Non-Structural Proteins (Nsp): A Marker for Detection of Human Coronavirus Families.

SARS-CoV-2 was the cause of the global pandemic that caused a total of 14.9 million deaths during the years 2020 and 2021, according to the WHO. The virus presents a mutation rate between 10-5 and 10-3 substitutions per nucleotide site per cell infection (s/n/c). Due to this, studies aimed at knowing the evolution of this virus could help us to foresee (through the future development of new detection strategies and vaccines that prevent the infection of this virus in human hosts) that a pandemic caused by this virus will be generated again. In this research, we performed a functional annotation and identification of changes in Nsp (non-structural proteins) domains in the coronavirus genome. The comparison of the 13 selected coronavirus pangenomes demonstrated a total of 69 protein families and 57 functions associated with the structural domain's differentials between genomes. A marked evolutionary conservation of non-structural proteins was observed. This allowed us to identify and classify highly pathogenic human coronaviruses into alpha, beta, gamma, and delta groups. The designed Nsp cluster provides insight into the trajectory of SARS-CoV-2, demonstrating that it continues to evolve rapidly. An evolutionary marker allows us to discriminate between phylogenetically divergent groups, viral genotypes, and variants between the alpha and betacoronavirus genera. These types of evolutionary studies provide a window of opportunity to use these Nsp as targets of viral therapies.

Phenotypic and Genetic Variability of Isolates of ZIKV-2016 in Brazil.

The possibility of a Zika virus epidemic resurgence requires studies to understand its mechanisms of pathogenicity. Here, we describe the isolation of the Zika virus from breast milk (Rio-BM1) and compare its genetic and virological properties with two other isolates (Rio-U1 and Rio-S1) obtained during the same epidemic period. Complete genomic analysis of these three viral isolates showed that they carry characteristics of the American isolates and belong to the Asian genotype. Furthermore, we detected eight non-synonymous single nucleotide variants and multiple nucleotide polymorphisms that reflect phenotypic changes. The new isolate, Rio-BM1, showed the lowest replication rates in mammalian cells, induced lower cell death rates, was more susceptible to treatment with type I IFN, and was less pathogenic than Rio-U1 in a murine model. In conclusion, the present study shows evidence that the isolate Rio-BM1 is more attenuated than Rio-U1, probably due to the impact of genetic alterations in the modulation of virulence. The results obtained in our in vitro model were consistent with the pathogenicity observed in the animal model, indicating that this method can be used to assess the virulence level of other isolates or to predict the pathogenicity of reverse genetic constructs containing other polymorphisms.

Antivirals virtual screening to SARS-CoV-2 non-structural proteins.

In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a pandemic. Since then, the search for a vaccine or drug for COVID-19 treatment has started worldwide. In this regard, a fast approach is the repurposing of drugs, primarily antiviral drugs. Herein, we performed a virtual screening using 22 antiviral drugs retrieved from the DrugBank repository, azithromycin (antibiotic), ivermectin (antinematode), and seven non-structural proteins (Nsps) of SARS-CoV-2, which are considered important targets for drugs, via molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations. Drug-receptor binding energy was employed as the main descriptor. Based on the results, paritaprevir was predicted as a promising multi-target drug that favorably bound to all tested Nsps, mainly adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) (-36.2 kcal mol-1) and coronavirus main proteinase (Mpro) (-32.2 kcal mol-1). Moreover, the results suggest that simeprevir is a strong inhibitor of Mpro (-37.2 kcal mol-1), which is an interesting finding because Mpro plays an important role in viral replication. In addition to drug-receptor affinity, hot spot residues were characterized to facilitate the design of new drug derivatives with improved biological responses.

On the Weak Binding and Spectroscopic Signature of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 Interaction with RNA.

The SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 14 (nsp14), known as exoribonuclease is encoded from the large polyprotein of viral genome and is a major constituent of the transcription replication complex (TRC) machinery of the viral RNA synthesis. This protein is highly conserved among the coronaviruses and is a potential target for the development of a therapeutic drug. Here, we report the SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 expression, show its structural characterization, and ss-RNA exonuclease activity through vibrational and electronic spectroscopies. The deconvolution of amide-I band in the FTIR spectrum of the protein revealed a composition of 35 % α-helix and 25 % ß-sheets. The binding between protein and RNA is evidenced from the spectral changes in the amide-I region of the nsp14, showing protein conformational changes during the binding process. A value of 20.60±3.81 mol L-1 of the binding constant (KD ) is obtained for nsp14/RNA complex. The findings reported here can motivate further studies to develop structural models for better understanding the mechanism of exonuclease enzymes for correcting the viral genome and can help in the development of drugs against SARS-CoV-2.

Dengue Virus and Vaccines: How Can DNA Immunization Contribute to This Challenge?

Dengue infections still have a tremendous impact on public health systems in most countries in tropical and subtropical regions. The disease is systemic and dynamic with broad range of manifestations, varying from mild symptoms to severe dengue (Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome). The only licensed tetravalent dengue vaccine, Dengvaxia, is a chimeric yellow fever virus with prM and E genes from the different dengue serotypes. However, recent results indicated that seronegative individuals became more susceptible to develop severe dengue when infected after vaccination, and now WHO recommends vaccination only to dengue seropositive people. One possibility to explain these data is the lack of robust T-cell responses and antibody-dependent enhancement of virus replication in vaccinated people. On the other hand, DNA vaccines are excellent inducers of T-cell responses in experimental animals and it can also elicit antibody production. Clinical trials with DNA vaccines have improved and shown promising results regarding the use of this approach for human vaccination. Therefore, in this paper we review preclinical and clinical tests with DNA vaccines against the dengue virus. Most of the studies are based on the E protein since this antigen is the main target for neutralizing antibody production. Yet, there are other reports with DNA vaccines based on non-structural dengue proteins with protective results, as well. Combining structural and non-structural genes may be a solution for inducing immune responses aging in different infection moments. Furthermore, DNA immunizations are also a very good approach in combining strategies for vaccines against dengue, in heterologous prime/boost regimen or even administering different vaccines at the same time, in order to induce efficient humoral and cellular immune responses.

Dengue Virus Serotype 2 and Its Non-Structural Proteins 2A and 2B Activate NLRP3 Inflammasome.

Dengue is the most prevalent and rapidly transmitted mosquito-borne viral disease of humans. One of the fundamental innate immune responses to viral infections includes the processing and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL-1ß and IL-18) through the activation of inflammasome. Dengue virus stimulates the Nod-like receptor (NLRP3-specific inflammasome), however, the specific mechanism(s) by which dengue virus activates the NLRP3 inflammasome is unknown. In this study, we investigated the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in endothelial cells (HMEC-1) following dengue virus infection. Our results showed that dengue infection as well as the NS2A and NS2B protein expression increase the NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and further apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing caspase recruitment domain (ASC) oligomerization, and IL-1ß secretion through caspase-1 activation. Specifically, we have demonstrated that NS2A and NS2B, two proteins of dengue virus that behave as putative viroporins, were sufficient to stimulate the NLRP3 inflammasome complex in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-primed endothelial cells. In summary, our observations provide insight into the dengue-induced inflammatory response mechanism and highlight the importance of DENV-2 NS2A and NS2B proteins in activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome during dengue virus infection.

Characterisation of a rare, reassortant human G10P[14] rotavirus strain detected in Honduras

BACKGROUND Although first detected in animals, the rare rotavirus strain G10P[14] has been sporadically detected in humans in Slovenia, Thailand, United Kingdom and Australia among other countries. Earlier studies suggest that the strains found in humans resulted from interspecies transmission and reassortment between human and bovine rotavirus strains. OBJECTIVES In this study, a G10P[14] rotavirus genotype detected in a human stool sample in Honduras during the 2010-2011 rotavirus season, from an unvaccinated 30-month old boy who reported at the hospital with severe diarrhea and vomiting, was characterised to determine the possible evolutionary origin of the rare strain. METHODS For the sample detected as G10P[14], 10% suspension was prepared and used for RNA extraction and sequence independent amplification. The amplicons were sequenced by next-generation sequencing using the Illumina MiSeq 150 paired end method. The sequence reads were analysed using CLC Genomics Workbench 6.0 and phylogenetic trees were constructed using PhyML version 3.0. FINDINGS The next generation sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the 11-segmented genome of the G10P[14] strain allowed classification as G10-P[14]-I2-R2-C2-M2-A3-N2-T6-E2-H3. Six of the genes (VP1, VP2, VP3, VP6, NSP2 and NSP4) were DS-1-like. NSP1 and NSP5 were AU-1-like and NSP3 was T6, which suggests that multiple reassortment events occurred in the evolution of the strain. The phylogenetic analyses and genetic distance calculations showed that the VP7, VP4, VP6, VP1, VP3, NSP1, NSP3 and NSP4 genes clustered predominantly with bovine strains. NSP2 and VP2 genes were most closely related to simian and human strains, respectively, and NSP5 was most closely related to a rhesus strain. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The genetic characterisation of the G10P[14] strain from Honduras suggests that its genome resulted from multiple reassortment events which were possibly mediated through interspecies transmissions.

Non-Canonical Roles of Dengue Virus Non-Structural Proteins.

The Flaviviridae family comprises a number of human pathogens, which, although sharing structural and functional features, cause diseases with very different outcomes. This can be explained by the plurality of functions exerted by the few proteins coded by viral genomes, with some of these functions shared among members of a same family, but others being unique for each virus species. These non-canonical functions probably have evolved independently and may serve as the base to the development of specific therapies for each of those diseases. Here it is discussed what is currently known about the non-canonical roles of dengue virus (DENV) non-structural proteins (NSPs), which may account for some of the effects specifically observed in DENV infection, but not in other members of the Flaviviridae family. This review explores how DENV NSPs contributes to the physiopathology of dengue, evasion from host immunity, metabolic changes, and redistribution of cellular components during infection.

Immune Response of Multiparous Hyper-Immunized Sows against Peptides from Non-Structural and Structural Proteins of PRRSV.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the humoral and cellular responses of commercial multiparous and hyper-immunized sows against peptides from non-structural (nsp) and structural proteins of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). We selected sows with different numbers of parities from a commercial farm. Management practices on this farm include the use of the MLV commercial vaccine four times per year, plus two vaccinations during the acclimation period. The humoral response was evaluated via the antibody recognition of peptides from nsp and structural proteins, and the cellular response was assessed by measuring the frequency of peptide and PRRSV-specific IFN-gamma-secreting cells (IFNγ-SC). Our results show that sows with six parities have more antibodies against peptides from structural proteins than against peptides from nsp. The analysis of the cellular response revealed that the number of immunizations did not affect the frequency of IFNγ-SC and that the response was stronger against peptides from structural proteins (M protein) than against nsp (nsp2). In summary, these results demonstrate that multiparous, hyper-immunized sows have a stronger immune humoral response to PRRSV structural peptides than nsp, but no differences in IFNγ-SC against the same peptides were observed.

The Brazilian experience in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease and the use of I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system for sanitary certification of bovine and buffaloes / A experiência brasileira na erradicação da febre aftosa e o emprego do sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB para certificação sanitária de bovinos e bubalinos

Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease is an effective tool for eradication and prevention of this disease. However, the presence of non-capsidal proteins (NCP) in the vaccine, produced during viral replication, has been the main problem, since their presence hamper the vigilance as its relies on the detection of antibodies against NCP to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals. Therefore, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply published the Normative Instruction 50 (IN 50) that included the detection of antibodies against the NCP to evaluate the removal of these proteins. Considering the vaccine interference, this paper aimed to evaluate the frequency of reagents to NCP, analyzed by I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system in the Laboratory of Bovine Viruses (LVB), Biological Institute (IB), São Paulo, SP, Brazil, from 2002 to 2012. Of the 34,705 cattle examined, it was observed that the proportion of reagents to NCP increased with age, indicating increased frequency of reagents in animals that received more vaccines, showing interference of proteins in response to vaccination. When compared before and after the publication of IN 50, there was decreased reactivity, with reduction in 2010, of nearly half compared to 2007, and even higher when compared with 2002 to 2006. This shows the effectiveness of the purification of the vaccine in response to the implementation of IN 50, although it remains some seroreactivity in cattle with multiple vaccinations. The I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system proved to be a great tool to prevent the movement of possible carriers of the virus derived from vaccinated herds, provided that all sanitary and epidemiological context are taken in consideration.(AU)

A vacinação contra febre aftosa é ferramenta eficaz para erradicação e prevenção da doença, contudo, a presença de proteínas não capsidais (PNC) na vacina, produzidas durante a multiplicação viral, tem sido o principal problema, visto que sua presença dificulta as ações de vigilância, cuja busca se baseia na detecção de anticorpos contra essas proteínas para diferenciar animal vacinado de infectado. Por esse motivo, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento publicou em 2008 a Instrução Normativa nº 50 (IN 50), que incluiu no controle da qualidade da vacina a pesquisa de anticorpos contra as PNC, para avaliar a retirada dessas proteínas. Considerando a interferência vacinal, objetivou-se avaliar a frequência de bovinos reagentes às PNC, analisada pelo sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB, no Laboratório de Viroses de Bovídeos do Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, no período de 2002 a 2012. Dos 34.705 bovinos examinados, observou-se que a proporção de reagentes às PNC aumentou com a idade, evidenciando aumento da frequência de reagentes em animais que receberam maior número de vacinações, indicando interferência da vacinação na resposta às proteínas. Quando comparados antes e após a publicação da IN 50, observa-se diminuição da reatividade, com redução, em 2010, de quase a metade em relação a 2007, e ainda maior quando comparado com o período 2002 a 2006. Isso demonstra a efetividade da purificação da vacina em resposta ao cumprimento da IN 50, embora permaneça alguma sororreatividade em bovinos com múltiplas vacinações. O sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB demonstrou ser uma ótima ferramenta para impedir a movimentação de possíveis portadores do vírus oriundos de rebanhos vacinados, desde que seja considerado todo o contexto sanitário e epidemiológico.(AU)

A experiência brasileira na erradicação da febre aftosa e o emprego do sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB para certificação sanitária de bovinos e bubalinos

ABSTRACT: Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease is an effective tool for eradication and prevention of this disease. However, the presence of non-capsidal proteins (NCP) in the vaccine, produced during viral replication, has been the main problem, since their presence hamper the vigilance as its relies on the detection of antibodies against NCP to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals. Therefore, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply published the Normative Instruction 50 (IN 50) that included the detection of antibodies against the NCP to evaluate the removal of these proteins. Considering the vaccine interference, this paper aimed to evaluate the frequency of reagents to NCP, analyzed by I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system in the Laboratory of Bovine Viruses (LVB), Biological Institute (IB), São Paulo, SP, Brazil, from 2002 to 2012. Of the 34,705 cattle examined, it was observed that the proportion of reagents to NCP increased with age, indicating increased frequency of reagents in animals that received more vaccines, showing interference of proteins in response to vaccination. When compared before and after the publication of IN 50, there was decreased reactivity, with reduction in 2010, of nearly half compared to 2007, and even higher when compared with 2002 to 2006. This shows the effectiveness of the purification of the vaccine in response to the implementation of IN 50, although it remains some seroreactivity in cattle with multiple vaccinations. The I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system proved to be a great tool to prevent the movement of possible carriers of the virus derived from vaccinated herds, provided that all sanitary and epidemiological context are taken in consideration.

RESUMO: A vacinação contra febre aftosa é ferramenta eficaz para erradicação e prevenção da doença, contudo, a presença de proteínas não capsidais (PNC) na vacina, produzidas durante a multiplicação viral, tem sido o principal problema, visto que sua presença dificulta as ações de vigilância, cuja busca se baseia na detecção de anticorpos contra essas proteínas para diferenciar animal vacinado de infectado. Por esse motivo, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento publicou em 2008 a Instrução Normativa nº 50 (IN 50), que incluiu no controle da qualidade da vacina a pesquisa de anticorpos contra as PNC, para avaliar a retirada dessas proteínas. Considerando a interferência vacinal, objetivou-se avaliar a frequência de bovinos reagentes às PNC, analisada pelo sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB, no Laboratório de Viroses de Bovídeos do Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, no período de 2002 a 2012. Dos 34.705 bovinos examinados, observou-se que a proporção de reagentes às PNC aumentou com a idade, evidenciando aumento da frequência de reagentes em animais que receberam maior número de vacinações, indicando interferência da vacinação na resposta às proteínas. Quando comparados antes e após a publicação da IN 50, observa-se diminuição da reatividade, com redução, em 2010, de quase a metade em relação a 2007, e ainda maior quando comparado com o período 2002 a 2006. Isso demonstra a efetividade da purificação da vacina em resposta ao cumprimento da IN 50, embora permaneça alguma sororreatividade em bovinos com múltiplas vacinações. O sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB demonstrou ser uma ótima ferramenta para impedir a movimentação de possíveis portadores do vírus oriundos de rebanhos vacinados, desde que seja considerado todo o contexto sanitário e epidemiológico.

A experiência brasileira na erradicação da febre aftosa e o emprego do sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB para certificação sanitária de bovinos e bubalinos

ABSTRACT: Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease is an effective tool for eradication and prevention of this disease. However, the presence of non-capsidal proteins (NCP) in the vaccine, produced during viral replication, has been the main problem, since their presence hamper the vigilance as its relies on the detection of antibodies against NCP to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals. Therefore, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply published the Normative Instruction 50 (IN 50) that included the detection of antibodies against the NCP to evaluate the removal of these proteins. Considering the vaccine interference, this paper aimed to evaluate the frequency of reagents to NCP, analyzed by I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system in the Laboratory of Bovine Viruses (LVB), Biological Institute (IB), São Paulo, SP, Brazil, from 2002 to 2012. Of the 34,705 cattle examined, it was observed that the proportion of reagents to NCP increased with age, indicating increased frequency of reagents in animals that received more vaccines, showing interference of proteins in response to vaccination. When compared before and after the publication of IN 50, there was decreased reactivity, with reduction in 2010, of nearly half compared to 2007, and even higher when compared with 2002 to 2006. This shows the effectiveness of the purification of the vaccine in response to the implementation of IN 50, although it remains some seroreactivity in cattle with multiple vaccinations. The I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system proved to be a great tool to prevent the movement of possible carriers of the virus derived from vaccinated herds, provided that all sanitary and epidemiological context are taken in consideration.

RESUMO: A vacinação contra febre aftosa é ferramenta eficaz para erradicação e prevenção da doença, contudo, a presença de proteínas não capsidais (PNC) na vacina, produzidas durante a multiplicação viral, tem sido o principal problema, visto que sua presença dificulta as ações de vigilância, cuja busca se baseia na detecção de anticorpos contra essas proteínas para diferenciar animal vacinado de infectado. Por esse motivo, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento publicou em 2008 a Instrução Normativa nº 50 (IN 50), que incluiu no controle da qualidade da vacina a pesquisa de anticorpos contra as PNC, para avaliar a retirada dessas proteínas. Considerando a interferência vacinal, objetivou-se avaliar a frequência de bovinos reagentes às PNC, analisada pelo sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB, no Laboratório de Viroses de Bovídeos do Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, no período de 2002 a 2012. Dos 34.705 bovinos examinados, observou-se que a proporção de reagentes às PNC aumentou com a idade, evidenciando aumento da frequência de reagentes em animais que receberam maior número de vacinações, indicando interferência da vacinação na resposta às proteínas. Quando comparados antes e após a publicação da IN 50, observa-se diminuição da reatividade, com redução, em 2010, de quase a metade em relação a 2007, e ainda maior quando comparado com o período 2002 a 2006. Isso demonstra a efetividade da purificação da vacina em resposta ao cumprimento da IN 50, embora permaneça alguma sororreatividade em bovinos com múltiplas vacinações. O sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB demonstrou ser uma ótima ferramenta para impedir a movimentação de possíveis portadores do vírus oriundos de rebanhos vacinados, desde que seja considerado todo o contexto sanitário e epidemiológico.

The Brazilian experience in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease and the use of I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system for sanitary certification of bovine and buffaloes / A experiência brasileira na erradicação da febre aftosa e o emprego do sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB para certificação sanitária de bovinos e bubalinos

Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease is an effective tool for eradication and prevention of this disease. However, the presence of non-capsidal proteins (NCP) in the vaccine, produced during viral replication, has been the main problem, since their presence hamper the vigilance as its relies on the detection of antibodies against NCP to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals. Therefore, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply published the Normative Instruction 50 (IN 50) that included the detection of antibodies against the NCP to evaluate the removal of these proteins. Considering the vaccine interference, this paper aimed to evaluate the frequency of reagents to NCP, analyzed by I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system in the Laboratory of Bovine Viruses (LVB), Biological Institute (IB), São Paulo, SP, Brazil, from 2002 to 2012. Of the 34,705 cattle examined, it was observed that the proportion of reagents to NCP increased with age, indicating increased frequency of reagents in animals that received more vaccines, showing interference of proteins in response to vaccination. When compared before and after the publication of IN 50, there was decreased reactivity, with reduction in 2010, of nearly half compared to 2007, and even higher when compared with 2002 to 2006. This shows the effectiveness of the purification of the vaccine in response to the implementation of IN 50, although it remains some seroreactivity in cattle with multiple vaccinations. The I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system proved to be a great tool to prevent the movement of possible carriers of the virus derived from vaccinated herds, provided that all sanitary and epidemiological context are taken in consideration.

A vacinação contra febre aftosa é ferramenta eficaz para erradicação e prevenção da doença, contudo, a presença de proteínas não capsidais (PNC) na vacina, produzidas durante a multiplicação viral, tem sido o principal problema, visto que sua presença dificulta as ações de vigilância, cuja busca se baseia na detecção de anticorpos contra essas proteínas para diferenciar animal vacinado de infectado. Por esse motivo, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento publicou em 2008 a Instrução Normativa nº 50 (IN 50), que incluiu no controle da qualidade da vacina a pesquisa de anticorpos contra as PNC, para avaliar a retirada dessas proteínas. Considerando a interferência vacinal, objetivou-se avaliar a frequência de bovinos reagentes às PNC, analisada pelo sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB, no Laboratório de Viroses de Bovídeos do Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, no período de 2002 a 2012. Dos 34.705 bovinos examinados, observou-se que a proporção de reagentes às PNC aumentou com a idade, evidenciando aumento da frequência de reagentes em animais que receberam maior número de vacinações, indicando interferência da vacinação na resposta às proteínas. Quando comparados antes e após a publicação da IN 50, observa-se diminuição da reatividade, com redução, em 2010, de quase a metade em relação a 2007, e ainda maior quando comparado com o período 2002 a 2006. Isso demonstra a efetividade da purificação da vacina em resposta ao cumprimento da IN 50, embora permaneça alguma sororreatividade em bovinos com múltiplas vacinações. O sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB demonstrou ser uma ótima ferramenta para impedir a movimentação de possíveis portadores do vírus oriundos de rebanhos vacinados, desde que seja considerado todo o contexto sanitário e epidemiológico.

A experiência brasileira na erradicação da febre aftosa e o emprego do sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB para certificação sanitária de bovinos e bubalinos / The Brazilian experience in the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease and the use of I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system for sanitary certification of bovine and buffaloes

A vacinação contra febre aftosa é ferramenta eficaz para erradicação e prevenção da doença, contudo, a presença de proteínas não capsidais (PNC) na vacina, produzidas durante a multiplicação viral, tem sido o principal problema, visto que sua presença dificulta as ações de vigilância, cuja busca se baseia na detecção de anticorpos contra essas proteínas para diferenciar animal vacinado de infectado. Por esse motivo, o Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento publicou em 2008 a Instrução Normativa nº 50 (IN 50), que incluiu no controle da qualidade da vacina a pesquisa de anticorpos contra as PNC, para avaliar a retirada dessas proteínas. Considerando a interferência vacinal, objetivou-se avaliar a frequência de bovinos reagentes às PNC, analisada pelo sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB, no Laboratório de Viroses de Bovídeos do Instituto Biológico de São Paulo, no período de 2002 a 2012. Dos 34.705 bovinos examinados, observou-se que a proporção de reagentes às PNC aumentou com a idade, evidenciando aumento da frequência de reagentes em animais que receberam maior número de vacinações, indicando interferência da vacinação na resposta às proteínas. Quando comparados antes e após a publicação da IN 50, observa-se diminuição da reatividade, com redução, em 2010, de quase a metade em relação a 2007, e ainda maior quando comparado com o período 2002 a 2006. Isso demonstra a efetividade da purificação da vacina em resposta ao cumprimento da IN 50, embora permaneça alguma sororreatividade em bovinos com múltiplas vacinações. O sistema I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB demonstrou ser uma ótima ferramenta para impedir a movimentação de possíveis portadores do vírus oriundos de rebanhos vacinados, desde que seja considerado todo o contexto sanitário e epidemiológico.(AU)

Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease is an effective tool for eradication and prevention of this disease. However, the presence of non-capsidal proteins (NCP) in the vaccine, produced during viral replication, has been the main problem, since their presence hamper the vigilance as its relies on the detection of antibodies against NCP to differentiate vaccinated from infected animals. Therefore, the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply published the Normative Instruction 50 (IN 50) that included the detection of antibodies against the NCP to evaluate the removal of these proteins. Considering the vaccine interference, this paper aimed to evaluate the frequency of reagents to NCP, analyzed by I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system in the Laboratory of Bovine Viruses (LVB), Biological Institute (IB), São Paulo, SP, Brazil, from 2002 to 2012. Of the 34,705 cattle examined, it was observed that the proportion of reagents to NCP increased with age, indicating increased frequency of reagents in animals that received more vaccines, showing interference of proteins in response to vaccination. When compared before and after the publication of IN 50, there was decreased reactivity, with reduction in 2010, of nearly half compared to 2007, and even higher when compared with 2002 to 2006. This shows the effectiveness of the purification of the vaccine in response to the implementation of IN 50, although it remains some seroreactivity in cattle with multiple vaccinations. The I-ELISA 3ABC/EITB system proved to be a great tool to prevent the movement of possible carriers of the virus derived from vaccinated herds, provided that all sanitary and epidemiological context are taken in consideration.(AU)