SUS). Considering that data quality is essential, this study analyzed coverage of the CIHA in the States and Federal District, taking data from the Information System on Live Births (SINASC) from 2006 to 2009 as the standard. Coverage of the CIHA was low in nearly all of the States, corresponding to fewer than one-fourth of the births recorded in the SINASC, decreasing from 24.4% in 2006 to 19.7% in 2009. There was a wide variation between the States, with the best results in São Paulo (71.9% in 2006; 46.4% in 2009), Rio Grande do Sul (35.8% in 2006; 29.5% in 2009), and Santa Catarina (31.6% in 2006; 37.7% in 2009). The other States showed less than 20% coverage. Mechanisms for data collection and use of the CIHA to support decision-making are important for planning and evaluating healthcare.

O uso de tomografia computadorizada nas internações por Acidente Vascular Cerebral no Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil / Computerized tomography utilization for stroke inpatients in the Brazilian Health System

O Acidente Vascular Cerebral é um dos principais motivos de internação no Sistema Único de Saúde. O exame de tomografia computadoriza tem sido indicado como o principal método diagnóstico de imagem para a definição do tratamento do Acidente Vascular Cerebral. O objetivo desse artigo é avaliar a utilização de exames de tomografia computadorizada em internações por Acidente Vascular Cerebral com base nas informações do Sistema de Informação Hospitalar do Sistema Único de Saúde. O universo de estudo incluiu as internações de pacientes adultos ocorridas no Brasil e financiadas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde entre abril de 2006 e dezembro de 2007. A análise dos dados foi descritiva para o conjunto de casos de Acidente Vascular Cerebral e para cada subgrupo separadamente. Das 328.087 internações por Acidente Vascular Cerebral, observou-se que em 73,5 por cento o exame não foi realizado. Nas internações que realizaram tomografia computadorizada, 22,3 por cento tiveram acesso a um exame e somente 4,2 por cento a dois exames. Além de subutilizado, o exame de tomografia computadorizada, quando realizado, não trouxe melhora na codificação adequada do subgrupo da doença.

Stroke is a leading reason for hospitalization in the Brazilian Health System. Computerized tomography has been indicated as the main diagnostic method to define stroke treatment. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the utilization of computerized tomography in hospitalizations due to stroke. The source of data was the Brazilian hospital information system. The study population comprised adult stroke inpatients in Brazil in the Brazilian Health System, between April 2006 and December 2007. Data analysis was descriptive for stroke and for each separate subgroup. Of the 328,087 stroke inpatients, 73.5 percent had not done a computerized tomography scan. Among hospitalizations that underwent a computed tomography scan, 22.3 percent had access to one test, and only 4.2 percent had two tests. Besides underuse, the computed tomography scans performed did not improve the encoding of the disease subgroup.

Informações sobre causas externas em internações hospitalares: conhecimento e opiniões de médicos auditores após uma intervenção / Information about external causes in hospitalization records: medical auditors knowledge and opinions after an intervention

Objetivou- se avaliar o conhecimento de médicos auditores, participantes ou não de uma intervenção aplicada em Londrina, Estado do Paraná, para melhorar a codificação do diagnóstico principal e secundário de causas externas de internação, e identificar fatores que em sua opinião interferem na qualidade destas informações. Foi realizado um estudo transversal exploratório mediante aplicação de questionários. Foram pesquisados 11 auditores: seis de Londrina (75%), onde ocorreu a intervenção, e cinco de Maringá, Estado do Paraná, (100%), para fins de comparação. Apesar da intervenção, observaram-se erros ou ausência de resposta para os códigos referentes ao diagnóstico principal e secundário (100% em Londrina e 80% em Maringá). Os principais fatores associados à qualidade da informação mencionados foram: preenchimento correto da Autorização de Internação Hospitalar (6 casos), treinamento dos profissionais para correta geração de dados do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares (5 casos), simplificação da décima revisão da Classificação Internacional de Doenças (CID-10) (4 casos) e disponibilidade de tempo para consultar a CID-10 (4 casos). A intervenção não foi suficiente para alterar o conhecimento de médicos auditores em relação à informação sobre causas externas. Outras medidas são necessárias para garantir maior especificidade dos registros e codificação apropriada.

A questionnaire-based exploratory cross-sectional study was undertaken to evaluate knowledge of medical auditors who had or had not participated in a medical intervention Londrina. The procedure's aim was to improve primary and secondary diagnosis' codification of external causes of hospitalization and to identify factors that, in their opinion, influenced the quality of such information. Questionnaires filled by eleven doctors, six in Londrina, Paraná State, (75%) where the intervention took place, and five in Maringá, Paraná State, (100%) were compared. Despite intervention, mistakes or lack of responses were reported with regard to the principal and secondary diagnoses codes (100% in Londrina and 80% in Maringá). The main factors associated with the quality of information comprised correct filling of the Authorization of Hospitalization (AIH) (six cases), training professionals for the correct production of data of the Hospital Information System (five cases), simplification of the tenth revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) (four cases), and lack of time to consult the ICD-10 (four cases). The intervention was not sufficient to change the medical auditors' knowledge related to information on external causes. Other measures are required to guarantee more specificity of registers and adequate codifications.